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Prequalification Programme: Access to Antimalarial, Antituberculosis and anti HIV/AIDS Drugs and HIV/AIDS Diagnostics of Acceptable QualityPrequalification Programme: Priority Essential Medicines
Good Manufacturing Practices – Part I
Purpose and Principles of GMP
Anton Norder, MScTechnical Officer
WHO EMRO 1st Workshop on the WHO Prequalification Programme: Priority Essential Medicines,
Cairo, Egypt, 6 and 7 June, 2007
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20 Avenue AppiaCH-1211 Geneva 27Switzerland E-mail: [email protected]
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Prequalification Programme: Access to Antimalarial, Antituberculosis and anti HIV/AIDS Drugs and HIV/AIDS Diagnostics of Acceptable QualityPrequalification Programme: Priority Essential Medicines
Guidelines and references
GMP applies to both Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) and Finished Pharmaceutical Products (FPPs)
FPP:WHO Good Manufacturing Practices for pharmaceutical products: main principles. WHO Technical Report Series, No. 908, 2003, Annex 4.
API:WHO Good Manufacturing Practices: starting materials. WHO Technical Report Series, No. 823, 1992.
(ICH Q7A: Good Manufacturing Practice Guide for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, International Conference on Harmonization http://www.ich.org/cache/compo/276-254-1.html)
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Prequalification Programme: Access to Antimalarial, Antituberculosis and anti HIV/AIDS Drugs and HIV/AIDS Diagnostics of Acceptable QualityPrequalification Programme: Priority Essential Medicines
Good Manufacturing Practices (FPP):
1. Quality assurance 2. Good manufacturing practices for pharmaceutical products
(GMP) 3. Sanitation and hygiene 4. Qualification and validation 5. Complaints 6. Product recalls 7. Contract production and analysis
General The contract giver The contract accepter The contract
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Prequalification Programme: Access to Antimalarial, Antituberculosis and anti HIV/AIDS Drugs and HIV/AIDS Diagnostics of Acceptable QualityPrequalification Programme: Priority Essential Medicines
Good Manufacturing Practices (cont'd)
8. Self-inspection and quality audits Items for self-inspection Self-inspection team Frequency of self-inspection Self-inspection report Follow-up action Quality audit Suppliers’ audits and approval
9. Personnel General Key personnel
10. Training
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Prequalification Programme: Access to Antimalarial, Antituberculosis and anti HIV/AIDS Drugs and HIV/AIDS Diagnostics of Acceptable QualityPrequalification Programme: Priority Essential Medicines
Good Manufacturing Practices (cont'd)
11. Personal hygiene 12. Premises
General Ancillary areas Storage areas Weighing areas Production areas Quality control areas
13. Equipment
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Prequalification Programme: Access to Antimalarial, Antituberculosis and anti HIV/AIDS Drugs and HIV/AIDS Diagnostics of Acceptable QualityPrequalification Programme: Priority Essential Medicines
Good Manufacturing Practices (cont'd)
14. Materials General Starting materials Packaging materials Intermediate and bulk products Finished products Rejected, recovered, reprocessed and reworked materials Recalled products Returned goods Reagents and culture media Reference standards Waste materials Miscellaneous
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Prequalification Programme: Access to Antimalarial, Antituberculosis and anti HIV/AIDS Drugs and HIV/AIDS Diagnostics of Acceptable QualityPrequalification Programme: Priority Essential Medicines
Good Manufacturing Practices (cont'd)
15. Documentation General Documents required:
Labels Testing procedures Specifications for starting and packaging materials, for
intermediate and bulk products and for finished products Master formulae and Batch Processing Records Packaging instructions and Batch Packaging Records Standard Operating procedures (SOP's) and records Logbooks
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Prequalification Programme: Access to Antimalarial, Antituberculosis and anti HIV/AIDS Drugs and HIV/AIDS Diagnostics of Acceptable QualityPrequalification Programme: Priority Essential Medicines
Good Manufacturing Practices (cont'd)
16. Good practices in production General Prevention of cross-contamination and bacterial contamination
during production Processing operations Packaging operations
17. Good practices in quality control Control of starting materials and intermediate, bulk and finished
products Test requirements Batch record review Stability studies
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Prequalification Programme: Access to Antimalarial, Antituberculosis and anti HIV/AIDS Drugs and HIV/AIDS Diagnostics of Acceptable QualityPrequalification Programme: Priority Essential Medicines
GMP is actually Good Common Sense
Quality Management
Quality Assurance
GMP
Production and Quality Control
Section 1 and 2
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Prequalification Programme: Access to Antimalarial, Antituberculosis and anti HIV/AIDS Drugs and HIV/AIDS Diagnostics of Acceptable QualityPrequalification Programme: Priority Essential Medicines
Quality Management: Philosophy and essential elements
What is Quality Management?
