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Nature of MatterNature of Matter All of the materials around you are

made up of matter. You are made up of matter, as are the chair you sit on and the air you breathe.

1. Give an example of solid matter.2. Give an example of liquid matter.3. Give an example of gaseous matter.4. Is all matter visible? 5. Does all matter take up space?

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BIOCHEMISTRYBIOCHEMISTRY

The chemical The chemical

basis of lifebasis of life

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ATOMSATOMS Basic unit of matterBasic unit of matter Two regionsTwo regions

NucleusNucleus Electron cloudElectron cloud

Atomic particlesAtomic particles Protons Protons

• Positively charged particles Positively charged particles • Located in the nucleusLocated in the nucleus

Neutrons Neutrons • Neutral particlesNeutral particles• Located in the nucleus & act as the glue thereLocated in the nucleus & act as the glue there

Electrons Electrons • Negatively charged particlesNegatively charged particles• Located in the electron cloudLocated in the electron cloud• These are the particles involved in chemical These are the particles involved in chemical

reactionsreactions

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CarbonCarbon

12.01112.011

Atomic

Atomic

Number

Number

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ElementsElements Contain all of the same type of atom Contain all of the same type of atom

within the elementwithin the element Elements of LifeElements of Life

• 96% 96% Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), and Nitrogen (N)(O), and Nitrogen (N)

• 3% 3% P, S, Ca, K, Na, Mg, Fe, Cl P, S, Ca, K, Na, Mg, Fe, Cl • 1% 1% other trace elements other trace elements

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IsotopesIsotopes Elements that contain a different Elements that contain a different

number of neutronsnumber of neutrons Radioactive isotopes will breakdown Radioactive isotopes will breakdown

at a specific rate and are used in at a specific rate and are used in figuring the age of different things figuring the age of different things (i.e. fossils & rocks)(i.e. fossils & rocks)Nonradioactive carbon-12Nonradioactive carbon-13 Radioactive carbon-

14

6 protons6 protons6 electrons 6 electrons 6 neutrons6 neutrons

6 protons6 protons6 electrons6 electrons8 neutrons8 neutrons

6 protons 6 protons 6 electrons 6 electrons 7 neutrons7 neutrons

All of these are carbon because they have 6 protons. They are just different forms of carbon.

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IonsIons Charged atoms that are formed

when electrons are gained or lost.Sodium atom (Na)Chlorine atom (Cl)Sodium ion (Na+)Chloride ion (Cl-)

Transferof electron

Protons +11Electrons -11Charge 0

Protons +17Electrons -17Charge 0

Protons +11Electrons -10Charge +1

Protons +17Electrons -18Charge -1

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CompoundsCompounds Elements combine chemically to Elements combine chemically to

form compounds.form compounds. Compounds are held together by Compounds are held together by

chemical bonds which are based chemical bonds which are based upon the individual elements upon the individual elements desire for 8 outer electrons.desire for 8 outer electrons.

In compounds, all atoms are In compounds, all atoms are stable having 8 valence stable having 8 valence electrons.electrons.

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Chemical BondsChemical Bonds There are three types:There are three types:

Ionic BondsIonic Bonds

Covalent BondsCovalent Bonds

Hydrogen BondsHydrogen Bonds

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Chemical BondsChemical Bonds Ionic BondsIonic Bonds: :

Elements become compounds by Elements become compounds by giving and taking electrons to giving and taking electrons to have 8 outer electrons. have 8 outer electrons.

This leaves them with a charge. This leaves them with a charge. Opposite charges attract…and a Opposite charges attract…and a

bond is formed holding a positive bond is formed holding a positive ion to a negative ion. ion to a negative ion.

Occurs inside compoundsOccurs inside compounds

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Chemical BondsChemical Bonds Covalent BondsCovalent Bonds::

Elements become compounds by Elements become compounds by sharing electrons between two sharing electrons between two atoms.atoms.

This sharing leaves them bound This sharing leaves them bound together as a compound.together as a compound.

Occurs inside compoundsOccurs inside compounds

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Chemical BondsChemical Bonds Hydrogen BondsHydrogen Bonds::

Bonds that hold hydrogen-Bonds that hold hydrogen-containing molecules together.containing molecules together.

