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1
INTRODUCTION
&
LESSON ONE
Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph.D. © 2010.
2Latin Morphemes
Introduction
You think you have no idea what it means – and are not sure if being called this is a compliment or an insult. But once you know/remember the following, you can figure it out.
E- =
BEN =
LOQU =
-OUS =You ask, “Is it a REAL word?” It is if enough people use it.
For example, take the word
So --
Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph.D. © 2010.
In the English language, big words are often made up of small word parts, called morphemes, that come from other languages – especially Latin.
When you know – or remember – the meanings of these small word parts, you can unlock the meaning of some real jawbreakers.
You probably have some of this morpheme knowledge “asleep” in your brain – all you need to do is “wake it up.”
(You know that if something is beneficial, it is good for you…)good
(You know that “to elongate” is to make very long...)very
speak(This one may be new to you…)
full of(You know “famous” is full of fame, “gracious” is full of grace…)
3
Some morphemes are “place bound” – that is, some are prefixes and always come at the beginning of a word (for example the morpheme “pre-”)
and others are suffixes and always come at the end (for example the morpheme “-ous”). Still others, known as roots, can come anywhere in a
word, and these can have prefixes and suffixes attached to them.
NOTE: In figuring out the meaning of a word, IF it has a suffix, start by saying the suffix meaning and then go back to the beginning and work down.
Latin Morphemes
Introduction
E- =
BEN =
LOQU =
-OUS=
very
good
speak
full of
If there is no suffix, start with the first root – e.g., ebenloqu would be
very good speaking.
(speaking)
Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph.D. © 2010.
4
Some morphemes are “place bound” – that is, some are prefixes and always come at the beginning of a word (for example the morpheme “pre-”)
and others are suffixes and always come at the end (for example the morpheme “-ous”). Still others, known as roots, can come anywhere in a
word, and these can have prefixes and suffixes attached to them.
In each lesson, you’ll start by taking notes on some Latin roots, then add prefixes and suffixes.
Latin Morphemes
Introduction
Turn to page 4 in your Student Book and prepare to take notes on Latin Morphemes Lesson 1 Notes.
Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph.D. © 2010.
5
Our first Latin root in Lesson One is a morpheme that has two forms: DICT, DICAT.
Now think -- what words do you already know that have DICT or DICAT in them?
What do these words have in common?
On page 4 of your Student Book, write the morpheme meanings.
Roots
1. dict; dicat =
DICTATION or DICTATOR or DEDICATE
Chances are you probably thought of the word
Speaking words for someone to write down; a person who tells everyone else what to do; to set
something apart for a special use...
speak; proclaim; set apart
So DICT and DICAT means...
Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes
Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know...
Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph.D. © 2010.
6
Our next Latin root in Lesson One is the morpheme DUC.
Now think -- what words do you already know that have DUC in them?
What do these words have in common?
INTRODUCE or tear DUCT or INDUCE.
Chances are you probably thought of the words
To bring something/someone new into a setting, a tube through which tears travel, to persuade...
Roots
1. dict; dicat = speak; proclaim; set apart
2. duc =
So DUC means...
lead
Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes
Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know...
Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph.D. © 2010.
7
Roots
1. dict; dicat = speak; proclaim; set apart
2. duc = lead
3. equ =
What do these words have in common?
So EQU means...
Now think -- what words do you already know
with EQU in them?
EQUAL EQUATIONEQUATOR EQUALITY
Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes
Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know...
equal; fair
Our next Latin root in Lesson One is the morpheme EQU.
Divides the earth into two equal halves
Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph.D. © 2010.
8
Our next Latin root is GARRUL.Roots
1. dict; dicat = speak; proclaim; set apart
2. duc = lead
3. equ = equal; fair
4. garrul =
Perhaps you have heard the word “GARRULOUS”?
This one is not so obvious – but a mental trick may help you remember it.
chatter; talk
The morpheme “garrul” is full of R’s, and a garrulous person
RRRRRuns on at the mouth....
Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes
Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know...
And GARRUL means...
Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph.D. © 2010.
9
Roots
1. dict; dicat = speak; proclaim; set apart
2. duc = lead
3. equ = equal; fair
4. garrul = chatter; talk
5. ig; ag =
Our next Latin root has tow forms: IG and AG.
do; drive; act
And so IG and AG mean...
Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes
Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know...
Here are two IG word you may have heard:
BENIGN and MALIGNANT.
These are words a doctor uses to give results
of a cell biopsy to determine if a growth is
cancerous or not, and they literally describe
what the cells are doing – how they act.
Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph.D. © 2010.
And is something AGITATES you, bothers
you to the point that it drives you
to do something.
10
Roots
1. dict; dicat = speak; proclaim; set apart
2. duc = lead
3. equ = equal; fair
4. garrul = chatter; talk
5. ig; ag = do; drive; act
6. locat =
Our next Latin root is LOCAT.
What word immediately pops into your mind with LOCAT?
place
LOCATION
And a “location” is a __?__.
So LOCAT mean...
Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes
Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know...
Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph.D. © 2010.
11
Our next Latin root is LOQU.
So LOQU means...
Put the letter “e” in front of it, and what word comes to mind?
ELOQUENT
What is “eloquent” used to describe?
If you are being “eloquent,” what are you doing?
Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes
Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know...
Roots
1. dict; dicat = speak; proclaim; set apart
2. duc = lead
3. equ = equal; fair
4. garrul = chatter; talk
5. ig; ag = do; drive; act
6. locat = place
7. loqu = speak
Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph.D. © 2010.
12
Our next Latin root is MAGN.
So MAGN means...
Now think -- what words do you already know
with MAGN in them?
MAGNIFICIENT
MAGNANIMOUS
MAGNIFY
What do these words have in common?
To make larger, an adjective meaning great, to be forgiving and generous in a grand sort of way...
Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes
Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know...
Roots
1. dict; dicat = speak; proclaim; set apart
2. duc = lead
3. equ = equal; fair
4. garrul = chatter; talk
5. ig; ag = do; drive; act
6. locat = place
7. loqu = speak
8. magn = great; large
Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph.D. © 2010.
Y
13
Our next Latin root is SOLI.
So SOLI means...
Now think -- what card game do you know with SOLI in the name?
SOLITAIRE
And how do you play solitaire?
Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes
Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know...
Roots
1. dict; dicat = speak; proclaim; set apart
2. duc = lead
3. equ = equal; fair
4. garrul = chatter; talk
5. ig; ag = do; drive; act
6. locat = place
7. loqu = speak
8. magn = great; large
9. soli = alone; only
You play it alone – there is only you with the cards.
Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph.D. © 2010.
14
Our last Latin root is VOC.
So VOC means...
Now think -- what words do you know with VOC in them?
What do these words have in common?
Spoken, words you know, a job that is your special calling...
Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes
Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know...
Roots
1. dict; dicat = speak; proclaim; set apart
2. duc = lead
3. equ = equal; fair
4. garrul = chatter; talk
5. ig; ag = do; drive; act
6. locat = place
7. loqu = speak
8. magn = great; large
9. soli = alone; only
10.voc = voice; call
VOCABULARY
VOCATION
VOCAL
Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph.D. © 2010.
15Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes
Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know...
Roots
1. dict; dicat = speak; proclaim; set apart
2. duc = lead
3. equ = equal; fair
4. garrul = chatter; talk
5. ig; ag = do; drive; act
6. locat = place
7. loqu = speak
8. magn = great; large
9. soli = alone; only
10.voc = voice; call
Now we have the set of Latin roots for Lesson One.
Next we go to prefixes.
Prefixes
11. Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph.D. © 2010.
16
Now we are ready to take notes on a set of prefixes.
As you write each one, add a dash after the prefix to remind you that this is where you add roots – following the prefix.
So BEN- means...
Now think -- what words do you
already know that have
the prefix BEN– in them?
10. voc = voice; call
Prefixes
11. ben– =
What do the three words have in common?
A verb meaning to do good for, a blessing, and harmless...
The first Latin prefix in Lesson One is the morpheme BEN–.
BENEDICTION BENIGN BENEFIT
good
Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes
Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know...
Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph.D. © 2010.
17
Our next Latin prefix is DE–.
This one has several related meanings. Again, what words do
you know...
What do these words have in common?
To go down or become less, to take away from, to reduce or
scale down, something that reduces nasal swelling...
DE– means...
Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes
Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know...
