1 Lighting 101 and Beyond A Short Course on Commercial & Industrial Lighting Name of Trainer Company Name Date of Presentation

1

Lighting 101 and Beyond

A Short Course on Commercial & Industrial

Lighting

Name of TrainerCompany Name

Date of Presentation

2

Course Objectives

Provide information about energy efficient lighting technologies and how BPA promotes them

• Program information that encourages customers to install these technologies

• Technical information about lighting and control technology eligible for incentives

3

Benefits of Energy Efficient Lighting Improvements

• For the Customer: Lower energy bills

Reduced cooling requirements

Less frequent bulb replacements (resulting in O&M cost savings)

Improved work environment (leading to increased employee productivity and morale)

Positive reactions from those visiting facilities where technologies are installed

• For the Utility: Reduced energy use and related energy supply needs

Reduced environmental impact due to energy use

4

Course Overview

• Lighting technologies discussion

• Program information

Incentives available

Requirements

Customer eligibility

Equipment eligibility

Funding availability

Steps customers take to participate

5

Lighting Technologies

Discussion

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Lighting Technology Categories

• Incandescent – burns a thin tungsten filament

• Fluorescent – mercury ions excite phosphors T12, T8, T5, CFLs, (1/8th inch)

• High intensity discharge – arc welding Mercury Vapor – old HID technology

High Pressure Sodium – poor HID technology

Metal Halide – best HID product

• Light emitting diode (LED) – silicon chip

• Induction lamp – radio frequency (RF)

7

Some Basic Lighting

Terminology

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Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)

• Measures the "warmth" or "coolness" of a light source’s appearance in degrees Kelvin (K) against reference light sources

• Incandescent color temperatures are about 2,700o K

• Daylight lamp color temperatures are 5,000o K +

• Indirectly relates to energy savings

• Higher color temperature lamps appear brighter

• A subjective index depending on personal preference

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Color Rendering Index (CRI)

• A measure of a light source's ability to render the color of objects "correctly," as compared to a reference light source of comparable color temperature

• The scale is between 0 and 100

• Generally, the higher the number, the better

• Color swatches used to determine CRI are red, green, and blue

• A subjective index: depends on personal preference

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Other Important Lighting Definitions

• Lamp – generic term for a light source

• Ballast – electronic device that drives the lamp(s)

• Lumen – total amount of light produced

• Foot-candle – one lumen/square foot

• Light Level – synonymous with foot-candle

• Efficacy (lighting efficiency) - lumens/watt

• HO – high output fluorescent lamp

• VHO – very high output fluorescent lamp

• HP – High Performance T8 lighting system

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Color Rendering of Various

Lighting Technologies

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Human Perception

• Higher CRI lamps improve visual perception

For instance, 50 foot-candles of fluorescent light (CRI 86) will seem much brighter and better than 50 foot-candles of an HPS source (CRI 21)

Using this theory, it is possible to lower ambient light levels and save energy

• Higher CCT lamps appear brighter

• Higher CCT lamps improve reading

13

What is Meant by the “Visible Spectrum?”

The title gives this away

• The visible spectrum of light includes all of the wavelengths of light that our eyes are capable of seeing

• The human eye can see light only between about 380 and 780 nanometers wavelength

• Infrared goggles allow our eyes to see into the infrared region of light (above 780 nanometers)

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The Primary Colors of Light

A combination of all three primary colors of light (red, green and blue) appears white. Combinations of two primaries produce the “secondary” colors – magenta, cyan and yellow. The three primary colors can be mixed to create almost any other color light.

Source: Osram Sylvania

15Source: Osram Sylvania








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Information on Energy

Efficient Lighting/Control

Technologies

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Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs)

Source: www.luxlite.com

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Retrofit Incandescent Lamps withENERGY STAR-rated CFLs

• Benefits:

Lasts up to 10 times longer than incandescents reducing maintenance costs

Up to 75 percent energy savings

Less heat means reduced air conditioning load

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Types of CFLs

• Spiral or Twist

• Capsule – A-lamp, bullet, globe, torpedo

• Bi-ax – twin-tube, tri-tube, U-tube

• Reflector – not ready for prime time yet

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Linear Fluorescent Lamps

and Ballasts - T8s and

T5HOs

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Types of Fluorescent Lamps

• Normal light Output (NLO)

• High light output (HO)

• Very high light output (VHO):

An inefficient lamp targeted by Energy Efficiency for change-outs!

