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What is Oil Shale ?Oil shale is a sedimentary rock containing organic matter rich in hydrogen, known as kerogen Estonian oil shale:
C10
H15.2
O0.93
S0.08
N0.03
Oil shales of different deposits differ by, for example, genesis, composition, calorific value and oil yield
Oil shale also contains mineral matter. In Estonian oil shale carbonates and sandy-clayey minerals
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Global shale oil resources (million US barrels)
3 170 000
159 00084 000
2 100 000
83 000
372 000372 000
0
500 000
1 000 000
1 500 000
2 000 000
2 500 000
3 000 000
3 500 000
Global Africa Asia Australia Europe NorthAmerica
SouthAmerica
Sh
ale
oil
res
ou
rces
(m
illi
on
U.S
. b
arre
ls)
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Grade of the global oil shale deposits in liters of oil per ton
90-150 l/t 31%
< 45 l/t 25%
45 - 90 l/t 43%
> 150 l/t 1%
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European shale oil resources (million US barrels)
73 000
18 6867 000 6 988 6 114 4 193 3 500 2 000 675 690 305 280 125 55 48 8 6
247 883
0
50 000
100 000
150 000
200 000
250 000
300 000
Russia
Italy
Estonia
France
Belar
us
Sweden
Ukrai
ne
United K
ingdom
Germ
any
Luxem
bourg
Yugoslav
ia
Armen
ia
Spain
Bulgar
ia
Hungary
Poland
Austria
Czech
oslova
kia
Sh
ale
oil
res
ou
rces
(m
illi
on
U.S
. b
arre
ls)
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Production of oil shale in million metric tons from selected oil shale deposits from 1880 to
2000
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Estonian oil shale reserves by fields and structure of the layer
a) b)
a) 1 – outcrop line of the shale bed; 2 – exhausted areas; 3 – operating mines and opencasts; 4 – mine field boundary; 5 – county boundary; 6 – boundaries of parts of Estonia deposit; 7 – southern boundary of Estonia deposit; 8 – active reserve; 9 – passive reserve b) 1- limestone, 2 – limestone kerogeneous, 3 – oil shal, thickness of the layer 2-3m
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Oil Shale Mining
underground mining opencast mining
reforestation of exhausted opencast areas
enrichment of oil shale
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What can we produce from 1 ton of Estonian oil shale?
125 kg of shale oil (9 500 kcal/kg)35 Nm³ of retort gas (11 200 kcal/m³)
From 1 ton of oil shale (2030
kcal/kg)
850 kWh of electricity
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Material flow in the Estonian Oil Shale industry, 2005 OIL SHALE
MINING14.7 Mt/y
SHALE OIL PRODUCTION
2.8 Mt/y
POWERGENERATION
10.9 Mt/y
HEATPRODUCTION
0.7 Mt/y
CEMENT PRODUCTION
0.3 Mt/y
Shale oil400 000 t/y
Power9 300 GWh/y
Cement820 000 t/y
Heat 1 500 GWh/y
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The development of thermal processing of oil shale in Estonia
Low-temperature (500–550 ºC) thermal processing The use of lumpy oil shale (25–125mm) 1924 to date Internally heated vertical retorts,
(Pintsch retorts →Kiviter process) 10t → 40t →100t →200t →1000t (→ 1500t, designed) oil shale per day
1928–1960s Tunnel ovens (horizontal, internally heated) 400t oil shale per day
1931–1961 The Davidson rotary retorts (horizontal, externally heated) 25t oil shale per day
The use of fine-grained oil shale (<25mm) 1980 to date Galoter process with solid heat carrier
3000t oil shale per day
High-temperature (> 700 ºC) thermal processing of lumpy oil shale (25–125mm)
1948–1970 Chamber ovens for gasification of oil shale 400
million m3 gas per year
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Development of power and heat production from oil shale in Estonia
Construction date Plant MW electricity MW
heat
1930s Tallinn 11
1949–1967 Kohtla-Järve 39 534
1952–1957 Ahtme 20 338
1959–1971 Balti
1624 inc. 4 blocks at 200 MWe and 8 blocks at 100 MWe pulverized firing boilers
686
1969–1973 Eesti
1610 inc. 8 blocks at 200 MWe pulverized firing boilers
84
1995 renovation of turbines, extra repairs of boilers, new electrostatic precipitators, demolition of old blocks
2004 two 215 MW Circulated Fluidized Bed (CFB) units commissioned in Balti and Eesti Power Plant
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Emissions from Oil Shale Power Plants 1990-2004, 2005,2006
Emissions from Oil Shale Power Plants
0
40 000
80 000
120 000
160 000
200 000