10. voc = voice; call
Prefixes
11. ben– = good
12. de– = down; from; away; very
DEDUCT
DECLINE
DECONGESTANT
DE-ESCALATE
Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph.D. © 2010.
18
Our next Latin prefix has two forms of IN– and IM– .
This one has two very different meanings. You just have to figure out which meaning to use. Again,
what words do you know...
The italicized words have one of the meanings and the plain words have the other meaning.
To breathe in, to close in, to show someone is involved in a wrongdoing ...
Not consistent, not appropriate, not divided.
The prefixes IN–, IM–, and EN– mean...
Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes
Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know...
10. voc = voice; call
Prefixes
11. ben– = good
12. de– = down; from; away; very
13. in–; im– = in; not
Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph.D. © 2010.
ENCLOSE
INCRIMINATE
INSPIRE
IMPLICATE
INAPPROPRIATE
INDIVIDUAL
INCONSISTENT
IMPOSSIBLE
19
Our next Latin prefix has two forms of INTRO– and INTRA–.
What words do you know with the prefixes INTRO– or INTRA–?
The prefixes INTRO– and INTRA-– mean...
Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes
Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know...
10. voc = voice; call
Prefixes
11. ben– = good
12. de– = down; from; away; very
13. in–; im– = in; not
14. intro–; intra– = within
INTRAMURAL
INTRODUCE
What do these words have in common?
To present or lead within, games played literally within the walls of a single school...
Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph.D. © 2010.
20
The next Latin prefix is MAL–.
What words do you know with MAL– at the beginning?
What do these words have in common?
Badly adjusted, ill will, with evil intent...
The prefix MAL– means...
Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes
Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know...
10. voc = voice; call
Prefixes
11. ben– = good
12. de– = down; from; away; very
13. in–; im– = in; not
14. intro–; intra– = within
15. mal– = bad; ill
MALIGNANT
MALICIOUS
MALADJUSTED
Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph.D. © 2010.
21
The last Latin prefix in this lesson has two forms: PRE– and PRO–.
What words do you know with PRE– or PRO– as a prefix?
What do these words have in common?
The prefixes PRE– and PRO– mean...
Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes
Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know...
10. voc = voice; call
Prefixes
11. ben– = good
12. de– = down; from; away; very
13. in–; im– = in; not
14. intro–; intra– = within
15. mal– = bad; ill
16. pre–; pro– = before
PREJUDICE
PREHISTORIC
PREDICT
PROGRESS
PROJECT
PROGRAM
To say something will happen before it does, to judge before you have the facts, the period of time before history was recorded,
the paper you get before the play begins...?
Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph.D. © 2010.
22
Now we have the set of Latin prefixes for Lesson One.
Next we go to suffixes.
Suffixes
17.
Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes
Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know...
10. voc = voice; call
Prefixes
11. ben– = good
12. de– = down; from; away; very
13. in–; im– = in; not
14. intro–; intra– = within
15. mal– = bad; ill
16. pre–; pro– = before
Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph.D. © 2010.
23
Now we are ready to take notes on a set of suffixes.
As you write each one, add a dash before the suffix to remind you that this is where you add roots – in front of the suffix.
So –AL at the end of a word...
Many English words end in the letters –AL, and when they do they are modifiers that
relate to something.
16. pre–; pro– = before
Suffixes
17. –al =
The first Latin suffix in Lesson One is the morpheme –AL.
relating to (adjective)
Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes
Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know...
HISTORICAL
PREHISTORIC
VOCAL
Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph.D. © 2010.
24
16. pre–; pro– = before
Suffixes
17. –al = relating to (adj.)
18. –ate = do; make; cause (verb)
Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes
Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know...
The next Latin suffix is the morpheme –ATE.
Each of these words are things that you __?__.
What words come to mind that have –ATE at the end?
LOCATE
CELEBRATE
EDUCATE
EVAPORATE
INTIMIDATE
LIBERATE
So –ATE at the end of a word means...
Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph.D. © 2010.
25
16 pre–; pro– = before
Suffixes
17. –al = relating to (adj.)
18. –ate = do; make; cause (v.)
19. –ence = condition; quality; act (noun)
Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes
Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know...
The next Latin suffix is the morpheme –ENCE.
So –ENCE at the end of a word indicates the name of something – a noun that names a ...
What words come to mind that have –ENCE at the end?