• Energy saver – reduced light output

Source: Philips

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Fluorescent Lamp Nomenclature

F32T8 / ADV841 / ALTO

• F stands for fluorescent

• 32 indicates a nominal 32-watt tube

• T indicates a tube shaped lamp

• 8 indicates a lamp 8/8th inch diameter

• ADV indicates High Performance lamp

• 8 indicates CRI

• 41 indicates a CCT of 4,100 Kelvin

• ALTO is Philips’ designation for low mercury

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Retrofit Older T12 Ceiling Lights with T8 Fluorescent Lamps

• Benefits:

Lighting efficiency can range up to 80 lumens per watt (T12s range only to 56 lumens)

Produces more light than 34-watt T12, while using less energy

Provides better color rendering

Standard for new construction

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Even Better, Retrofit Older T12 Lights With High Performance T8 Lamps

• Benefits: Lighting efficiency can range up to 100 lumens per watt

(T12s range to 56 lumens)

Produces more light than 34-watt T12, while using less energy

Provides better color rendering

Latest generation

Higher light level from a 32-watt

Average life is 20 percent or more longer than standard T8

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Examples of High Performance Fluorescent Lamps

• Philips Advantage Lamp Series

F32T8/ADV841/ALTO

• GE High Lumen Starcoat Lamp Series

F32T8/XL/SPX41/HLEC

• Sylvania Extreme Lamp Series

FO32/841XPS/ECO

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Replace Hi-Bay HID Fixtures with T5 High Output Fluorescent Fixtures

• Benefits: Up to 35 percent energy savings

Holds 95 percent of their light level, compared to

65 percent for metal halides

Instant on

Offers reduced glare

No color shifting

On-off controls such as occupancy sensors or manual switching

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T5HO Specifications

Ordering Code

Initial Lumens

Mean Lumens

Life @ 3 hrs./start

CRI

F54T5/830/HO

5,000 4,740 20,000 85F54T5/835/HO

F54T5/841/HO

F54T5/850/HO

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T5 & T8 Lamps – Considerations

• T5s are designed for an enclosed fixture where temperature can be consistent. They are optimal at 95o F temperature.

• T8s may become too hot when enclosed and lose some lumens. They are best at 75o F.

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Retrofit Magnetic Ballast with Electronic Ballast

• Benefits:

Quiet

Cooler, reducing air conditioning load

No lamp flicker

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Types of Fluorescent Ballasts

• Instant-start ballasts provide full voltage across the electrodes at start-up.

• Rapid-start ballasts have a separate heater circuit that heats up the electrode during start-up and stays on during operation to keep electrodes warm.

• Program-start ballasts directly heat up the electrodes before applying full voltage. Thus, they dramatically increase lamp life for frequently switched operation (occupancy sensors).

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Examples of High Performance Fluorescent Ballasts

• Advance Optanium Series

IOP-2P32-LW-SC

• GE Ultramax Series

GE-232-Ultramax-L

• Universal Ultim8 Series

Ultim8 B232I120EL

• Sylvania Quicktronic High Efficiency

QHE/UNV ISL-SC

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Technologies Suitable for

Hi-Bay Applications

(Fixture more than 15’ from surface)

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Fluorescent Hi-Bay (T5s)

Source: Philips

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High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Types

• Metal halide

• High pressure sodium

• Mercury vapor

• Low pressure sodium

• Probe-start (no incentive) vs. pulse-start

method (eligible for incentive)

• Glass arc-tube (no incentive) vs. ceramic arc-tube (eligible for incentive)

• Increasing trend of installing T5s in Hi-Bay

applications instead of metal halide

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Examples of HID Ballasts

• Constant wattage autotransformer – standard ballast used on most HID

• Linear reactor – energy saving, 277-line voltage circuits only, low voltage swing tolerance

• Regulated lag ballast – very tough ballast, handles voltage swings well

• Electronic – relatively new product, first generation had problems with premature failures which have since been corrected

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Other Choices - Induction

Lots of wattage choices (55 to 165 watts)

Withstands temperature extremes

Vibration resistant

Long life (100,000 hr.) with low maintenance

Electrical wire connections not necessary for individual fixtures

• Up Side

• Down Side

Source: Philips

High initial cost

Lower lumen output

Often require more fixtures than metal halide or fluorescents

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Additional Elements of a Lighting

System

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To Reflectorize or Not …

• Specular reflectors add very little value and can increase glare problems

• White reflectors are the best choice

• Polished (specular) reflectors are relatively useless in industrial applications due to dust, blackening, and the likelihood of incorrect cleaning using abrasives

• Even in enclosed fixtures, the reflector needs to be cleaned every 18-24 months with non-abrasive solutions

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Lenses Come in Various Types . . .

• Acrylic – typical “plastic” lens with little bumps on the exterior to diffuse the light

• Prismatic – an acrylic lens with prisms or honeycombs that attempt to polarize

• Louvered – small and large cell parabolic

• Polarized – small cell parabolic design

• Indirect/direct – pushes light up to the ceiling with some downward light

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Fixtures are also Mounted in Different Ways . . .

