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Module FiveNavigating Roadways
Virginia Department of Education
Module Five – Part 2Navigating Roadways
Topic 1 Intersections Pages 31-32
Topic 2 Curves – Page 33
Topic 3 Hills and Mountains
Passing and Lane Changes – Teacher handout
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Virginia Department of Education
Module 5 – Topic 1
What do you see at this intersection?
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Drivers fail to search and identify a safe path of travel when approaching an intersection
Drivers don’t identify or understand the risks
Drivers fail to develop good driving habits to effectively manage the risks
One out of three fatal crashes occurs at intersections due to:
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Intersections and Risks
Intersection Warning Signs
Crossroad – Four-way intersection
T Intersection - one road ends where the other road crosses
Y Intersection – you must bear either right or left ahead
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Intersection Warning Signs
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Roundabout – a circular intersection in which entering traffic must yield right of way
Railroad Crossing – road intersects with a railroad crossing
Traffic Flow at Intersections
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Two-way road crossing two-way road
One-way road crossing one-way road
One-way road crossing two-way road
One-way road merges with multi-lane road
Approaching an Intersection
If possible, begin searching 20-30 seconds ahead of the intersection
Using an orderly visual search pattern
Identify the type of intersection
Identify open, closed and changing zones
Identify the best lane and lane position
Determine if the intersection is controlled or uncontrolled
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Controlled Intersections
Intersection flow is regulated by STOP signs, YIELD signs or traffic SIGNALS
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Intersections Without Traffic Controls Uncontrolled Intersections
The first vehicle that arrives at the intersection may proceed first if the other yields right of way
If two vehicles arrive at the same time, the driver on the left must yield to the driver on the right
There are No Signs or Traffic Lights Traffic Light is Malfunctioning
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Applying SEEiT at Intersections
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When you can see the intersection, begin SEARCHING for the
Type of intersectionIntersection controlsRisks or problems in your intended path of travel
Also monitor the areas to the rear
Applying SEEiT at Intersections
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During your Search you identified potential risks, and you must now Evaluate your options on how to handle:
Traffic ControlsStop sign, yield sign, traffic lightNo traffic controls
Open, closed or changing path of travelCross traffic
Applying SEEiT at Intersections
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You have Searched, and Evaluated and determined the best course of action. You must now EXECUTE in Time
Position vehicle in proper lane
Obey traffic controls and prepare to yield if necessary
Search and monitor space as you carefully proceed through the intersection
Time/Gap/Space
Time Needed to Execute
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If proceeding straight across a 30-feet wide, 2-lane roadway from a stop you need a 4-second gap
If turning right and blending into the traffic flow you need a 6-second gap
If turning left and blending into the flow of traffic, you need an 8- second gap
Time/Gap/Space
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Vehicles traveling 30 mph, are traveling at approximately 45 feet per second
To safely cross the intersection, theVehicles from the right must be at least 270 feet away
To safely turn right and blend into traffic, the
Vehicles approaching from the left must be 360 feet away
To safely turn left and blend into traffic, the
Vehicles approaching from the right must be 495 feet away
Approaching IntersectionsSafest, Most Efficient Lane Selection
Select the best lane at least a block aheadCenter lane(s) – safest when traveling straight through
Right lane is used when turning right - cross traffic, turning right on red will enter this laneLeft lane is used to turn left - yield to oncoming traffic
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Search for Vehicles Entering Your Path of Travel
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Vehicles turning right on red
Permitted throughout the United States unless you see these signs
Why? Right turn on red law saves gas!
The law requires drivers to STOP, (wheels motionless) before making the right on red- not a “rolling” stop!
Search for Vehicles/Pedestrians Crossing Your Path of Travel
Look for clues:
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Driver is looking to the left or rightVehicle positioned on the left side of the laneFront wheels are turning left or rightPedestrian standing at curb
Right Turn – Risks
Right-of-way rules not followed
Failure to signal
Failure to search intersections
Failure to stop on red before turning right
Turning too wide and crossing into adjacent lane
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Shared Left Turn Lane
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Shared lanes help keep traffic moving by giving drivers turning left a designated shared lane in the center of the roadway
Shared Left Turn Lane
Use shared lanes to start and complete left turns
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Shared Left Turn Lane
Crossing traffic entering a shared lane from a driveway
Is the black truck allowed to stop in the shared lane and wait for traffic
to the right to clear?
