1 Hardware and Fastener Identification Hardware and Fastener Identification By Dave Wilson Information Technology and Communication Services ITCS Instructional

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Hardware and Fastener

Identification

Hardware and Fastener

Identification

By Dave Wilson

Information Technology and Communication ServicesITCS Instructional Materials

College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Copyright © 2008 – University of Illinois Board of TrusteesD-JH

Complete set, with DescriptionsComplete set, with Descriptions

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Slide 2 of 189

Bolts …………………………………….

Braces, Brackets and Hinges …..…..

Miscellaneous Fasteners ………..…..

Nails ……………………………..……..

Nuts ………………………………..…..

Other Hardware ……………………..

Screws ……………………………….

Washers ……………………………...

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20

32

54

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105

148

183

3

Bolt, carriage

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A carriage bolt is identified by its domed head, with a shoulder on the upper portion of the shank. Carriage bolts fall into three categories: square neck, finned neck, and ribbed neck.

These bolts may be threaded their entire length or a portion of the bolt shank. The threaded length is usually two to four times the diameter of the bolt.

Carriage bolts are chiefly for wood-to-wood applications but can be used for wood-to-metal applications. When used for wood-to-metal applications, the head should be on the wood side. Holes bored to receive carriage bolts should be a tight fit.

Carriage bolts vary from 3/16 to 3/4 inch in diameter and 3/4 inch to 20 inches long. The upper portion of the shank is designed to grip the material in which the bolt is inserted, to prevent the bolt from turning as the nut is tightened.

4

Cap screw, hex head

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Cap screws are bolts that are designed to screw into a threaded hole rather than have a nut threaded onto the shank end of the bolt.

These bolts are available with UNF* UNC**, or metric threads. They are precision made and generally applied metal-to-metal where close tolerance is desirable.

The heads may be square, hexagonal, rounded, or flat countersunk.

Cap screws are made in diameters from 1/4 inch to 3 inches and may be obtained in any length.

* Unified National Fine ** Unified National Coarse

5

Cap screw, socket head

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Socket head cap screws are turned with a hex wrench. The head is made with a hex socket for the wrench.

This head style is often used where space is limited.

6

Bolt, hex head machine

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The term machine bolt is generally used to denote a “through bolt” that has a head on one end and threads on the other. The bolt, when installed, passes through a clearance hole in two or more parts.

Machine bolts are made with UNF*, UNC**, or metric threads. The threads extend in length from twice the diameter of the bolt plus 1/4 inch (for bolts under 6 inches in length) to twice the diameter of the bolt plus 1/2 inch (for bolts over 6 inches in length).

Nuts are usually installed on the threaded end of the bolt. Machine bolts are externally driven. The hole for the bolt is normally the same diameter as the bolt. Machine bolts are manufactured from 1/4 inch to 3 inches in diameter and from 1/2 inch to over 39 inches in length.


7

Bolt, plow

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A plow bolt is used where the head of any other type of bolt would interfere. A plow bolt appears to be a combination of a flat head machine bolt with the square shoulder of a carriage bolt. The square shoulder on the upper shank prevents the bolt from turning as the nut is tightened.

8

Bolt, hanger

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Hanger bolts have wood screw threads on one end and machine bolt threads on the other. Screw one end into wood, and the exposed end provides a machine stud. Bolts 2 inches and longer have an unthreaded center to make installation easier.

To install hanger bolts without damaging the machine threads, turn two hex nuts onto the machine threads and tighten the nuts together snugly to form a hex head. The double nuts can be removed to expose the stud.

9

J-bolt

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J-bolts are a type of specialty bolt used for fastening or hanging objects with the curved portion of the bolt.

J-bolts are available in diameters ranging from 1/4 to 5/8 inch and in lengths from 1-3/4 to 12 inches.

10

Bolt, toggle

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A toggle bolt is a machine screw with a spring-action nut that folds back as the entire nut assembly is pushed through a hollow wall. As the wings are pushed through the hole, they unfold inside the wall cavity. As the screw is tightened, the wing (nut) is drawn against the inside surface of the finished material.

These bolts create the smallest possible opening in a finished wall for attaching an item.