The aspect of management function that determines and implements the “quality policy”
The overall intention and direction regarding quality, as formally expressed and authorized by top management
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Prequalification Programme: Access to Antimalarial, Antituberculosis and anti HIV/AIDS Drugs and HIV/AIDS Diagnostics of Acceptable QualityPrequalification Programme: Priority Essential Medicines
Quality Management
The basic elements are:
An appropriate infrastructure or “quality system” encompassing the organization structure, procedures, processes and resources
The systematic actions necessary to ensure adequate confidence that a product (or service) will satisfy given requirements for “Quality”
The totality of these actions is referred to as “Quality Assurance”
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Prequalification Programme: Access to Antimalarial, Antituberculosis and anti HIV/AIDS Drugs and HIV/AIDS Diagnostics of Acceptable QualityPrequalification Programme: Priority Essential Medicines
Intermezzo: the five P's
Premises
Primary materials
People
Procedures
Processes defined and recorded
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Prequalification Programme: Access to Antimalarial, Antituberculosis and anti HIV/AIDS Drugs and HIV/AIDS Diagnostics of Acceptable QualityPrequalification Programme: Priority Essential Medicines
Quality Assurance
Quality assurance is a management tool
In contractual situations, it also serves to generate confidence in a supplier
QA, GMP and Quality Control are interrelated aspects of Quality Management
They are described on the following slides in order to emphasize their relationship and their fundamental importance to the production and control of pharmaceutical products
1.1
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Prequalification Programme: Access to Antimalarial, Antituberculosis and anti HIV/AIDS Drugs and HIV/AIDS Diagnostics of Acceptable QualityPrequalification Programme: Priority Essential Medicines
Quality Assurance
Wide-ranging concept covers all matters that individually or collectively influence
the quality of a product Totality of the arrangements
to ensure that the drug is continuously of the right quality for the intended use
Quality Assurance incorporates GMP and also includes product design and development, with
special focus on process design1.1
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Prequalification Programme: Access to Antimalarial, Antituberculosis and anti HIV/AIDS Drugs and HIV/AIDS Diagnostics of Acceptable QualityPrequalification Programme: Priority Essential Medicines
The position of QA
DirectorDirector
QAQA
ProductionProduction QC labQC lab Other DeptsOther Depts
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Prequalification Programme: Access to Antimalarial, Antituberculosis and anti HIV/AIDS Drugs and HIV/AIDS Diagnostics of Acceptable QualityPrequalification Programme: Priority Essential Medicines
Quality Assurance means to assure:
Products are designed and developed correctly Complying with, e.g. GMP, GCP, GLP
Production and control operations are defined Managerial responsibilities are defined
In job descriptions The manufacture, supply and use of correct starting and
packaging materials 1.1 a- d
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Prequalification Programme: Access to Antimalarial, Antituberculosis and anti HIV/AIDS Drugs and HIV/AIDS Diagnostics of Acceptable QualityPrequalification Programme: Priority Essential Medicines
Quality Assurance means to assure: (cont'd)
Controls are performed, including intermediates, bulk, calibration and validation
Correct processing and checking of the finished product Products are sold/supplied only after review by the
authorized person Complying with marketing authorization, production and
QC requirements Proper storage, distribution and handling
1.1 e - h
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Prequalification Programme: Access to Antimalarial, Antituberculosis and anti HIV/AIDS Drugs and HIV/AIDS Diagnostics of Acceptable QualityPrequalification Programme: Priority Essential Medicines
Quality Assurance means to assure: (cont'd)
Procedures for self-inspection and quality audits are applied
Deviations are reported, investigated and recorded System for change control is applied Regular evaluation of product quality to verify consistency
and continued improvement1.1 i - l
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Prequalification Programme: Access to Antimalarial, Antituberculosis and anti HIV/AIDS Drugs and HIV/AIDS Diagnostics of Acceptable QualityPrequalification Programme: Priority Essential Medicines
Quality Assurance includes:
Responsibility of the Manufacturer for the quality of the product Fit for intended use Comply with marketing authorization Safety, efficacy and quality
Commitment of senior management and involvement of all staff Comprehensively designed and well implemented quality system Full documentation and monitoring of effectiveness Competent personnel, sufficient premises, equipment and facilities
1.3
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Prequalification Programme: Access to Antimalarial, Antituberculosis and anti HIV/AIDS Drugs and HIV/AIDS Diagnostics of Acceptable QualityPrequalification Programme: Priority Essential Medicines
Good Manufacturing Practices