• Recessed – troffers, cans

• Surface – boxes, ceiling, sconces

• Pendant – hanging from ceiling

• Chain/cable/cord – great flexibility, plug cord into ceiling outlet, a flexible cord can be used to reduce vibration

• Hook & cord – Hi-Bay HID

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Treat Lighting as a System with

Specific Parts:

Lamp, Reflector, Ballast, Housing

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Fixture Efficiency

• A measure of the percentage of total light exiting the fixture

• For bare lamp applications, fixture efficiency is 100%

• Rarely are lumens reflected out of a fixture: typical efficiencies are in the 60-80% range

• Efficiency increases with a point or thin linear light source

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Common Lighting Opportunities

Replacing… with… in…can reduce wattage by…

Incandescent or mercury vapor lamp

High output T8 or T5 fluorescent lamp

Hi-Bay lighting 50-75%

T12 fluorescent lamp

T8 fluorescent lamp offices, retail space, schools

50%

Incandescent lamp Compact fluorescent lamp (CFL)

recessed lighting or table lamps

75%

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Common Lighting Opportunities (cont’d)

Replacing… with… in…can reduce wattage by…

Outdoor incandescent lamp

Hard-wired fluorescent lamp

perimeter outdoor applications

30-75%

High pressure sodium lamp

T8 or T5 fluorescent lamp

indoor applications 50%

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Lighting Controls Save additional energy and money

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Infrared – Occupancy/Motion

Passive infrared sensors detect changes in infrared patterns across segmented detection regions, tuned to the region of human body temperature

Source: Leviton

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Passive Infrared Coverage

Source: wattstopper

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Outdoor Sensor Example

Source: Leviton

Designed to work

outdoors – in bad

weather or

temperature

extremes

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Dual Technology: Motion/Occupancy

• Emits ultrasonic waves that reflect back to the sensor. Same system a bat uses to navigate its way, only less complex.

• When a person moves in the room the frequency of the waves reflected off the person changes. The sensor detects these changes and fixtures are turned on/off.

• Useful in conference rooms where people might sit and talk.

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Dual Technology Coverage

Source: wattstopper

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Dual Technology Sensor Example

Source: Leviton

• Wall or ceiling mount

• Useful in large conference rooms, classrooms and restrooms

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Daylight Harvesting Sensor Example

• Consider during design of building

• Use with dimmable ballasts and lamps

• Not recommended for retrofits

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Case Studies of Some Recent

Lighting Projects

61

Cal Air Metal and Pipe Fabrication Facility

After Lighting Retrofit

400 Metal Halide – (451 watts) 6-lamp T8 fixtures (228 watts)

Uses half the wattage and provides twice as much light!

50 foot-candles

Before Lighting Retrofit

Source: Philips

23 foot-candles

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Seattle University Benefits from Lighting Retrofit

• New T5s and T8s replaced Metal Halides and T12s, reduced energy usage by 46%

• Increased safety at the pool because reduced glare allows lifeguards to see under the surface of the water

• Reduced maintenance costs because the pool no longer needs to be drained to service lights above the pool

Before Lighting Retrofit After Lighting Retrofit

Source: Northwest Edison

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Everett Naval Base Benefits from Lighting Retrofit

• New T8s replaced metal halides, reduced energy usage by 60%• Improved visibility, especially of banners and logos on or near walls• Crisper, cleaner atmosphere• Reduced “hot spots” of concentrated light in favor of more uniform light

distribution


Source: Northwest Edison

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Gunderson Inc. Benefits from Lighting Retrofit

• New T8s and reflectors replaced T12 VHO to reduce energy usage by 76%

• Light levels increased by 40%

• Saved close to $30,000 in annual electricity costs

• Paid for itself in 5 months after incentives and tax credits


Source: Christenson Electric

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How to Decide?

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Decision Process: Key Questions

Economics Are incentives available? What is the simple payback period?

Lighting Levels Are the current light levels adequate?

Is there an opportunity to lower ambient light levels and use task lighting?

Color Rendering Is color rendering important?

Recommended Technologies

What does the lighting audit or software analysis recommend?

Which technologies and products apply?

Other Opportunities Do occupancy levels provide opportunities for occupancy sensors?

Is there an opportunity for harvesting daylight?