Common sizes range from 1/8 to 3/8 inch in diameter and from 2 to 6 inches in length. They are very useful with Sheetrock wall surfaces.

11

Bolt, socket head machine

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Machine bolts are made with UNF*, UNC**,or metric threads. The threads extend in length from twice the diameter of the bolt plus 1/4 inch (for bolts under 6 inches long) to twice the diameter of the bolt plus 1/2 inch (for bolts over 6 inches long).

Machine bolts are made for metal-to-metal connections where close tolerance is desired. The head is made to fit into a recess or tight quarters.

Nuts are usually installed on the threaded end of the bolt. Machine bolts are externally driven. The hole for the bolt is normally the same diameter as the bolt. Machine bolts are manufactured from 1/4 inch to 3 inches in diameter and from 1/2 inch to over 39 inches in length.


12

Bolt, battery (with hex nut)

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Battery bolts are used on the clamping portion of batteries. A battery bolt is used on top-terminal batteries. The square head fits into a position so the head is held in place while the nut is tightened or loosened.

13

Bolt, stud

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A stud bolt has no head and is threaded on both ends. Stud bolts seldom exceed 12 inches in length.

One end of a stud bolt is screwed into a tapped hole. The part to be fastened is placed over the stud or studs. A nut is used on the stud or studs to hold the parts together.

Stud bolts are available in sizes from 1/4- to 3/4-inch diameter. Other sizes are typically specially made for a specific application.

14

Bolt, hex head lag

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A lag bolt is described as a heavy wood screw with a square or hexagonal head that is to be driven in with a wrench. Lag bolts are used primarily in wood construction but have other applications.

Minimum thread length is normally equal to half the nominal length of the bolt plus 1/2 inch or 5 inches, whichever is less.

Hex lag bolts larger than 3/4 inch in diameter and all square lag bolts are rarely available in the marketplace as stock items.

Lag bolt sizes range from 1/4 inch to 1-1/2 inches in diameter and are manufactured up to 18 inches long.

15

Bolt, blind anchor (with hex nut)

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Blind anchor bolts are sometimes called concrete strike anchors and are designed for anchoring into concrete. The fastener is inserted into a predrilled hole. Striking the pin into the anchor sets the anchor.

The hole for a blind anchor bolt should be drilled the same diameter as the anchor. The depth of the hole controls the length of the bolt protruding from the concrete.

Blind anchor bolts are available from 1/4- to 3/4-inch diameter and from 1-3/4 to 6 inches in length.

16

Bolt, square head lag

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A lag bolt is described as a heavy wood screw with a square or hexagonal head that is to be driven with a wrench. Lag bolts are used in wood construction but may have other uses.

Minimum thread length is normally equal to half the nominal length of the bolt plus 1/2 inch or 5 inches, whichever is less.

Hex lag bolts larger than 3/4 inch in diameter and all square lag bolts are rarely available in the marketplace as stock items. The square head lag bolts are used for aesthetic purposes and provide a rustic look.

Lag bolt sizes range from 1/4 inch to 1-1/2 inches in diameter and are manufactured up to 18 inches long.

17

Bolt, bent anchor

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Anchor bolts are imbedded in wet concrete and used to support structural portions of a building, light poles, highway signs, bridge rails, equipment, and many other applications.

Bent anchor bolts are manufactured in sizes from 1/2 inch to 1-1/4 inches in diameter and from 6 inches to over 36 inches in length.

The standard thread length is

1/2-inch diameter = 2 inches of thread 5/8-inch diameter = 4 inches of thread

3/4-inch diameter = 4 inches of thread 7/8-inch diameter = 5 inches of thread

1-inch diameter = 6 inches of thread 1-1/4-inch diameter = 6 inches of thread

18

Concrete sleeve anchor

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This bolt is used as an anchor in concrete, brick, and block. The shield is inserted into a predrilled hole and expands when the nut is tightened on the threaded end of the bolt. The bolt is pulled up into the sleeve, expanding the sleeve and anchoring the fastener in the hole. These bolts become wedged firmly into the hole, providing a secure base for the grip of the fastener.

Standard concrete sleeve anchors are manufactured from 1/4- to 3/4- inch diameter and in several lengths.