This is why water forms beads.This is why water forms beads. Occurs between molecules…Occurs between molecules…

outside of compoundsoutside of compounds

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Note CardsNote Cards AtomAtom Two regions of Two regions of

atomatom ProtonsProtons NeutronsNeutrons ElectronsElectrons IsotopeIsotope

IonIon CompoundCompound 3 types of 3 types of

chemical bondschemical bonds Ionic bondIonic bond Covalent bondCovalent bond Hydrogen bondHydrogen bond

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Water (HWater (H22O)O) Most abundant compound in Most abundant compound in

organismsorganisms Water is polar Water is polar

Unequally shares electrons between Unequally shares electrons between hydrogen & oxygen atomshydrogen & oxygen atoms

Makes it possible for other compounds to Makes it possible for other compounds to dissolve in waterdissolve in water

Water has hydrogen bondsWater has hydrogen bonds Adhesion – HAdhesion – H22O sticking to other O sticking to other

substances substances Cohesion – HCohesion – H22O molecules sticking to other O molecules sticking to other

HH22O moleculesO molecules

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pH scale & bufferspH scale & buffers The pH of The pH of

substances ranges substances ranges from 0-14 from 0-14 0-6.9 = acid0-6.9 = acid 7 = neutral7 = neutral 7.1-14 = base7.1-14 = base

BuffersBuffers Prevent sharp, Prevent sharp,

sudden changes in sudden changes in pH so that the body pH so that the body can maintain can maintain homeostasishomeostasis

pH of most fluids in pH of most fluids in the body = 6.5-7.5the body = 6.5-7.5

AcidAcid Forms HForms H++ ions in ions in

solutionssolutions BaseBase

Forms hydroxide ions Forms hydroxide ions (OH(OH--) in solutions) in solutions

Acidic solutions Acidic solutions have higher have higher concentrations of Hconcentrations of H++ ions than waterions than water

Basic solutions have Basic solutions have lower lower concentrations of Hconcentrations of H++ ions than waterions than water

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Organic vs. InorganicOrganic vs. Inorganic All compounds can be separated All compounds can be separated

into two groups: into two groups: InorganicInorganic

• Doesn’t contain carbonDoesn’t contain carbon• Non-livingNon-living• Examples: Oxygen gas, metals, rocks, Examples: Oxygen gas, metals, rocks,

water water OrganicOrganic

• Contains carbonContains carbon• Living (or dead)Living (or dead)• Examples: wood, grass, diamonds, Examples: wood, grass, diamonds,

petroleumpetroleum

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PolymerizationPolymerization MonomersMonomers

One unit of a compoundOne unit of a compound PolymersPolymers

Many monomers combine to make Many monomers combine to make a polymera polymer

MacromoleculesMacromolecules Many large molecules combined Many large molecules combined

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MacromoleculesMacromolecules There are four macromolecules:There are four macromolecules:

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

LipidsLipids

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

ProteinsProteins

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CarbohydratesCarbohydrates Made of C, H, & OMade of C, H, & O FunctionsFunctions

Main energy source in organismsMain energy source in organisms Structural component in plantsStructural component in plants

TypesTypes Sugars Sugars

• gives off energy when broken downgives off energy when broken down• Cellulose Cellulose twisted chain of sugars, not digestible by twisted chain of sugars, not digestible by

humanshumans• Chitin Chitin hard cellulose found in the exoskeletons of hard cellulose found in the exoskeletons of

invertebratesinvertebrates• Ex. Sucrose, fructose, glucoseEx. Sucrose, fructose, glucose

Starches Starches • used as a storage molecule for sugarsused as a storage molecule for sugars

• Many athletes eat these before eventsMany athletes eat these before events• Ex. Bread, rice, pasta, cornEx. Bread, rice, pasta, corn

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LipidsLipids Made of C, H, O Made of C, H, O

in the form of glycerol and fatty acid chainsin the form of glycerol and fatty acid chains Commonly called fats, oils, & waxesCommonly called fats, oils, & waxes FunctionsFunctions

Storage of energyStorage of energy Parts of biological membranesParts of biological membranes Water proof coveringsWater proof coverings Chemical messengers (steroids)Chemical messengers (steroids)

Insoluble in waterInsoluble in water Ex. Lard, butter, oil, hormones, steroids Ex. Lard, butter, oil, hormones, steroids

2020

Nucleic acidsNucleic acids Made of C, H, O, N, & PMade of C, H, O, N, & P Monomers are called nucleotidesMonomers are called nucleotides

Nucleotides are made up of a 5-carbon Nucleotides are made up of a 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group and a nitrogen sugar, phosphate group and a nitrogen basebase