EXCELLENCE
COHERENCE
DIFFERENCE
Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph.D. © 2010.
26
16. pre–; pro– = before
Suffixes
17. –al = relating to (adj.)
18. –ate = do; make; cause (v.)
19. –ence = condition; quality; act (n.)
20. –ion = condition; quality; act (noun)
Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes
Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know...
The next Latin suffix is the morpheme –ION.
So –ION at the end of a word indicates the name of something – a noun that names a ...
What words come to mind that have –ION at the end?
INFECTION
CONNECTION
ACTION
Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph.D. © 2010.
27
16. pre–; pro– = before
Suffixes
17. –al = relating to (adj.)
18. –ate = do; make; cause (v.)
19. –ence = condition; quality; act (n.)
20. –ion = condition; quality; act (n.)
21. –ity = condition; quality; act (noun)
Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes
Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know...
The next Latin suffix is the morpheme –ITY.
So –ITY at the end of a word indicates the name of something – a noun that names a ...
What words come to mind that have –ITY at the end?
ACTIVITY
SINCERITY
CHARITY
Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph.D. © 2010.
28
16. pre–; pro– = before
Suffixes
17. –al = relating to (adj.)
18. –ate = do; make; cause (v.)
19. –ence = condition; quality; act (adj.)
20. –ion = condition; quality; act (n.)
21. –ity = condition; quality; act (n.)
22. –ous; –ose =
Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes
Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know...
The last Latin suffix has two forms: –OUS and –OSE.
So –OUS or –OSE at the end of a word indicates a modifier that means ...
What words come to mind that have –OUS or –OSE the end?
RELIGIOUS
MISCELLANEOUS
FAMOUS
VERBOSE
BELLICOSE
MOROSE
full of (adjective)
Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph.D. © 2010.
29Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes
Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know...
Now we have the set of Latin suffixes for Lesson One.
You now have all of the notes for Lesson One (of Twelve).
Lesson One is the longest because it is the foundation on which you
will build in the coming other eleven Latin Morpheme lessons.
When you finish these lessons, your vocabulary and your ability both to figure out and to create words will
be MUCH GREATER than when you began!
16. pre–; pro– = before
Suffixes
17. –al = relating to (adj.)
18. –ate = do; make; cause (v.)
19. –ence = condition; quality; act (n.)
20. –ion = condition; quality; act (n.)
21. –ity = condition; quality; act (n.)
22. –ous; –ose = full of (adj.)
Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph.D. © 2010.
30
Now you are ready to use your knowledge to decode words.
Part Two: WORDS TO WORK - Applying what you now know...
Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Words to Work
Words to Work
1. vocal
2. predict
3. dedicate
4. beneficence
5. loquacious
6. locate
7. garrulous
8. equality
9. benediction
10. benign
11. malediction
12. soliloquy
13. equity
14. inequity
15. magniloquence
16. introduceLatin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph.D. © 2010.
Now you are ready to use your knowledge to decode words.
In Lesson One you will find the following words to “work” – that is, to analyze their meanings by (1) identifying the Latin morphemes and
meaning(s) in each, (2) synthesizing that knowledge in a possible definition, and (3) comparing your synthesis to a dictionary definition.
These words are on page 4, instructions are on page 5,
and space to work your words is on pages 6 and 7.
Words to Work
31
How to “Work a Word”
Part Two: WORDS TO WORK - Applying what you now know...
Let’s begin the first assignment together. On page 6, start by writing the first word...
Then beneath it, one per line, identify the morphemes you find in the word.
1. vocal
voc = voice; call
-al = characteristic of; relating to
M.D. =
D.D. =
M.D. = “my definition”
D.D. = “dictionary definition”
relating to the voice
uttered by the voice
Next, synthesize your knowledge...
Finally, compare your knowledge...
Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Words to Work
Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph.D. © 2010.
32
Part Two: WORDS TO WORK - Applying what you now know...
Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Words to Work
“Working Words”
DAY 1 HW Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph.D. © 2010.
For each word, compare and see how close you
can come with your knowledge to what the
all-knowing dictionary has to say...
Tomorrow, be prepared to share
how you worked your words.
“Working Words”
Your first assignment is to work the first 8 words on page 4 in the
numbered spaces on page 6 of your book.
33
“Working Words” continued
Part Two: WORDS TO WORK - Applying what you now know...
Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Words to Work
DAY 2 HW Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph.D. © 2010.
“Working Words” continued
Your second assignment is to work the last 8 words on page 4 in the
numbered spaces on page 7 of your book.
For each word, compare and see how close you
can come with your knowledge to what the
all-knowing dictionary has to say...
Tomorrow, be prepared to share
how you worked your words.
34
Part Three: CONTEXT CLUES - Hints for a Reader...
Sometimes when we read, we come across a word we’ve never seen before, and we could use a clue to figure it out.
There are four main types of clues that often help solve a “mystery word,” and you can use one of these clues to give your reader a hint.
The four kinds of context clues are...
Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Context Clues
1. Definition in context
2. Synonym
3. Antonym
4. Examples
People said the Red Sox’s bad luck came from a malediction for selling Babe Ruth to the Yankees – their fans wished evil upon the team.
He pronounced a malediction, a curse, on the malfunctioning computer.
Instead of the expected words of blessing on the project, her boss gave it a malediction.
The angry gardener spoke the malediction to his rival, “May your tomatoes never ripen and your corn be wormy!”
Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph.D. © 2010. DAY 3
35
Part Three: CONTEXT CLUES - Hints for a Reader...
Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Context Clues
DAY 3 HW Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph.D. © 2010.
Tomorrow you’ll have the opportunity to read aloud your sentences, saying “blank” for the word you chose, and see if your instructor or another learner can use your clue to identify
what word from the Lesson One list belongs in the blank.
Tomorrow, you’ll have the opportunity to challenge your instructor or another learner with your created words.
Step A: Select any 8 of the 16 words you worked and create a context clue sentence with each (on page 9 in your
book).
Use at least one clue of each of the four types.
Your third assignment has two steps:
Step B: Using the roots, prefixes, and suffixes from Lesson One, create and work two new words. In place of the DD, write a context clue sentence (CCS) for your new word (on page 9 in your book).
36
Part Four: REVIEW...
Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Pencil & Paper Review
DAY 4 HW Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph.D. © 2010.
Hopefully, you’ll get a laugh or two (or possibly a groan) as you figure them out.
Tomorrow, we’ll go over the sheets just before taking a quiz on Latin Morphemes Lesson One.
The quiz will have about 8 words for you to work – through the level of My Definition.
Step A: Practice breaking apart the words on the first review sheet (page 10) by drawing braces and writing meanings above each morpheme; then write a possible definition to
the side (see the first one for an example).
Step B: Once you have determined morpheme meanings and a possible definition for each “word,” try matching the “funny definitions” on the second review sheet (page 11) with what you have on the first sheet.
The fourth assignment for Lesson One is a three-step review.
37
Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph.D. © 2010.
LESSON ONE
Part Four: REVIEW...
Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Pencil & Paper Review
In the back of your book you will find eighteen sheets of color paper – one for each lesson.
To make your study cards, tear out the page for Lesson One, cut it apart on the marked lines, and hole-punch each card in the upper corner as indicated.
Take a card and write your first morpheme on the front of it.
DAY 4
Now turn that card over so the hole is at the bottom,
Set that card aside, and do the same for each of the other morphemes.
Now place the card with “Lesson One” written on it on the top of your stack, hook them together with a band or ring, and begin reviewing. If you have a three-ring binder for
English materials, hook your cards there for easy access.
speak; proclaim; set apart
and write the meaning on the back.
dict dicat
Step C: Make yourself a set of study cards (refer to page 12).
38
Part Five Coming Tomorrow: Demonstrating What You Know...
Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Taking the Quiz
The quiz will have about 8 words for you to work through the MD level.
Most of them will be “real words,” but there may be one or two “created words” as well.
There will be one point for identifying each morpheme in the words, and one point for synthesizing your knowledge into a definition.
REMEMBER -- If a word has two or more morphemes, and you remember one but not the other, make a PARTIAL DEFINITION for PARTIAL CREDIT.
THURSDAY TEST PREVIEW
Unless you are told otherwise on a very few words, you do NOT need to memorize a dictionary definition.
1. benloquious
MD
ben- = good
Something to do with good speech
loqu = speak
+1 point
+1 point
0 point
+ 2/3 point
equals +2 2/3
points out of 4
Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph.D. © 2010.