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1
Managing Change Managing Change and Innovationand Innovation
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Learning OutcomesLearning Outcomes
• Describe the change variables a
manager can control
• Study internal and external forces of
change
• Analyze managers as change agents
• Explain why people resist change
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Learning OutcomesLearning Outcomes
• Learn how to reduce resistance to change
• Define organization development and learn
four OD techniques
• Review the causes and symptoms of stress
• Compare creativity and innovation
• Learn how organizations can stimulate
innovation
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Categories of Categories of ChangeChange
• Change is defined an alternation of an organization’s environment, structure, technology, or people
• Managers can change – Structure (e.g., – Technology– people
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Competition
TechnologyEconomicEconomicConditionsConditions
GovernmentPrograms
External Forces of External Forces of ChangeChange
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InternalForces ofChange
InternalForces ofChange Impact ofImpact of
ExternalExternalEventsEvents
Impact ofImpact ofExternalExternalEventsEvents
InternalInternalOperationsOperations
InternalInternalOperationsOperations
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OutsideOutsideConsultantsConsultants
StaffStaffSpecialistsSpecialistsManagersManagers
Agents of ChangeAgents of Change
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The “Calm Waters” The “Calm Waters” MetaphorMetaphor
The “Calm Waters” The “Calm Waters” MetaphorMetaphor
Unfreezing Changing Refreezing
Lewin’s Three-Step Process
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Lack ofLack ofStabilityStability
ConstantConstantChangeChange
Virtual Virtual ChaosChaos
Lack ofLack ofPredictabilityPredictability
White-WaterWhite-WaterRapidsRapids
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Resistance to ChangeResistance to Change
Uncertainty and Ambiguity
Fear of Personal Loss
Lack of Faith in Change
Uncertainty and Ambiguity
Fear of Personal Loss
Lack of Faith in Change
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Education andCommunicationEducation and
Communication ParticipationParticipation
NegotiationNegotiation Facilitationand SupportFacilitationand Support
CoercionCoercionManipulationand CooptationManipulation
and Cooptation
Techniques forReducing Resistance
Techniques forReducing Resistance
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Techniques for Techniques for Managing ChangeManaging Change
AuthorityAuthority
CoordinationCoordination
CentralizationCentralization
AttitudesAttitudes
ExpectationsExpectations
BehaviorBehavior
ProcessesProcesses
MethodsMethods
EquipmentEquipment
PeoplePeopleTechnologyTechnologyStructureStructure
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Organizational Organizational Development TechniquesDevelopment Techniques
• Intergroup development
• Process consultation
• Survey feedback
• Team building
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ImportanceImportanceImportanceImportanceUncertaintyUncertaintyUncertaintyUncertainty
What Is Stress?What Is Stress?What Is Stress?What Is Stress?
DemandsDemandsDemandsDemandsConstraintsConstraintsConstraintsConstraints
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OrganizationalOrganizational
Stress FactorsStress Factors
OrganizationalOrganizational
Stress FactorsStress Factors
Task DemandsTask DemandsTask DemandsTask Demands
Role DemandsRole DemandsRole DemandsRole Demands
Interpersonal DemandsInterpersonal DemandsInterpersonal DemandsInterpersonal Demands
Structural DimensionsStructural DimensionsStructural DimensionsStructural Dimensions
Leadership TechniquesLeadership TechniquesLeadership TechniquesLeadership Techniques
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Personal StressPersonal StressFactorsFactors
FamilyFamilyFamilyFamily EconomicEconomicEconomicEconomicPersonalityPersonalityPersonalityPersonality
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PhysiologicalPhysiological
PsychologicalPsychological
BehavioralBehavioral
Stress
Three General Symptoms
Stress
Three General Symptoms
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Stress ManagementStress Management• Selection and placement
• Job redesign
• Participation
• Wellness programs
• Employee assistance
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What IsWhat IsCreativity?Creativity?
What IsWhat IsCreativity?Creativity?
• Combining new ideas
in unique ways or
associating ideas in
unuual ways
• Combining new ideas
in unique ways or
associating ideas in
unuual ways
What IsWhat IsInnovation?Innovation?
What IsWhat IsInnovation?Innovation?
• Turning creative ideas
into useful products,
services, or methods
of operation
• Turning creative ideas
into useful products,
services, or methods
of operation
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The CreativeThe CreativeProcessProcess
PerceptionPerception
InnovationInnovation
IncubationIncubation
InspirationInspiration
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StructuralStructuralVariablesVariablesStructuralStructuralVariablesVariables
Sources ofSources ofInnovationInnovationSources ofSources ofInnovationInnovation
OrganizationalOrganizationalCultureCulture
OrganizationalOrganizationalCultureCulture
HumanHumanResourcesResources
HumanHumanResourcesResources