1990 2004 2005 2006
ton/year
SO2Fly ashNOx
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Emissions from oil shale fired boilers PC Boilers CFB Boilers SO2 bounded 80 % almost 100 % SO2 emissions 800-2000 mg/Nm3 0 – 20 mg/Nm3 NOx emissions 300 mg/Nm3 90 – 170 mg/Nm3 Fly Ash Emissions < 200 mg/Nm3 < 30 mg/Nm3 Net Efficiency of Power Generation 28-30% 34-36% CO2 kg/kWhe 1.18 kg/kWhe 1.0 kg/kWhe
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The Environmental Requirements Influencing on Operation of Oil Shale Fired
Power Plants
•01.01.2008.a. – SO2 binding on existing boilers >65%,
– fly ash emissions < 200 mg/Nm3
•16.07.2009.a. – to reconstruct ash handling systems, and bring ash landfills in compliance with landfill directive
• 01.01.2012.a. – SO2 emissions total <25 000 ton/year
• 01.01.2016.a. – Directive on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from large combustion plants requirements will apply to all PC boilers, closing of PC boilers: 2004 - 4, 2008 - 4, 2010 - 4
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Estonian oil shale provides: Self-sufficiency for power and heating oil Energy security Economic efficiency, profitability
-Production prices of oil shale is ~ 8.5 euro per ton
including resource and environmental taxes ~5.5 %
-Production prices of power MWh 28.2 (nuclear, Ignalina 23.7 )
including environmental taxes ~12%
Directive 2004/74/EC oil shale taxation in any form is not required before 1 January 2009 - Selling price of shale oil is about 230-250 euro per t (31-34 euro per
barrel) and it depends from crude oil price in the European market
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Energy balance in Baltic countries, 2005 Estonia Total in Baltic Consumption of primary energy, M toe 5.64 19.34
own production, % 71.1 62.2
Total capacity power plants, MW after closure of Ignalina *), MW
2300 8800 7500 *)
Production of electricity, TWh 10.3 34.3 nuclear, % - 44.1 hydro, % - 11.8 natural gas, % 6.6 14.0 oil shale, % 92.6 27.8 renewable, % 0.8 2.3
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Huge oil shale resources in the world represent an important source for future energy supply
1. Oil Shale could be a useful part of an overall EU energy policy. Oil shale usage contributes to the security of energy supply in Baltic region
2. Direct combustion of oil shale for electricity production has shown a good technical progress and economic efficiency as one of the cheapest kinds of power in the Baltic region. Oil shale is also a useful source of oil and chemicals
3. The long-term experience of oil shale utilization in Estonia has turned into valuable know-how for using oil shale of different deposits over the world
4. EU should support efforts to further exploitation of the energy potential hidden in oil shale of the EU member states
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Back-up information
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CO2 Emissions from Power Plants
11 024 4089 964 389
19 453 129
9 249 960
0
5 000 000
10 000 000
15 000 000
20 000 000
25 000 000
1990 2004 2005 2006
ton/year
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Drying
Thermal decomposition
Combustion
To condensation
Oil Shale oil retorting process
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Oil Shale Mineable Seam
• The mineable oil shale seam is of Middle Ordovician age and consists of seven sub-seams (denominated A through F1) that are divided by limestone partings of various thicknesses.
• Within the active mining areas, the thickness of this oil shale seam, without partings, ranges between 1.7 m and 2.3 m
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CFB-Combustion System for Oil Shale
Net Heat to Steam With oil shale 247 MWthWith shale oil 112,5 MWth
Main Steam 90 kg/s l 535’C l 12.7 MPaHot Reheat 77 kg/s l 535’C l 2.4 MPaSteam Drum 13.3 MPa
NET EFFICIENCY ~37%
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Worlds biggest oil shale power plants are in Estonia
Eesti Power Plant 1615 MW Balti Power Plant 765 MW
Oil Shales share in power production in Estonia is over 95%
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Worlds biggest oil shale power plant is Eesti PP
Eesti Power Plant 1615 MW
Balti Power Plant 765 MW
Oil Factory
Oil Shales share in power production in Estonia is over 95%
