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Paying the PricePaying the Price
Margaret EwenMargaret EwenHealth Action International Europe
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Public sector Procurement price
Public sectorPatient price
Originator Generic Originator Generic
captopril 25mg tab
Kenya (2001) 12 4.17
Morocco (2004) 37.65 12.80 free free
Indonesia (2004) - 1.35 21.80 1.69
Mongolia (2004) - 1.58 - 2.89
phenytoin 100mg cap
Indonesia (2004) - 2.19 - 21.46
glibenclamide 5mg tab
Chad (2004) - 1.29 - 4.49
Median price ratios, public sectorMedian price ratios, public sector
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Median price ratios, atenolol 50mg tab,Median price ratios, atenolol 50mg tab, private retail pharmaciesprivate retail pharmacies
0 20 40 60 80
Uganda (2004)
Kuwait (2004)
Lebanon (2004)
India/Chennai (2004)
Indonesia (2004)
Median Price Ratio
Lowest Priced Generic
Originator Brand
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Public sector Private sector
Originator Generic Originator Generic
Chad (2004) 4% 0% 18% 0%
Maharashtra (2005) 0% 0% 0% 10%
Mongolia (2004) 0% 0% 0% 4%
Philippines (2002) 15% 0% 9% 1%
Indonesia (2004) 0% 0% 2% 0%
Morocco (2004) 25% 65% 5% 50%
Availability: beclometasone inhaler 50mcg/doseAvailability: beclometasone inhaler 50mcg/dose
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Uganda
Peru
Jordan
Indonesia
China: Shandong
Armenia
Number of Days' Wages
Lowest Priced Generic
Originator Brand
Affordability: fluoxetine 40mg tab/day Affordability: fluoxetine 40mg tab/day 30 days treatment, private retail pharmacies30 days treatment, private retail pharmacies
96»
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EML
AvailabilityPublic sector
facilities
Originator Generic
Uganda (2004) yes 0% 0%
Mali (2004) yes 0% 0%
Indonesia (2004) no 13% 0%
AffordabilityPrivate retail pharmacies
Originator Generic
5.6 days 2.0 days
4.2 days 2.7 days
4.1 days -
salbutamol inhaler 0.1mg/dose: salbutamol inhaler 0.1mg/dose: availability vs affordability availability vs affordability
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Taxes on MedicinesTaxes on Medicines
Tajikistan (private sector, imported medicine)
VAT 20% Customs duty 5% Tax 1-5%+ transport charges, wholesale & retail mark-ups
Eliminate taxes: cumulative mark-up 123% → 74%
Peru (private sector, imported medicine)
VAT 12%, IGV 19%, Municipal promotion tax 2%+ insurance, import, wholesale & retail mark-ups
Eliminate taxes: cumulative mark-up 238% → 149%
IndonesiaVAT 10% - charged twice
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Public sector component costsPublic sector component costs
Chad (official rates for generics)• Statistics tax 2%• Central Medical Store mark-up 16%• Regional Medical Store mark-up 25%• Health facility mark-up 30%Cumulative mark-up: 92%
Peru• VAT 12%, IGV 19%, Municipal promotion tax 2%• Insurance 2%• Importers mark-up 20%• Health facility mark-up 25%Cumulative mark-up: 108% (some medicines/programmes 40%)
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Generic (patient price: 24 RM)
4: Retail 50%
3: Wholesale 3%
2: Landed 7%
1: MSP, CIF 40%
Originator (patient price: 72 RM)
1: MSP, CIF 56%
2: Landed 11%
3: Wholesale 13%
4: Retail 20%
Malaysia: atenolol 50mg tab Malaysia: atenolol 50mg tab private retail pharmaciesprivate retail pharmacies
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4: Doctor 44%
3: Distributor 6%
2: Landed 7%
1: MSP, CIF43%
Malaysia: atenolol 50mg tab Malaysia: atenolol 50mg tab dispensing doctorsdispensing doctors
1: MSP,CIF 30%
2: Landed 5%
3: Distributor 5%
4: Doctor 60%
Generic (patient price 32 RM)
Originator (patient price 94.29 RM)
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