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Important Note

• There are many products on the market that meet the requirements of the utility’s program

• Some products are superior to others

• For their protection, participating customers should research the products for quality, price, and conformity with the utility’s requirements before making their decision to buy

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Information about

Commercial & Industrial

Lighting Program

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Commercial and Industrial Lighting Program

• Has incentives to reduce up-front cost of efficiency improvements

• Easy program administration

• Lighting audits required

• Promotes:

The best light sources for the application

The highest quality light sources

Increased energy efficiency for participating businesses

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Incentives Available through the Program

Existing Equipment Measure Description $/unit

High Performance T8 Fluorescent Lamps and Electronic Ballast

T12 Fluorescent, T8 De-Lamp, Incandescent or Mercury Vapor

1 lamp and electronic ballast (15 to 44 input watts) $15.00

2 to 4 lamps and electronic ballast (45 to 114 input watts)

$30.00

T8 or T5 Fluorescent Lamps and Standard Electronic Ballast

T12 Fluorescent, T8 De-Lamp, Incandescent or Mercury Vapor

1 lamp and electronic ballast (15 to 44 input watts) $8.00

2 to 4 lamps and electronic ballast (45 to 114 input watts)

$15.00

Hardwired Compact Fluorescent (Hardwired ballast and replaceable lamp)

Incandescent or Mercury Vapor

7 to 49 watts (nominal lamp watts) $30.00

50 to 99 watts $50.00

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Incentives Available (cont’d)

Existing Equipment Measure Description $/unit

Ceramic Metal Halide Luminaire (New Fixture)


20 to 100 watts $50.00

101 to 250 watts $80.00

Screw-in Compact Fluorescent Lamps (Lamp Only)


3 to 24 watts $3.00

25 to 45 watts $6.00

Over 45 watts $12.00

LED or Cold Cathode Signs


Retrofit kit or Replace existing incandescent sign

$30.00

Induction Lamp Luminaire


100 watts or less (nominal lamp watts) $60.00

Over 100 watts $120.00

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Existing Equipment Measure Description $/unitHigh Output Fluorescent Luminaire (New Fixture)

HV/VHO T12, or MV/HPS, or

Probe Start Metal Halide, or Incandescent

85 to 129 watts (ballast input watts) $80.00

130 to 189 watts $100.00

190 to 249 watts $120.00

250 to 600 watts $140.00

Pulse Start Metal Halide Luminaire (New Fixture)

HV/HO T12, or MV/HPS, or

Probe Start Metal Halide, or Incandescent

300 to 399 watts (nominal lamp watts) $100.00

400 to 750 watts $150.00

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Existing Equipment Measure Description $/unitOccupancy Sensors and/or Timers

Manual Control 100 to 200 watts controlled $35.00

Over 200 watts controlled $45.00

Retrofit High Output Fixtures with T8 Lamps & Ballasts

8’ T12 HO/VHO, or 4’ HO De-Lamp

1 T8 8' lamp and standard electronic high output ballast

$20.00

(2 to 6) 4' T8 lamps and standard electronic high output ballast

$40.00

Retrofit Very High Output Fixtures with T5 Lamps & Ballasts

8’ T12 VHO 2 T5 lamps and high output ballast $25.00

3-4 T5 lamps and high output ballast $50.00

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Eligibility Requirements

• Customer requirements Must be a commercial or industrial customer of a participating BPA

utility

Must first have a lighting audit performed

Must sign an agreement with their utility prior to purchasing and installing equipment

• Project requirements All equipment to be installed must meet specifications and

requirements (http://www.test.bpa.gov/Energy/N/projects/Lighting/doc/EEL2007-14_TechnicalSpecs.doc)

For retrofit projects, the affected lighting load must be reduced by at least 30 percent

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Eligibility Requirements (cont’d)

• Incentive Constraints

Funds are offered on “first-come, first-served” basis

The amount of the incentive cannot exceed 70 percent of the total project cost (including labor)

Minimum recommended project size is $500

• Disposal Requirements

All materials, including PCB ballasts, must be disposed of or recycled in accordance with current environmental laws

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Steps for Participation

1. Customer completes sign-up form:

Name of business/building and address

Owner’s and lessee’s names and telephone numbers

Building size, number of floors and use (retail, office, etc.)

Type of heating system

Additional information as needed

77

Steps for Participation (cont’d)

2. Utility explains requirements and assesses eligibility

3. Utility schedules a lighting audit

4. Audit findings are reported to the customer

5. If customer wishes to proceed with the project, they sign an agreement with utility

78

Steps for Participation (cont’d)

6. When project is completed, customer notifies utility and submits invoices and supporting information

7. After utility inspects project and provides final approval, customer incentive is paid

79

Questions?

Contact us:

___________ Utility

Energy Conservation Department

P.O. Box 1234

Anytown, WA 98765

800-123-4567

www._______PUD.com

Documents

1 Lighting 101 and Beyond A Short Course on Commercial & Industrial Lighting Name of Trainer Company Name Date of Presentation