That part of QA that ensures that products are consistently produced and controlled Quality standards Marketing authorization
Aim: Diminishing risks that cannot be controlled by testing of product Contamination and cross-contamination Mix-ups (confusion)
2.1
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Prequalification Programme: Access to Antimalarial, Antituberculosis and anti HIV/AIDS Drugs and HIV/AIDS Diagnostics of Acceptable QualityPrequalification Programme: Priority Essential Medicines
1
10
100
PreliminaryDesign
Code &Debug
ValidateDetailedDesign Integrate Operation
1.21.6
1.4
3
5
2
4
18
8
80
RelativeCost
ofCorrecting
Error Maxim
um
Min
imum
The cost of change
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Prequalification Programme: Access to Antimalarial, Antituberculosis and anti HIV/AIDS Drugs and HIV/AIDS Diagnostics of Acceptable QualityPrequalification Programme: Priority Essential Medicines
Basic requirements for GMP:
Clearly defined and systematically reviewed processes Qualification and validation is performed Appropriate resources are provided:
Qualified and trained personnel Premises, space, equipment and services Materials, containers, labels Procedures, storage, transport Laboratories and in-process control
2.1 a - c
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Prequalification Programme: Access to Antimalarial, Antituberculosis and anti HIV/AIDS Drugs and HIV/AIDS Diagnostics of Acceptable QualityPrequalification Programme: Priority Essential Medicines
Basic requirements for GMP: (cont'd)
Clear, written instructions and procedures Trained operators Records of actions, deviations and investigations Records for manufacture and distribution Proper storage and distribution Systems for complaints and recalls
2.1 d - j
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Prequalification Programme: Access to Antimalarial, Antituberculosis and anti HIV/AIDS Drugs and HIV/AIDS Diagnostics of Acceptable QualityPrequalification Programme: Priority Essential Medicines
GMP = continuous urge for improvement
Involvement of the management
Annual Product Quality Review
Complaints handling
Self-inspection
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Prequalification Programme: Access to Antimalarial, Antituberculosis and anti HIV/AIDS Drugs and HIV/AIDS Diagnostics of Acceptable QualityPrequalification Programme: Priority Essential Medicines
Involvement of the management
The senior management is responsible to attain the company's quality objectives
All different departments and all levels within departments should be involved; and it's the senior management who should facilitate this
Also suppliers and distributors should be involved The senior management should make available the required
resources The basis of the quality system is the quality statement and quality
policy, by the senior management
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Prequalification Programme: Access to Antimalarial, Antituberculosis and anti HIV/AIDS Drugs and HIV/AIDS Diagnostics of Acceptable QualityPrequalification Programme: Priority Essential Medicines
Annual Product Quality Review
Objectives to do an Annual Product Quality Review:
To review and verify the consistency and appropriateness of the existing process
To identify and highlight any trends in the process, e.g. in analytical results, yields etc.
To identify any possible product or process improvements
Not yet mandatory in WHO GMP, but it is likely to become mandatory like it is in other GMP's
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Prequalification Programme: Access to Antimalarial, Antituberculosis and anti HIV/AIDS Drugs and HIV/AIDS Diagnostics of Acceptable QualityPrequalification Programme: Priority Essential Medicines
Annual Product Quality Review (cont'd)
Review of starting materials/ packaging materials, esp from new sources
Review of in-process control results and finished product analytical control results
Amount of batches and packaging units produced and their yields Reviews of:
Out-of-spec situations Rejections Deviations Changes Plus their investigations as well as a trend analysis of causes
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Prequalification Programme: Access to Antimalarial, Antituberculosis and anti HIV/AIDS Drugs and HIV/AIDS Diagnostics of Acceptable QualityPrequalification Programme: Priority Essential Medicines
Annual Product Quality Review (cont'd)
Review of Marketing Authorization variations submitted, granted or refused (incl. third countries)
Review of stability monitoring programme and its trends Review of adequacy of previous decisions on changes or
improvements or corrective actions For new Marketing Authorizations (plus new variations) a review of
post marketing commitment The qualification status of all relevant equipment and utilities (like
water, HVAC, gases, etc.) Review of Technical Agreements (if applicable), to verify they are up-
to-date.
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Prequalification Programme: Access to Antimalarial, Antituberculosis and anti HIV/AIDS Drugs and HIV/AIDS Diagnostics of Acceptable QualityPrequalification Programme: Priority Essential Medicines
5.1
Complaints handling
Complaints: Principle
“All complaints and other information concerning potentially defective products must be carefully reviewed according to written procedures and corrective action should be taken.”
