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8/8/2019 1 Introduction to Zoology
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Introduction to ZoologyDepartment of zoology
Shri.Siddheshwar Mahavidyalaya
Majalgaon-431131
Under Guidence
:-Dr.Pr.Ingole Sir :-Pr.Naik Sir
Presented by:- Tarkasband Vaibhav
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Zoology
Scientific study of the
diversity of animal life
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Why Study Zoology?
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Understand the natural world
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Learn to protect the environment
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Develop skills for learning
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Myths To Explain Biological
Processes
Disease caused by
evil spirits
Brain produces snot
Blood determines
heredity
Heart is for emotions
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How Does Science SeparateMyths from Reality?
Scientific
Method
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Scientific Method
Observation
Hypothesis
Prediction
Test Hypothesis
Experiment
Further Observations
Conclusion
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Edward Jenner 1749-1823
Smallpox
Scientific method
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Observation
Smallpox is deadly
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Observation
Survivors are immune
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Observation
Milkmaids do not get smallpox
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Observation
Milkmaids get cowpox from cows
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Hypothesis
Cowpox Makes YouImmune to Smallpox
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Prediction
If you are exposed to cowpox, you will be
immune to smallpox
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Experiment
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Results
Boy did not get smallpox
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Conclusion
Hypothesis supported
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Robert Koch 1843-1910
Identified the
bacterium that causes
anthrax
Identified thebacterium that causes
tuberculosis
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Louis Pasteur 1822-1895
Developed vaccines for
rabies and anthrax
Demonstrated the
existence ofgerms
Invented Pasteurization
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A New Scientific Theory Explains
the Observations ofMany
Scientists
Edward Jenner
Smallpox Louis Pasteur
Rabies and anthrax
Robert Koch
Tuberculosis and
anthrax
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Germ Theory ofDisease
Germs cause disease
Predictions of the Germ Theory
Many diseases are caused by germs Diptheria
Whooping cough
Measles
Plague
Modern medicine uses the Germ Theory
to guide research
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Ramifications ofGerm Theory
Previous concepts about the cause of
many diseases incorrect
Evil spirits
Bad thoughts
Excess blood
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Theory vrs Scientific Theory
Theory (as used outside of science)
Guess
Speculation Has not been tested
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Scientific Theory
Principle
Tested many times
Explains many different phenomena Makes predictions
Falsifiable
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Falsify Germ Theory
Smallpox occurs without the smallpoxvirus
Tuberculosis occurs without the TBbacterium
Discovery of a different type of cause forinfectious diseases
Cell phones Computer screens
Lack of exercise
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Jeffs Lost Dog
Jeffs beloved dog is
missing (observation)
Jeff thinks the dog
has run away(hypothesis)
What can falsify his
hypothesis?
Jeff finds his dog
asleep in the house
I love
my dog
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Testing Hypotheses
Observation
Jeff found his dog asleep in the house
Scientists find the same bacterium in thebodies of people who die of the plague
Experiment
Jenner vaccinates boy with cowpox and later
infects him with smallpox. The boy does notget smallpox.
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100 Sick People
Experimental group
50 People
M
edicine X
Control group
50 People
Placebo
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Three Days Later
Experimental group
34 Better
M
edicine X
Control group
33 Better
Placebo
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Three Days Later
Experimental group
34 Better
M
edicine X
Control group
5 Better
Placebo
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Why does this frog have extra legs?
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Law vrs Theory
Law
Observation that has been repeated
numerous times
Law of gravity
Does not explain the observation
Theory
Explains why or how something in nature
happens
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Which is most important to a
scientist?
Fact
Hypothesis
Law
Theory
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Theory is the most important
Theory
Explains laws,
hypotheses and facts
Law States what happens
Hypothesis
Untested theory
Fact
Observation
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Major Scientific Theories
Germ Theory ofDisease
Germs cause infectious disease
Atomic TheoryMatter is made if tiny atoms
Gene Theory (Chromosomal Theory)
Genes on chromosomes determine heredity
Cell Theory
All living things are made of cells
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Theory of Evolution
Populations of
organisms change
over time
Changes result innew species that
share a common
ancestor.
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Evolution is both a fact and a
theory
Fact
Evolution is
documented in the
fossil record and hasbeen observed in our
lifetime.
Theory
How evolutionhappens
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Theory of Evolution
Scientists no longer
ask if evolution
occurs. They study
how evolution occurs. Evolution is the major
theory that guides
research in Zoology
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Science
A body of knowledgegained from studying thenatural world
It is tested against the
natural world Does not use supernatural
explanations
Its conclusions are notabsolute.
New discoveries can reviseprevious conclusions
It is falsifiable
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The End