1. Napoleonic Wars1. Napoleonic Wars1. Napoleonic Wars1. Napoleonic Wars

Q 1806 1806 Napoleon’s “Continental Napoleon’s “Continental System” System”

Q 1806 1806 Britain issued the “Orders Britain issued the “Orders in in Council.” Council.”

Q 1807 1807 Chesapeake Affair Chesapeake Affair

Q 1808-1811 1808-1811 Britain impressed Britain impressed over over 6,000 American 6,000 American sailors. sailors.

2. Chesapeake “Affair”2. Chesapeake “Affair”2. Chesapeake “Affair”2. Chesapeake “Affair”Q June 21, 1807.June 21, 1807.

Q Br. Captain fired on Br. Captain fired on the USS Chesapeake.the USS Chesapeake.

Q 3 dead, 18 wounded.3 dead, 18 wounded.

Q Br. Foreign Office Br. Foreign Office said it was a mistake.said it was a mistake.

Q Jefferson’s Response:Jefferson’s Response:

Forbade Br. ships to dock in Forbade Br. ships to dock in American ports.American ports.

Ordered state governors to call up Ordered state governors to call up as much as 100,000 militiamen.as much as 100,000 militiamen.

3. The Embargo Act 3. The Embargo Act (1807)(1807)

The “OGRABME” TurtleThe “OGRABME” Turtle

3. The Embargo Act 3. The Embargo Act (1807)(1807)

The “OGRABME” TurtleThe “OGRABME” Turtle

Presidential Election of Presidential Election of 18081808

Presidential Election of Presidential Election of 18081808

James Madison James Madison Becomes PresidentBecomes President

James Madison James Madison Becomes PresidentBecomes President

Dolly Madison: The Dolly Madison: The President’s Greatest President’s Greatest

AssetAsset

Dolly Madison: The Dolly Madison: The President’s Greatest President’s Greatest

AssetAsset

4. The Non-Intercourse 4. The Non-Intercourse Act Act (1809)(1809)

4. The Non-Intercourse 4. The Non-Intercourse Act Act (1809)(1809)Q Replaced the Embargo Act.Replaced the Embargo Act.

Q Remained U. S. policy until 1812.Remained U. S. policy until 1812.

Q Unexpected ConsequencesUnexpected Consequences::

N. Eng. was forced to become self-N. Eng. was forced to become self-sufficient again [old factories sufficient again [old factories reopened].reopened].

Laid the groundwork for US Laid the groundwork for US industrial power.industrial power.

Jefferson, a critic of an industrial Jefferson, a critic of an industrial America, ironically contributed to America, ironically contributed to Hamilton’s view of the US!!!Hamilton’s view of the US!!!

5. Br. Instigation of 5. Br. Instigation of IndiansIndians

5. Br. Instigation of 5. Br. Instigation of IndiansIndians

British General Brock Meets with British General Brock Meets with TecumsehTecumseh

British General Brock Meets with British General Brock Meets with TecumsehTecumseh

Q General William HenryGeneral William HenryHarrison Harrison governor of governor ofthe Indiana Territory.the Indiana Territory.

Q Invited Native IndianInvited Native Indianchiefs to Ft. Wayne, INchiefs to Ft. Wayne, INto sign away 3 mil. acres to sign away 3 mil. acres of land to the US of land to the US government.government.

Q Tecumseh organized a confederacy of Tecumseh organized a confederacy of Indian tribes to fight for their homelands.Indian tribes to fight for their homelands.

Q Tecumseh’s brother fought against Tecumseh’s brother fought against Harrison and was defeated at Tippecanoe.Harrison and was defeated at Tippecanoe.

Q This made Harrison a national hero!This made Harrison a national hero![1840 election [1840 election Tippecanoe & Tyler, Tippecanoe & Tyler, too!too!]]

Battle of Tippecanoe, Battle of Tippecanoe, 18111811

Battle of Tippecanoe, Battle of Tippecanoe, 18111811

““War Hawks”War Hawks”““War Hawks”War Hawks”

Henry Clay Henry Clay [KY][KY]

Henry Clay Henry Clay [KY][KY]

John C. Calhoun John C. Calhoun [SC][SC]

John C. Calhoun John C. Calhoun [SC][SC]

Presidential Election of Presidential Election of 18121812

Presidential Election of Presidential Election of 18121812

““Mr. Madison’s War!”Mr. Madison’s War!”““Mr. Madison’s War!”Mr. Madison’s War!”

American ProblemsAmerican ProblemsAmerican ProblemsAmerican ProblemsQ The US was unprepared militarily:The US was unprepared militarily:

Had a 12-ship navy vs. Britain’sHad a 12-ship navy vs. Britain’s800 ships.800 ships.

