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1
NSIs and geostatistics
Introduction to geo-statistical units
ESTP course on Geographic Information Systems (GIS): Use of GIS for making statistics in a production environmentStatistics Norway, Oslo, 26th to 30th of March 2012
Mr Oliver HeidenMasterEurostat, European CommissionUnit E4, Regional Statistics and GI, Section of Regional and urban statisticsBECH A3/049, L-2920 [email protected]: +352 4301 31961Mob. +352 621 594545
Attribution (by) Licensees may copy, distribute, display and perform the work and make derivative works based on it only if they give the author or licensor the credits in the manner specified by these. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
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Sense of geo-statistical units
geo statistical
unit
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Sense of geo-statistical units
• geo: Geospatial/Geography– Human geography (patterns, processes in human society)
Culture, e.g. Linguistic geography Development, e.g. Standard of living, Quality of life measurement Economics, e.g. Marketing geography and Transportation geography Health History, e.g. changes of places or regions changes through time Politics, e.g. interdependency: space ↔ politics, e.g. Electoral
geography, Geopolitics Population Settlement
– Physical geography (study of the solid earth, the atmosphere, hydrosphere, oceans and biosphere)
Geomorphology, Hydrology, Glaciology, Biogeography, Climatology, Meteorology, Coastal geography, Oceanography, Geomatics, Environmental geography
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Sense of geo-statistical units
• statistical: Statistics (science of data)– Data:
Quantitative or Qualitative Exhaustive or Sample Synchronic or Diachronic
– Methods: Observational or Experimental Descriptive or Inferential
– Numerous fields of application Actuarial science, Biostatistics, Business Analytics, Chemometrics,
Demography, Econometrics, Environmental statistics, Epidemiology, Geostatistics, Operations research, Population ecology, Quantitative psychology, Psychometrics, Quality control, Social statistics, Statistical finance, Statistical mechanics, Statistical physics, Statistical thermodynamics, etc.
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Sense of geo-statistical units
• unit:– Hierarchical component:
Entity regarded as an elementary structural or functional constituent of a whole.
– Comparability component: Determinate amount or quantity (as of length, time, heat, value) adopted
as a standard of measurement for other amounts or quantities of the same kind.
– In geo-statistical concepts refers mainly to area (2D) or points (0D, coordinates, addresses)
– Other units: persons
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Typology of geo-statistical units
• geo-statistical units:– Shape:
Random Standardised
– Origin: Natural Historical Administrative Analytical, functional
– Comparability Homogeneous Heterogeneous
– Coverage Comprehensive Selective
– Contiguity Single territory Divided territory
– Partition Exclusive Overlapping
– Stability Dynamic Semi-dynamic Stable
– Size: Physiographic regions,
Continents Supranational entities Countries Regions Municipalities, Communes Districts, Neighbourhoods
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Typology of geo-statistical unitsShape Origin Comparability Coverage Contiguit
yPartition Stability Size
Kommuner (NO)
Larger Urban Zones (Urban Audit, EU)
NUTS and Statistical Regions
Population Grid (1 km2)
Wine growing regions
COROP (NL)
TTWA (UK)
Postcode districts (EU)
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Typology of geo-statistical unitsShape Origin Comparability Coverage Contiguit
yPartition Stability Size
Kommuner (NO) Random
Historical Administrative
Heterogeneous Comprehen-sive
Single territory
Exclusive Dynamic 3
Larger Urban Zones (Urban Audit, EU)
Random
Administrative Analytical
Heterogeneous Selective Single territory
Exclusive Semi-dynamic
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NUTS and Statistical Regions
Random
Historical Administrative Analytical
Heterogeneous Comprehen-sive
Divided territory
Exclusive Semi-dynamic
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Population Grid (1 km2)
Standar-dised
Analytical Homogeneous Comprehen-sive
Single territory
Exclusive Stable 1
Wine growing regions
Random
Natural Historical
Heterogeneous Selective Divided territory
Exclusive Semi-dynamic
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COROP (NL) Random
Administrative Analytical
Heterogeneous Comprehen-sive
Single territory
Exclusive Semi-dynamic
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TTWA (UK) Random
Analytical Heterogeneous Comprehen-sive
Single territory
Exclusive Semi-dynamic
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Postcode districts (EU)
Random
Functional Heterogeneous Comprehen-sive
Single territory
Over-lapping
Dynamic 2
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Ideal of geo-statistical units
Shape Origin Comparability Coverage Contiguity
Partition Stability Size
Standar-dised
Administrative Homogeneous Comprehen-sive
Single territory
Exclusive Stable Small
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Main concepts of geo-statistical units