Rated pull-out values range from 500 pounds for a 1/4-inch-diameter fastener to over 8,300 pounds for a 3/4-inch-diameter.

19

Bolt, elevator

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An elevator bolt is identified by the large flat head and square shoulder at the top of the shank. Elevator bolts are typically used to attach elevator buckets to belting. These bolts are used for other applications where a smooth surface is needed on the head end of the bolt.

The shoulder on the shank is designed to hold the bolt while the nut is tightened.

The hole for the bolt is generally made the same diameter as the shank of the bolt.

20

SP connector

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An SP connector is a metal plate with teeth stamped on one side. These plates are then pressed into wood to create a connection between pieces of lumber. Typically, these fasteners are used in truss construction. They can be used to fasten several other wood products. Specialized equipment is used for installing the connector.

21

Flat tee brace

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Flat tee braces are typically used to reinforce a T-shaped connection between two or more pieces of wood. They have other applications as well.

22

Flat corner brace

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Flat corner braces are used to support a corner. They are typically attached with flat head screws.

Flat corner braces are measured and sized by the length of the straight sides (in inches).

23

90º corner brace

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Corner braces add structural support and can be adapted to a variety of uses. A 90-degree filleted bracket is designed to handle substantial loads for its size.

These braces are attached with flat head screws. They are sized by the length of one side (in inches).

24

Shelf bracket

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Shelf brackets are attached to a wall surface and support a shelf. Shelf brackets are made in several different designs but perform the same function.

Shelf brackets are sized by the width and height of the bracket.

25

Joist hanger bracket

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Joist hanger brackets are designed to offer an alternative method of installing joists. They are typically used to install the floor joists for buildings, carports, and decks. The joist hanger bracket is attached to the rim joist, and the floor joists are set into the pocket made by the bracket. The joist bracket is attached using joist nails or 10d common nails.

Joist hanger brackets are sized for 2 x 4, 2 x 6, 2 x 8, 2 x 10, and 2 x 12 lumber.

26

Hinge, butt

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Butt hinges are used to permit a door or gate to be opened and closed. Butt hinges are made of two (equally sized) leaves joined with a hinge pin.

A butt hinge is typically attached with flat head screws. These hinges can be surface-mounted or can be attached between the door and doorframe. When attached between the door and doorframe, they are typically recessed into the wood to keep the opening between the door and frame small.

27

Hinge, strap

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Strap hinges are typically used to swing doors or gates open and closed. Strap hinges are identified by the long, tapered strap (leaf) that is joined at the center with a hinge pin.

Strap hinges are attached with flat head screws or bolts, depending on the application.

Strap hinges are sized by the length of the leaves.

28

Hinge, tee

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A tee hinge is a combination of one leaf from a butt hinge and one leaf from a strap hinge. Tee hinges are typically attached with flat head screws.

29

Hurricane/seismic anchor

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This hurricane/seismic anchor is used to tie the trusses and rafters to the top plate of a structure. They can also be used to tie wood framing to concrete or masonry foundations. The anchors resist uplifting and lateral forces placed on structural lumber by hurricanes or earthquakes.

The anchor is designed to be attached to structural lumber with 8d nails and to masonry or concrete with 3/16-inch-diameter screws. Masonry screws should be embedded into the masonry at least 1-3/4 inches.

30

Hurricane/seismic anchor

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This style of hurricane/seismic anchor is also called a reversible hurricane anchor. These anchors are designed to anchor the rafters or trusses to the top plate of a structure.

The design of the flat surfaces is 1-1/2 inches wide to fit standard construction lumber. The size also places the nail holes in the correct location for best results.

The hurricane/seismic anchor should be attached with eight 8d nails.

31

Post anchor

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Post anchors are used to attach wood posts to concrete footings and to provide protection from moisture damage. The anchor provides a post anchor with a square washer and the “stand-off plate” to elevate the post above the concrete surface. Drain slots allow water to drain from the anchor.

The post (4 x 4) is attached to the sides of the anchor with screws or nails. The large hole in the base allows the anchor to be aligned or centered on the footing. A bent anchor bolt is used to attach the anchor to the footing.