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Move all the way into the lane to avoid blocking through traffic lane
Stop in the shared lane and wait to merge safely with traffic
Shared Left Turn Lane
Collisions do occur in shared lanes!
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Look for other drivers using the shared laneYou can only travel 150 feet in a shared lane
Roundabouts
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A circular intersection controlled by yield signs
Entries and exits into and out of the circle can be at multiple locations
By yielding at the entry, rather than stopping and waiting for a green light or stopping at a stop sign, significantly reduces delays
Advantages of Roundabouts
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Fewer points of conflict
The data shows a
90% reduction in fatal crashes
75% reduction in injury crashes
Reduces delays and keeps traffic moving
Reduction in pollution and fuel use
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Module FiveNavigating Roadways
Virginia Department of Education
Module 5 – Topic 2Negotiating Curves
Curvy roads present a high riskThere are many line-of-sight and/or path-of-travel restrictions (trees, hills, etc.)
Negotiating Curves
Blind CurveOnly a portion of the corner is visible; the rest is hidden
Negotiating Curves
S-CurveA curve in one direction with a second curve in the opposite direction
S Curve
Negotiating Curves
Crowned RoadwaysMost roadways are higher in the middle and slope to the outside for better drainageIf a road curves to the left on a crowned roadway, what happens to the weight of the vehicle?
Negotiating Curves
Banked CurveThe outside of the curve is higher than the insideHow does a banked curve help vehicles stay on the road when navigating the curve?
Banked Curve
Negotiating Curves
Uphill: acceleration is needed to maintain speedDownhill: vehicles will naturally pick up speed
Why do vehicles “slow down” going uphill and “speed up” coming downhill?
Warning Signs
Sharp Curve
Curve to right followed by curve to left
Winding Road
Road curves right – vehicle’s weight shifts left
Maximum SAFE speed is 25 mph
Basic Parts of a Curve
Entrance
Apex Approximately the middle of the curve
Exit
Forces at Work in CurvesFriction
The resistance to motion between materials moving over one another
Traction
Friction between tires and the road surface
Keeps vehicle on the road and allows vehicle to respond to acceleration, braking and steering
Traction is reduced by
speed
centrifugal force
road conditions
worn tires
Vehicle weight shifts
When traction is lost, the vehicle does not respond to driver input
Forces at Work in Curves
InertiaAn object moving in a straight line will continue in a straight line unless another force acts on itInertia must be overcome to round the curve
Traction is needed to overcome inertia If a vehicle loses traction in a curve, the vehicle will
continue straight
Forces at Work in Curves (cont.)
Inertia and traction are affected by Road surface, condition of tires, speed, sharpness of curveInertia increases with increased speed and sharpness of the curveTraction decreases with increased speed, reduction in tire’s contact with road surface and road surface conditions
Forces at Work in Curves
Vehicle Weight TransferThe weight of a vehicle rounding a curve shifts to the opposite direction of the curve
Rounding a curve to the right will result in the vehicle’s weight transferring left The right tires may lose contact with the road resulting in less traction
Photo courtesy of AAA Foundation
Forces at Work in Curves
Rounding a curve with too much speed can result in the vehicle turning over
Adding weight to the top of a vehicle also increases the tendency to turn over as the center of gravity has been raised
Speed control and smooth, controlled steering are needed to maintain control
Negotiating CurvesVehicle performance in a curve depends upon
Weight of the vehicleCenter of gravity of the vehicle SpeedPavement conditionsTire conditionDriver input
What is the best method of steering through this curve?Why?
Applying SEEit in Curves
Search the road ahead• Uphill/downhill?• Blind curve?• Crowned or banked?• Sharpness of curve?• Road surface conditions?
What can you determine as you search the curve ahead?