Americans disliked a draft Americans disliked a draft preferred to preferred to enlist in the disorganized state militias.enlist in the disorganized state militias.

So they are ill-trained, ill-disciplined, and So they are ill-trained, ill-disciplined, and scattered. scattered.

Ranking General were ‘heirlooms” from the Ranking General were ‘heirlooms” from the Revolutionary War. Revolutionary War.

Q Financially unprepared:Financially unprepared:

Flood of paper $.Flood of paper $.

Revenue from import tariffs declined.Revenue from import tariffs declined.

Q Regional disagreements.Regional disagreements.

OvervieOvervieww

of theof theWarWarofof

18121812

OvervieOvervieww

of theof theWarWarofof

18121812

Battle in Canada

• Canada was important because British forces were considered weak there.– Also, perhaps create land for American

settlers

• However, American offensive was poorly organized. Instead of attacking Montreal, they attacked with a three-prong invasion to Detroit, Niagara, and Lake Champlain. All three attacks were beaten back quickly

3 U. S. Invasions of 3 U. S. Invasions of 18121812

3 U. S. Invasions of 3 U. S. Invasions of 18121812

British and Canadian Victories

• At the onset of war, the British and Canadians did well.– Captured Fort Michilimackinac in

1812, led by Isaac Brock

• In 1813, more offensives defeated in Canada

• Americans look to the sea for victories

Oliver Hazard Perry

• U.S Navy was much better equipped and prepared for war– U.S. ships more skillfully handled, better

gunners, and not manned by press-gang-crews. American Frigates, like the Constitution were thicker, heavier firepower, and larger crews (1 in 6 were free blacks)

• Control of Great Lakes was vital, and Perry met the challenge.

• “We have met the enemy, and they are ours.”

Oliver Hazard Perry

• Won important battles on Lake Erie in 1813.

• Victories forced Redcoats to flee Detroit and Fort Malden (Ontario).

• General Harrison defeats retreating Redcoats at the Battle of the Thames in October of 1813.

• Perry’s victory and slogan bred new life into the American cause

Campaigns of 1813Campaigns of 1813Campaigns of 1813Campaigns of 1813

Campaign of18143 British Offenses

• Napoleon defeated and exiled to Elba

• So, British send new Redcoats to Canada

• 1.) Plan attack on New York, but must transport all goods/troops/supplies down Lake Champlain

September 11, 1814

• Thomas Macdonough, commanded the American fleet that met the British on Lake Champlain, near Plattsburgh.

• Macdonough snatched victory from the fangs of defeat. – Invading British forced to retreat– Saves Upper New York, keeps New

England happy, and buys time for the Americans

August 1814

• 2.) British land 4,000 troops in Chesapeake Bay. – First defeat 6,000 militia at

Bladensburg – Enter Washington D.C. and set fire to

public buildings, including the Capitol building and the White House

– While Washington burned, Baltimore held firm at Fort McHenry

Battle of Fort Battle of Fort McHenry,McHenry,

18141814

Battle of Fort Battle of Fort McHenry,McHenry,

18141814

Oh Say Can You SeeOh Say Can You SeeBy the Dawn’s Early Light…By the Dawn’s Early Light… -- -- Francis Scott KeyFrancis Scott Key

Gave proof through the Gave proof through the night,night,

That our flag was still That our flag was still there..there..

Gave proof through the Gave proof through the night,night,

That our flag was still That our flag was still there..there..

3.) New Orleans

• Third offensive of 1814 launched by the British, aimed to get New Orleans and threaten all of the Mississippi.

• Andrew Jackson was put in command of the American forces– Ragtag group of 7,000 sailors, regulars,

pirates, Frenchman as well as militia from Louisiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee. Also, two regiments of free black volunteers numbering 400 men.

Battle of New Orleans

• British, numbering 8,000 seasoned soldiers made the mistake of using a frontal attack on January 8, 1815.

• Well-positioned Americans destroyed the attacking British.– (2,000 dead or wounded in only 30 minutes

compared to only 75 for the Americans)– Andrew Jackson becomes a hero

immediately. But peace treaty at Ghent had already been signed 2 weeks earlier. (Too bad for British soldiers who died, but mail moved slowly.)

The Battle of New The Battle of New Orleans, 1815Orleans, 1815

The Battle of New The Battle of New Orleans, 1815Orleans, 1815

The Battle of New The Battle of New Orleans, 1815Orleans, 1815

The Battle of New The Battle of New Orleans, 1815Orleans, 1815

Treaty of Ghent

• John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay led five Americans who represented the United States at the Treaty of Ghent.