FunctionsFunctions Store hereditary informationStore hereditary information Transmit hereditary informationTransmit hereditary information

Two typesTwo types RNA (ribonucleic acid)RNA (ribonucleic acid) DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

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ProteinsProteins Made of C, H, O, & NMade of C, H, O, & N Monomers are amino acidsMonomers are amino acids

There are 20 different amino acids that There are 20 different amino acids that combine in different ways to make millions of combine in different ways to make millions of proteinsproteins

The most diverse macromoleculesThe most diverse macromolecules FunctionsFunctions

Control the rates of chemical reactions Control the rates of chemical reactions (enzymes)(enzymes)

Regulate cell processesRegulate cell processes Used to form bone & musclesUsed to form bone & muscles Transport substances into or out of cellsTransport substances into or out of cells Help fight diseaseHelp fight disease

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EnzymesEnzymesReaction pathwaywithout enzyme Activation energy

without enzyme

Activationenergywith enzyme

Reaction pathwaywith enzyme

Reactants

Products

Special PROTEINSSpecial PROTEINS Act as biological catalystsAct as biological catalysts

CatalystCatalyst• Substance whose job is to speed up the rate of a Substance whose job is to speed up the rate of a

chemical reactionchemical reaction

Act by lowering the activation energy Act by lowering the activation energy of the reactionof the reaction

Are very specific with respect to the Are very specific with respect to the reactions that they will catalyze…reactions that they will catalyze… They will only catalyze one specific They will only catalyze one specific

substance because they actually bind with substance because they actually bind with that substance in a unique waythat substance in a unique way

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Summary of the Summary of the Four Major MacromoleculesFour Major Macromolecules

CarbonCarbonCompoundsCompounds

includeinclude

that consist ofthat consist of

which containwhich contain

that consist ofthat consist of that consist ofthat consist of that consist ofthat consist of

which containwhich contain which containwhich contain which containwhich contain

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates LipidsLipids Nucleic acidsNucleic acids ProteinsProteins

Sugars and Sugars and starchesstarches

Fats and oilsFats and oils NucleotidesNucleotides Amino AcidsAmino Acids

Carbon,Carbon,hydrogen,hydrogen,

oxygenoxygen

Carbon,Carbon,hydrogen,hydrogen,

oxygenoxygen

Carbon,hydrogen,Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,

phosphorusphosphorus

Carbon,Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen, hydrogen,oxygen,

nitrogen,nitrogen,

Basic Structure: Basic Structure: C C11HH22OO11

Act as Act as enzymesenzymes

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Solutions and Solutions and SuspensionsSuspensions

MixtureMixture A material composed of two or A material composed of two or

more elements or compounds more elements or compounds that are physically mixed that are physically mixed together but not chemically together but not chemically combinedcombined•Ex: Salt and pepper mixtureEx: Salt and pepper mixture

Two types of mixtures that can Two types of mixtures that can be made with waterbe made with water SolutionsSolutions SuspensionsSuspensions

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Solutions and Solutions and Suspensions Suspensions

SolutionSolution A solution is a mixture in which all of the A solution is a mixture in which all of the

components are evenly distributed components are evenly distributed throughout the solutionthroughout the solution• SoluteSolute

• The substance that is dissolvedThe substance that is dissolved

• SolventSolvent• The substance in which the solute dissolvesThe substance in which the solute dissolves

SuspensionSuspension A suspension is a mixture in which some A suspension is a mixture in which some

materials do not dissolve when placed in materials do not dissolve when placed in water but separate into pieceswater but separate into pieces

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NotecardsNotecards AdhesionAdhesion CohesionCohesion pH ScalepH Scale AcidsAcids BasesBases BuffersBuffers InorganicInorganic OrganicOrganic MonomerMonomer PolymerPolymer MacromoleculeMacromolecule 4 Macromolecules4 Macromolecules Carbohydrates (Ex. & Carbohydrates (Ex. &

functions)functions) SugarSugar CelluloseCellulose

ChitinChitin StarchesStarches Lipids (Ex. & Functions)Lipids (Ex. & Functions) Nucleic Acids (Ex. & Nucleic Acids (Ex. &

Functions)Functions) NucleotidesNucleotides Proteins (Ex. & Proteins (Ex. &

Functions)Functions) Amino AcidsAmino Acids EnzymeEnzyme CatalystCatalyst MixtureMixture SolutionSolution SoluteSolute SolventSolvent SuspensionSuspension