Applying SEEit in Curves
After SearchingEvaluate your options
Lane positionVisibilitySpace management
Speed controlControlled braking before apexAccelerate out of the curve
SteeringPush-Pull
Line of sightLook through the curve
Path of travel
Execute in Time
Applying SEEit in Curves
When approaching a Curve to the Left
It is generally best to approach the curve in Lane Position 3, as far away as possible from oncoming trafficThis position also provides the best targeting point for your line of sight
Diagram on workbook page 33 #1 Begin inLane Position 3
Applying SEEit in Curves
When approaching a Curve to the RIGHT
An outside road position on entry to a right curve (Lane Position 2) allows for a longer braking distance on entry and a better chance of establishing a sightline to the apex and exit of the curve
Diagram page 33 #2 Begin in Lane Position 2
Module 5 – Topic 3
Hills and Mountains
Hills/Mountains
Applying SEEiT Search ahead for advisory speed signs, oncoming traffic, road conditions for traction control, and slow moving vehiclesEvaluate if the hill has curves and determine the type of curve for decision-making about speed and lane positions
Evaluate
Driving Uphill—Speed ControlExtra power may be needed to maintain uphill speedSlower moving vehicles should travel in the right-hand lane
Photo courtesy of AAA Foundation
Evaluate
What is gravity?How does it affect a vehicle on hills or mountains?
Evaluate
Descending Hills & MountainsGravity will make the vehicle go faster
Downshift and use the transmission to reduce speed and help keep brakes from overheating and overheating
What are the clues in this scene that describe the roadway conditions?
Evaluate
DescendingHeavier vehicles will pick up more speed downhill because of gravity
Check the rear zone for vehicles that may be having trouble controlling speed
Turn off the cruise control
What should the pickup truck driver remember when passing the tanker truck?
Evaluate
Cresting the HillThe LOS at a hill crest is very limitedBe prepared for:
Stopped vehiclesSlow moving vehiclesOncoming vehicle in your lane
Be prepared adjust speed or position to avoid a hazardWhat potential hazards could exist on the other side of the hill crest?
Execute in Time
Carry Out Your DecisionAdjust speed and/or position if neededWhat would you do if an approaching vehicle crossed the center of the road?
Hills/Mountains
Runaway RampsRunaway ramps are designed for large trucks that lose braking control on steep hillsThese sections have deep gravel, sand barrels and other materials to help slow down the runaway vehiclePull off the road if you see a runaway truck behind you
Hills/Mountains
Starting on Hills—Automatic TransmissionSome steep hills require using the accelerator and brake together to keep the vehicle from rolling backwardMaintain brake pressure until ready to moveUse the right foot to accelerate and simultaneously slowly release the brake
Passing and Lane Changes
Refer to notes handout
How do you make a Lane Change?**Use SMOG (signal, mirrors, over shoulder, go)1. Check traffic ahead, to the sides, and behind 2. Signal3. Check your mirrors – rear view and side view4. Make a head check5. Accelerate smoothly6. Change lanes smoothly7. Cancel signal8. Adjust speed and/or vehicle position to create space all around your vehicle
Passing on Multi-Lane Roads1. Check traffic ahead, to the sides, and behind Signal2. Make a head check3. Accelerate smoothly4. Change lanes smoothly5. Cancel signal6. Pass and signal to return7. Check mirrors8. When both sets of headlights of the vehicle being passed are visible, return to the lane9. Cancel signal10. Adjust speed and/or vehicle position to create space all around your vehicle
When Being Passed
Monitor passing vehicle’s positionMove to lane position 3 to increase space cushionDo not increase speed—decelerate if necessaryOnce passed, create space ahead and behind
How much space is needed to pass another car?
REGULAR SIZED MOTOR VEHICLE
_____ FOOTBALL FIELDS
At 40 Mph – You would need 5 FOOTBALL FIELDS
How much space is needed to pass a truck?
TRACTOR TRAILER
_____ FOOTBALL FIELDS
At 40 Mph – You would need 7.5 FOOTBALL FIELDS
Passing is not permitted…
HillsRailroad crossingsSolid yellow linesCurves Intersections
Headlights are needed during the day
Headlights increase visibility of a vehicle, passing vehicles, and oncoming vehicles.