32

Pin, clevis

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One of the simplest fasteners is the clevis pin, also called a headed pin. Clevis pins are used to attach a part to a U-shaped yoke known as a clevis. They are typically held in place with a cotter key or some other type of “convenience” pin.

Clevis pins are available in a variety of diameters and lengths to fit the desired application.

33

Hitch pin clip

Slide 33 of 189

Several types of pins are used for nonpermanent applications. They are made to be installed and removed quickly and easily. Hitch pin clips are also called spring-lock pins and hairpin cotters.

A hitch pin clip is inserted into a hole drilled in a clevis or hitch pin. They are held in place by their own spring action.

Hitch pin clips are measured by the size of wire from which they are made and by the distance from the center of the top loop to the end of the point.

34

Key, cotter

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A cotter key is fitted into a hole drilled across a shaft or bolt, to prevent parts from slipping or turning on the shaft. Cotter keys are also called cotter pins.

When a cotter key in inserted for use, one or both of the ends are bent to keep the key in place.

Cotter keys are manufactured in many sizes and are sized by their diameter and length.

35

Pin, roll

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Roll pins are also called spring pins. They give manufacturers a fast, easy method of fastening parts where medium to light loads are expected.

Roll pins are hollow cylinders of spring steel. They are split lengthwise and chamfered on both ends for easier starting. Metric roll pins are typically chamfered on only one end.

These pins are made slightly oversized, so they are slightly compressed as they are driven or pressed in place.

The length and diameter are expressed in inches and metric units. Roll pins are removed using a pin punch and hammer to drive the pin out of the hole.

36

Linchpin

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A linchpin, also called a quick-lock pin, is an example of a convenience pin. Linchpins are used to connect two parts temporarily but securely.

The split ring on a linchpin has an end stuck into a hole on the pin. The holes in the pin are on different planes. The position of the split ring ends creates an “over-center” spring action that holds the split ring in the closed position.

Some linchpins have a short length of chain attached to the split ring so the pin can be attached close to the location where it is used.

37

Key, square

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Keys are a common way to transfer the driving force from a gear, sprocket, or pulley to a shaft, or from a shaft to a gear, sprocket, or pulley.

These fasteners do not typically look like keys. They are simple lengths of square or rectangular stock. The gear, sprocket, or pulley has a groove (keyway) cut into the hub that matches the keyway cut into the shaft. The key is inserted into the keyway and typically held in place with a set screw.

Use a “soft” hammer to drive keys into place to avoid upsetting (causing a bulge in) the key stock.

38

Key, woodruff

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Woodruff keys are semicircular keys made from round stock. They are also called half-moon keys due to their shape.

These keys are used to lock a shaft and gear/pulley in position. Woodruff keys are inserted into a semicircular keyway cut into a shaft. The gear or pulley is then slid into position over the key, aligning the keyway in the gear/pulley with the woodruff key.

39

E-clip

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Small shafts are locked in place with an external “E” snap ring; the external snap rings are also called E-clips. These snap rings are typically installed or removed in a groove with ordinary pliers.

E-clips are sized for a particular application and are made from stamped steel.

40

Snap ring, external

Slide 40 of 189

There are many applications in which a removable shoulder can be used to accurately locate, retain, or lock components into position. Because these rings keep parts in place, they are also called retaining or lock rings.

The external-hole type of snap ring is installed or removed with a special tool. Snap-ring pliers are manufactured with a set of pins that fit into the holes on the snap ring. External-snap-ring pliers expand the ends of the snap ring when the handles are squeezed, increasing the diameter of the snap ring. Expanding the snap ring increases the diameter and allows the snap ring to be installed or removed.

41

Snap ring, internal

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The internal-hole type of snap ring is installed or removed with a special tool. Snap-ring pliers are manufactured with a set of pins that fit into the holes on the snap ring. Internal-snap-ring pliers compress the ends of the snap ring when the handles are squeezed, reducing the snap-ring diameter. Compressing the snap ring decreases the diameter and allows the snap ring to be installed or removed.

42

Snap ring, internal prong

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The prong type is removed or installed by compressing the prongs with pliers. Compressing the snap ring decreases the diameter and allows the snap ring to be installed or removed.

