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Human Body Systems

You Can’t Have One Without The Other

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If you damage one system, you may damage several like smoking which irritates the lungs and also destroys the cells of the immune system

Body Systems Work Together

Ardi Rizal 2 years oldMusi Banyuasin, IndonesiaMay 2010

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If you get excited, the nervous system works with the circulatory system by increasing your heart rate.

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AIDS destroys the Immune System

As a result you may get:1. pneumonia (respiratory ),2. yeast infection (reproductive ), 3. Candida affecting esophagus (digestive)4. Kaposi’s sarcoma (integumentary).

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The Human Body Team

How does the body get the systems to work together?

To answer this question, we need to recall the organizational structure of multicellular organisms.

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Levels Of Organization

ATOMS CELLS TISSUES

ORGANSORGAN SYSTEMORGANISM

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The Human Body has 4 Main Types of Tissues

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ORGANA group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions.

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OrganSystem

A group of organs that work together to perform a single function.

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There are 11 organ systems in the human body

1. Integumentary System2. Skeletal System3. Muscular System4. Nervous System5. Endocrine System6. Cardiovascular System7. Lymphatic & Immune System8. Respiratory System9. Digestive System10. Urinary System11. Reproductive System

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Skeletal SystemYour skeleton has five major functions.

• It provides shape and support • Enables you to move• Protects your internal organs• Produces blood cells• Stores certain materials until your

body needs them

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Major Organs of the Skeletal System

• Bones• Tendons connect bones to muscles.• Ligaments connect bone to bone.• Cartilage cushions places where

bones connect and offers flexibility.

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Muscular SystemYour muscles control all movements of the body tissues, organs and bones.

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Major Tissues of the Muscular System

Your body hasthree types of Muscle tissue.

• skeletal muscle• smooth muscle• cardiac muscle

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Circulatory System akaCardiovascular System

The main functions is to transport

• Oxygen• Nutrients• Waste

throughout the body

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The main parts of the Circulatory System are:

• Heart• Blood Vessels• Blood

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Respiratory SystemYour respiratory system moves oxygen from the outside environment into your body. It also removes carbon dioxide and water from your body.

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The Main Parts of the Respiratory system are:

• Nose• Mouth• Trachea• Lungs • Diaphragm

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The Digestive System• The main functions of the digestive

system

• Breaks down food into molecules the body can absorb.

• Passes these molecules into the blood to be carried throughout the body.

• Eliminates solid wastes from the body.

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The Main Parts of the Digestive System are:

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The Excretory SystemYour excretory system collects wastes produced by cells and removes these wastes from your body. The removal process is known as excretion.

• Each kidney is about 4 ½ inches long

• Weight is 4 – 6 ounces

• The urine output varies from 1 to 2 liters per day.

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The Main Parts of the Excretory System

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Integumentary System(it’s your skin)

Your Skin has many important functions:

• Covers body and prevents water loss.• Protects body from injury and infection. • Helps regulate body temperature.• Eliminate wastes• Gathers information about the environment• Produce vitamin D

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Major Parts of the Integumentary System• Skin•Hair •Nails

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Immune System• It’s role is to protectyou from foreign invaders.

Special cells react to each kind of pathogen with defensive tactics targetedspecifically at that type ofpathogen.

• A pathogen is abacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease.

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Specialized Immune System Cells

•White blood cells that target specific pathogens are called lymphocytes.

• T-cells and B-cells are two major types of lymphocytes. Each type has a specific job.

T- Cells

B- Cells

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What are Antibodies?• Antibodies are special proteins that

recognize and defeat invading pathogens.

• Antibodies are made by the B-cells.

• Once a pathogen is encountered by the B-cells it memorizes it and next time it encounters the pathogen it will have antibodies ready to fight the pathogen.

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What are Antigens?An antigen is any substance that when introduced into the body stimulates the production of an antibody immune response.

Antigens include:

Toxins Bacteria Foreign blood cells Cells of transplanted organs.

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What is Immunity?• Immunity is a state in which the body has

sufficient defenses to fight infection, disease or invasion by pathogens.

• Non- Specific Immunity refers to the defenses that are in place at all times and are not specific to the pathogen to which the system is responding.

• Skin, mucous membranes, hairs in nose and ears, enzymes in mouth and tears in eyes.

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Specific Immunity is a specific antibody response to the pathogen and has been acquired in one of several ways.

• Antibodies were transferred from mother to fetus across the placenta.

• Antibodies were transferred through breast milk from mother to child.

• Antibodies were built up due to prior exposure to the pathogen.

• Antibodies were be built up through a vaccination process.

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What is a Vaccination?• Most vaccines contain a little bit of a disease germ that is

weak or dead. Vaccines do NOT contain the type of germ that makes you sick.

• Having this little bit of the germ inside your body makes your body's immune system build antibodies to it.

• Vaccines can be administered by a needle, mouth and some thorough a nasal spray.