• British at first wanted:– Neutralized Indian buffer states in the

Great Lakes area– Control of the Great Lakes– Part of Maine

Treaty of Ghent

• But news of defeat changed the tides of negotiations:– Britain more worried with Europe and also the

Congress of Vienna and limiting France’s power– So, they resign to lick their wounds and sign a deal– Singed on Christmas Eve 1814, the Treaty of Ghent

was essentially a stalemate. Both agreed to stop fighting and return conquered territory.

– No mention of grievances for which the Americans fought (Indian menace, search and seizure, Orders in Council, and impressment)

– So, it was a draw. As the slogan of the day states: “Not one inch of territory ceded or lost.” Much different than, “On to Canada.”

Treaty of GhentTreaty of GhentDecember 24, 1814December 24, 1814

Treaty of GhentTreaty of GhentDecember 24, 1814December 24, 1814

Federalist Grievances

• During the war, New England continually opposed the war and prospered financially through illegal trade.

• Some extremists even called for secession from the Union, or at least separate peace with Britain

• Blue Lights: New Englanders who flashed lanterns to warn the British of American ships attempting to bypass the blockade.

Hartford ConventionHartford ConventionDecember, 1814 – December, 1814 –

January, 1815January, 1815

Hartford ConventionHartford ConventionDecember, 1814 – December, 1814 –

January, 1815January, 1815Attended by:-Massachusetts-Connecticut-Rhode Island-Nerw Hampshire-And Vermont-(Vermont and NewHampshire only sentpartial representation

Attended by:-Massachusetts-Connecticut-Rhode Island-Nerw Hampshire-And Vermont-(Vermont and NewHampshire only sentpartial representation

Hartford ConventionHartford ConventionDecember 15, 1814 – January 5, 1815December 15, 1814 – January 5, 1815

• In the end, the final report was far less radical than the initial demands for secession from the Union.– Financial assistance from Washington for lost trade– Proposed amendment for a 2/3 vote in Congress for

any embargo to be put in place, new states admitted, or war declared.

– Abolish the three-fifths clause in the Constitution– Limit presidents to one-term– Prohibit the election of two successive presidents from

the same state (aimed at the Virginia Dynasty)• All of the demands reflect the Federalists fear

teat New England was becoming subservient to the South and West

Hartford ConventionHartford ConventionDecember 15, 1814 – January 5, 1815December 15, 1814 – January 5, 1815

• The Hartford Convention report was not well-received in Washington. – Bad timing, report arrives at same time as news from

New Orleans and Ghent arrive– Seen as petty and treasonous at worst– Press ridicules the report and the 3 envoys sent to

deliver the report sank away in disgrace and obscurity– Hartford Convention was the death of the Federalist

Party. Never will they again mount a successful presidential campaign

– New England leaves a legacy of nullification and secession (embargo act and opposition to the war)

War of 1812: Second War of Independence

• War was small, with 6,000 Americans killed or wounded and when Napoleon attacked Russia with 500,000 men, Madison sent only 5,000 men to

Canada. – However, despite being a small war, it was significant

because it proved that America was willing to fight against

what they perceived to be grievances.– Other nation’s recognized America’s growing military

strength and prowess.– As a result, American was treated much more kindly

diplomatically. It is in this sense that it can be called the Second War of Independence.

War of 1812:Rising Nationalism

• Sectionalism was dealt a “Black eye” with New England being embarrassed and sectionalism and national disunity seen as counterproductive

• War Heroes– Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison

• Naval Heroes– Oliver Hazard Perry and Thomas Macdonough

• Manufacturing increased in New England as the blockade forced Americans to produce their own goods and creating more economic independence.

Canadians and Rush-Bagot

• Nationalism received a boost in Canada too as they felt betrayed by the Treaty of Ghent. – Mostly no Indian Buffer state in the Great

Lakes region and feared a future Yankee attack

• Rush-Bagot agreement limits naval armament on the lakes.

• Relations improve and in 1870, last fortifications brought down. Today, longest unfortified border at 5,527 miles

Reflections on War of 1812

• Large increase in nationalism after the war and also the idea of being one nation developed. – Emergence of national/American literature

• Washington Irving and James Fennimore Cooper receive accolades for being first American writers of importance using American scenery and themes

• School textbooks written for Americans by Americans

• The North American Review, an intellectual magazine begins publication

• American painters celebrated American landscapes

Reflections on War of 1812

• National Spirit touches other areas as well:– Finance-revived Bank of America voted by Congress

in 1816– Rebuilt and more beautiful national capital built in

D.C.– Army expanded to 10,000 soldiers– Navy gains more recognition by beating Barbary

pirates (again) in 1815– Decatur, commander of fleets in Mediterranean,

toasted: Our country! In her intercourse with foreign nations may she always be right; but our country, right or wrong!”

Jackson’s Florida Jackson’s Florida CampaignsCampaigns

Jackson’s Florida Jackson’s Florida CampaignsCampaigns