43

Hose clamp

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Hose clamps are used to secure the end of a hose to a hose barb. They are available in several styles, some adjustable to a large range of sizes and others for use with hoses of specific sizes.

Hose clamps are sized by the diameter of hose they are designed to secure. Hose clamps are manufactured from steel, stainless steel, and other metals.

Adjustable hose clamps are attached with a screwdriver or a wrench (socket or nut driver).

44

Hose clamp

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Some hose clamps are nonadjustable and are designed to be used with a specific hose size.

The hose clamp in this image is designed for light clamping loads and can be installed with pliers.

The clamping force comes from the tension created by the metal springing back to its manufactured size after being expanded to fit over the hose.

45

Hose clamp

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Nonadjustable hose clamps are designed to be used with a single hose size. The model shown is a spring-loaded clamp and is attached with a hose clamp tool.

46

Rivet, POP (blind rivet)

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A pop rivet or blind rivet, is a mechanical fastener that has been developed for applications where the connection is accessible from only one side. Pop rivets require a special tool for installation.

A pop rivet tool is used to install pop rivets. The rivet mandrel is inserted into the tool and the rivet inserted into a predrilled hole. The mandrel is then pulled by the pop rivet tool so the rivet is expanded.

The rivet tool exerts enough force to cause the rivet mandrel to break when the correct torque is applied. Pop rivets are available in aluminum or steel and in 1/8-inch or 3/16-inch diameter.

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Rivet, flat head brass

Slide 47 of 189

Rivets are considered a permanent fastening. Rivets are made from iron, steel, copper, or aluminum. They are available with round, oval, flat, countersunk, button, pan, or truss heads.

A rivet is inserted into a predrilled hole; and while the head is supported, the end is peened (rounded) over, expanding the shank diameter, filling the hole, and expanding the protruding shank so the rivet cannot be removed easily.

Rivets are sized by their diameter and length.

48

Anchor, pin set

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Pin set anchors are designed for anchoring into concrete, brick, or block. The anchor is inserted into a predrilled hole and set by driving the pin into the anchor with a hammer.

The pin creates metal expansion on the shank of the anchor, causing the anchor to grip the inside of the hole.

These anchors are not typically reusable; and when an object is secured with a pin set anchor, it can not be removed easily.

Sizes range from 3/16 to 1/4 inch, and lengths range from 7/8 inch to 3 inches.

49

Anchors, wall

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Wall anchors are manufactured in a number of styles. The flanged wall anchor can be used for hollow-wall applications. Unflanged anchors are typically used in materials such as concrete and masonry.

A wall anchor is inserted into a predrilled hole, creating a surface for screw threads to grip. As a screw is tightened into a wall anchor, the anchor expands and grips the inside surface of the hole.

Anchors are manufactured in a large number of sizes and lengths. Sizes range from #6 to #16 screws.

50

Anchor, wallboard

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Drywall anchors are used to create a place to attach an item to wallboard.

These anchors are installed by simply screwing them into the wallboard with a screwdriver. Use caution not to overtighten the anchor, as that strips the threads from the wall.

Wall anchors typically work with #6 or #8 screws. A disadvantage of wallboard anchors is that they often unscrew themselves when you attempt to remove the screw from the anchor. Use a screw 1 inch to 1-1/4 inches long.

These anchors do not have a lot of strength, as wallboard is easily damaged.

51

Dowel, fluted

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Dowel pins are used as wood fasteners that are glued in place. The fluting on the pin provides a place for glue. Selecting fluted or spiral dowels is a matter of personal preference.

A dowel jig is typically used to locate the hole and align the wood to be connected. The hole jig is important to correctly locate the hole for the dowel.

Dowel pins are coated with glue and inserted into predrilled holes.

Dowel pins range from 1/6 to 1 inch in diameter and from 1/2 inch to 7 inches in length.

52

Dowel, spiral

Slide 52 of 189

Dowel pins are used as wood fasteners that are glued in place. The spiral groove on the pin provides a place for glue.

A dowel jig is typically used to locate the hole and align the wood to be connected.

Dowel pins are coated with glue and inserted into predrilled holes.