• In the US children are vaccinated before they can enter school for: Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Pertussis, Hepatitis B, Diphtheria, and Tetanus

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Lymphatic SystemThe lymphatic system is an extensive drainage network that helps keep bodily fluid levels in balance and defends the body against infections.

It filters out organisms that cause disease, produces certain white blood cells and generates antibodies

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• It is made up of a network of lymphatic vessels that carry lymph — a clear, watery fluid that contains protein molecules, salts, glucose, urea, and other substances — throughout the body.

• It works closely with the immune system and the circulatory system.

• The Spleen stores many of the white blood cells needed for the immune response.

Major Parts of the Lymphatic System

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Regents Practice Question

A pathogen passing from a mother to her fetus could cause (1) a decrease in the chromosome number of the fetus

(2) an increase in milk production in the mother(3) gamete production to increase(4) an infection in the fetus

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Regents Practice Question

A pathogen passing from a mother to her fetus could cause (1) a decrease in the chromosome number of the fetus

(2) an increase in milk production in the mother(3) gamete production to increase(4) an infection in the fetus

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Regents Practice Question

It is recommended that people at risk for serious flu complications be vaccinated so that their bodies will produce (1) antigens to fight the flu virus(2) antibodies against the flu virus(3) toxins to fight the infection caused by the flu virus(4) antibiotics to reduce symptoms caused by the flu virus

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Regents Practice Question

It is recommended that people at risk for serious flu complications be vaccinated so that their bodies will produce (1) antigens to fight the flu virus(2) antibodies against the flu virus(3) toxins to fight the infection caused by the flu virus(4) antibiotics to reduce symptoms caused by the flu virus

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Endocrine System1. The endocrine system is a collection of ductless glands that secrete special proteins called hormones.

2. The glands release the hormones into the bloodstream and they travel to the target cells or organs.

3. The main function of the endocrine system is to maintain a stable environment within the body or homeostasis.

4. The hormones also help the body to regulate:GrowthSexual developmentMetabolismSugar, salt and fluid levels in the blood

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Gland Hormone Produced Effects

Hypothalamus Antidiuretic hormone Acts on the kidney to regulate fluid balance

Pituitary 9 different hormones Growth and regulates other glands

Thyroid Thyroxine Metabolism

Pancreas Insulin & glucagon Blood sugar

Adrenal Epinephrine Heart rate & blood pressure

Testes Testosterone Sperm & male characteristics

Ovaries Estrogen & progesterone Eggs & female characteristics

Glands and Hormones

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Regents Practice Question

The diagram below shows how a chemical message produced by one cell is received by other cells. If these chemical messages are destroyed, the target cells will

(1) produce their own chemical messages(2) not respond with appropriate actions(3) develop different receptors(4) no longer be produced in the organism

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Regents Practice Question

The diagram below shows how a chemical message produced by one cell is received by other cells. If these chemical messages are destroyed, the target cells will

(1) produce their own chemical messages(2) not respond with appropriate actions(3) develop different receptors(4) no longer be produced in the organism

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Feedback Mechanisms

Homeostasis is maintained by the endocrine system through the use of various feedback mechanisms.

A feedback mechanism is in use when the biological reaction is actually being controlled by the end products of that reaction.

Negative feedback loop are most common.• original stimulus reversed • most feedback systems in the body are negative• used for conditions that need frequent adjustment

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Parts of a Negative Feedback LoopReceptor Structures that monitor a controlled condition and detect changes

Control center determines next action

Effectorreceives directions from the control center produces aresponse that restores the controlled condition

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Thermostat detects a temperature lower than the desired value.

Thermostat detects a temperature higher than the desired value.

Furnace Turns

On

Furnace Turns

Off

HOME HEATING SYSTEM

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Brain senses a drop in body temperature

Brain detects increase in body temperature

Impulsessent to

muscles to begin

shivering

Impulses sent to

muscles to stop

shivering

BODY TEMPERATURE

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REGENTS PRACTICE QUESTIONActivities in the human body are represented in the diagram

Which title would be appropriate for the diagram?

(1) Rate of Excretion Varies in Response to Intake of Water

(2) Feedback Mechanisms Help to Maintain Homeostasis

(3) Respiratory Rate Responds to an Increase in Muscle Activity

(4) The Nervous System Responds to Changes in Blood Sugar Levels

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REGENTS PRACTICE QUESTIONActivities in the human body are represented in the diagram

Which title would be appropriate for the diagram?

(1) Rate of Excretion Varies in Response to Intake of Water

(2) Feedback Mechanisms Help to Maintain Homeostasis

(3) Respiratory Rate Responds to an Increase in Muscle Activity

(4) The Nervous System Responds to Changes in Blood Sugar Levels

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GLUCOSE FEEDBACK LOOP1. What happens to aperson’s blood glucose level after eating?

2.What 2 hormones does the pancreas secrete?

3.Which hormone lowers glucose levels?

4. Which hormone raises glucose levels?

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OsteoporosisOsteoporosis is a disease in which bones become fragile and more likely to break. If not prevented or if left untreated, osteoporosis can progress painlessly until a bone breaks.