• Administrative units:– Based on real-world phenomena– Commonly accepted, variety of implementation– Analysed area = policy target– Hierarchical structure– Subject to changes (external stimulus)
• Functional units:– Defined according to analytical requirements using
geographical criteria (e.g. altitude, type of soil etc.) socio-economic criteria (e.g. homogeneity, complementarity of regions)
– Not widespread, variety of methodologies – Analysed area ≠ policy target– Mainly one-level– Subject to changes (internal stimulus)
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Main concepts of geo-statistical units
• Grids:– Standardised breakdown (100m2, 1km2, 4km2)– Intuitive, standard entity– Analysed area ≠ policy target– Ad-hoc hierarchical structure– Stable
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Main concepts of geo-statistical units
Classifications
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Main concepts of geo-statistical units
Policy making
Statistics↔
ResearchBusiness
↔
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Main concepts of geo-statistical units
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Main concepts of geo-statistical units
• Examples → Administrative units:– Municipalities
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Main concepts of geo-statistical units
• Examples → Administrative units:
– Municipalities Degree of
Urbanisation (DEGURBA)
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Main concepts of geo-statistical units
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Main concepts of geo-statistical units
• Examples → Administrative units:– NUTS
3-level, full coverage, mixed: administrative/non-administrative Based on administrative breakdown in Member States, EFTA and
Candidate countries Managed by Eurostat Size (population) comparable across countries Stable for at least three years: NUTS2003, NUTS2006, NUTS2010
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/nuts_nomenclature/introduction
NUTS-1 NUTS-2 NUTS-3
MAX Population DEA 18 Mill. FR10 11 Mill.
ES300 6 Mill.
MIN Population FI2 27 000 FI20 27 000 ES703 10 000
MAX Area (km2) FI1 337 000 FI1D 227 000 SE332 106 000
MIN Area (km2) BE100 161 ES640 13 ES640 13
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Main concepts of geo-statistical units
• Examples → Administrative units:
– NUTS
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Main concepts of geo-statistical units
• Examples → Administrative units:– Urban-Rural Typology
Revision of a distorted method– Different size of LAU2s– Different size of NUTS3s
Population grid (1 km²): registered population when available, otherwise disaggregation grid (JRC)
Identify population living in urban areas:– Selection of grid cells with density > 300 inh./km²– Only groups of grid cells, representing a total population of > 5000
inhabitants– Contiguity is evaluated including diagonals
Principle: three categories of regions, based on the population share in rural raster cells
– Predominantly urban: population share of rural raster cells < 20%– Intermediate: population share of rural raster cells between 20% and 50%– Predominantly rural: population share of rural raster cells > 50%
Combining small NUTS3 regions
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Main concepts of geo-statistical units
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Main concepts of geo-statistical units
• Examples → Administrative units:– Metropolitan Regions
Groupings of NUTS-3 Based on LUZ
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/region_cities/metropolitan_regions
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Main concepts of geo-statistical units
• Examples → Administrative units:– Urban Audit
Major revision– OLD:– 300 variables every 3 years, 38 variables annually, 369 core cities– Spatial definition without standards
– NEW:– 330 variables every 5 years, 40 variables annually– Common concept for definition of units– (Revision of LUZ based on commuting flows)
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/region_cities/city_urban
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Main concepts of geo-statistical units
• Examples → Administrative units:– Urban Audit
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Main concepts of geo-statistical units
• Examples → Functional units:– Labour Market Areas
one-level Defined by NSIs or Departments of Economy, Universities etc. Comparable within countries, dissimilar across countries Stable for at least three years: NUTS2003, NUTS2006, NUTS2010 EU classification: LAU (Local Administrative Units)
Eurostat project 2012:– Assessment of feasibility of EU-wide LMAs– Assessment of (potential) value-added of EU-wide LMAs– Proposal for best practices
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Main concepts of geo-statistical units
• Examples → Functional units:– Labour Market Areas
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Main concepts of geo-statistical units
• Examples → Functional units:
– Labour Market Areas
Key for color classification
A A & B overlap
B A & C overlap
C B & C overlap
D C & D overlap Other
Vacant areas.
Very few residents, not engaging in paid work. No commuters.
Areas under Turkish occupation.
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Main concepts of geo-statistical units
Policy making
Statistics↔
ResearchBusiness
↔
• Examples → Grids
Confidentiality
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Thanks!