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Prequalification Programme: Access to Antimalarial, Antituberculosis and anti HIV/AIDS Drugs and HIV/AIDS Diagnostics of Acceptable QualityPrequalification Programme: Priority Essential Medicines
5.2 – 5.3
Complaints handling (cont'd)
Complaints Procedure:
Designated responsible person: To handle complaint Decide on measure to be taken May be authorized person - if not, must advise authorized
person of results Sufficient support staff Access to records
Written procedure (SOP): Describes action to be taken Includes need to consider a recall (e.g. possible product defect)
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Prequalification Programme: Access to Antimalarial, Antituberculosis and anti HIV/AIDS Drugs and HIV/AIDS Diagnostics of Acceptable QualityPrequalification Programme: Priority Essential Medicines
5.4 – 5.6
Complaints handling (cont'd)
Complaints Procedure – cont'd
Thorough investigation: QC involved With special attention to establish whether "counterfeiting"
may have been the cause Fully recorded investigation – reflect all the details
Due to product defect (discovered or suspected): Consider checking other batches Batches containing reprocessed product
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Prequalification Programme: Access to Antimalarial, Antituberculosis and anti HIV/AIDS Drugs and HIV/AIDS Diagnostics of Acceptable QualityPrequalification Programme: Priority Essential Medicines
5.7 – 5.9
Complaints handling (cont'd)
Complaints Procedure – (cont'd)
Investigation and evaluation should result in appropriate follow-up actions
May include a "recall" All decisions and measures taken should be recorded Referenced in batch records Records reviewed - trends and recurring problems
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Prequalification Programme: Access to Antimalarial, Antituberculosis and anti HIV/AIDS Drugs and HIV/AIDS Diagnostics of Acceptable QualityPrequalification Programme: Priority Essential Medicines
5.10
Complaints handling (cont'd)
Other actions
Inform competent authorities in case of serious quality problems such as:
Faulty manufacture Product deterioration Counterfeiting
Have a thorough recall procedure that is fitting completely to the complaints handling procedure
Keep track on trends in complaints, their investigations and results
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Prequalification Programme: Access to Antimalarial, Antituberculosis and anti HIV/AIDS Drugs and HIV/AIDS Diagnostics of Acceptable QualityPrequalification Programme: Priority Essential Medicines
Self-Inspection
Purpose is to evaluate whether a company’s operations remain compliant with GMP
The programme should cover all aspects of production and quality control be designed to detect shortcomings in the implementation of GMP recommend corrective actions set a timetable for corrective action to be completed
Be performed routinely Also on special occasions such as
Recalls Repeated rejections When a GMP inspection is announced by the national drug
regulatory authority 8.1
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Prequalification Programme: Access to Antimalarial, Antituberculosis and anti HIV/AIDS Drugs and HIV/AIDS Diagnostics of Acceptable QualityPrequalification Programme: Priority Essential Medicines
8.3, 8.4
Self-Inspection (cont'd)
The Self-Inspection Team
Team appointed by management, with: authority sufficient experience, expertise in their own field. knowledge of
GMP may be from inside or outside the company
Frequency should normally be at least once a year May depend on company requirements Size of the company and activities
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Prequalification Programme: Access to Antimalarial, Antituberculosis and anti HIV/AIDS Drugs and HIV/AIDS Diagnostics of Acceptable QualityPrequalification Programme: Priority Essential Medicines
8.5, 8.6
Self-Inspection (cont'd)
Carrying out a Self-Inspection
Report prepared at completion of inspection, including: results evaluation conclusions recommended corrective measures
Follow-up action Effective follow-up programme Company management to evaluate both
the report and corrective actions
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Prequalification Programme: Access to Antimalarial, Antituberculosis and anti HIV/AIDS Drugs and HIV/AIDS Diagnostics of Acceptable QualityPrequalification Programme: Priority Essential Medicines
Summary and conclusions:
GMP is mandatory in countries with a regulated pharmaceutical market, and in the WHO Prequalification Programme too.
GMP's are very similar, they are nothing but Good Common Sense Good Practices cover all aspects of company's activities prior to sales GMP is not a reward, nor an external assignment, it should be built into the
company Just like quality, which should be built into the product The role and involvement of senior management is crucial GMP means an urge for continuous improvement, 3 of the tools to do so are:
Annual Product Quality Reviews Complaint handling and trending Self-inspection
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Prequalification Programme: Access to Antimalarial, Antituberculosis and anti HIV/AIDS Drugs and HIV/AIDS Diagnostics of Acceptable QualityPrequalification Programme: Priority Essential Medicines
http://www.who.int/prequal