Dowel pins range from 1/6 to 1 inch in diameter and from 1/2 to 7 inches in length.

53

Biscuit

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Biscuits are wood fasteners that are glued into a slot cut into the wood. The biscuits or the slot receive a coating of glue prior to assembly. The biscuits are not seen after the glue-up is completed and create a very strong connection.

Biscuits are available in three sizes: #0, #10, and #20. The slot for the biscuits is cut with a special biscuit-cutting tool.

54

Nail, smooth-shank roofing

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Roofing nails are identified by their large-diameter heads. They are used to attach asphalt shingles to the roof of a building.

Roofing nails are driven with a hammer and are typically driven flush with the surface of the shingle.

Roofing nails come in a variety of lengths from 3/4 inch to 2-1/2 inches.

55

Nails, drywall

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Drywall nails are used to install gypsum wallboard to wood framing. They typically have a ring shank to increase their holding power.

These nails are driven into the wallboard with enough force to slightly countersink the head of the nail in a round dimple. This dimple is used to place joint compound, so the head of the nail does not show in the finished wall.

Drywall nails are spaced every 8 inches on walls and every 6 inches on ceilings. Drywall nails rarely exceed 2 inches in length, with the 1-1/4 inch ideal for 1/2-inch sheetrock.

56

Nails, hardened trim

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Hardened trim nails are used to install wood trim around windows or doors and in other applications where trim is applied to a wall.

Hardened trim nails have a slender shank and have been hardened to reduce bending as they are driven into hard trim lumber.

The use of pneumatic and electric nail guns is replacing hand nailing.

57

Nail, finish (8d)

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A finish nail is made from a smaller- diameter wire than common nails and has a small head, which permits sinking below the wood surface so it does not show.

The head has a rounded appearance, as compared to other nailheads. The shape of the head helps reduce splitting the wood as the nail is set (driven below the wood surface).

Finish nails are available from 2d to 16d. The length of a nail is measured in “pennyweight” and is represented by the letter “d.”

58

Nail, galvanized twisted-shank (8d)

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Galvanized twisted-shank nails are used to attach wood in damp environments where the nail may rust. Typically, these nails are used to attach siding to exteriors of barns and other outbuildings where appearance is not critical.

The twisted shank, sometimes called a spiral shank, helps increase holding strength of the nail.

These nails are found in sizes from 2d to 20d and may be available in larger sizes by special order.

59

Nail, cement-coated (sinker) (8d)

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Common nails with a resin coating are called cement-coated nails, or sinkers. The resin coating increases the holding power of the nail.

Cement-coated nails are not actually coated with cement. The name may come from the action of the resin, as the nails act as if they were cemented (glued) in place; they are more difficult to remove than common nails.

Cement-coated nails are available in the same sizes as commonnails, 2d to 60d. The pennyweight (d) is an old English term to express the cost of nails and today refers to the length of the nail.

60

Nail, ring-shank (8d)

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Deforming the shank of a nail, creating rings, can increase the holding power of the nail. Ring- shank nails have greater holding power than common nails. The ring shank may reduce the lateral load strength of a nail.

Ring-shank nails are available in sizes similar to common nails, 2d to 60d.

61


Slide 61 of 189

Common nails with a resin coating are called cement-coated nails, or sinkers. The resin coating increases the holding power of the nail.

Cement-coated nails are not actually coated with cement. They act as if they were cemented (glued) in place, as they are more difficult to remove than common nails.

Cement-coated nails are available in the same sizes as commonnails, 2d to 60d. The pennyweight (d) is an old English term to express the cost of nails and today refers to the length of the nail.

62

Nail, ring-shank pole barn (4-inch)

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Pole barn nails are different from common nails, as they are measured by their length. The shank diameter does not change as with common nails.

Pole barn nails are designed to attach lumber on pole barns, where nail length is needed to penetrate a 2 x 4 on edge without splitting the lumber.

63

Nail, bright finish (10d)

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A finish nail is made from a smaller- diameter wire than common nails and has a small head, which permits sinking below the wood surface so it does not show.

The head has a rounded appearance, compared to other nailheads. The shape of the head helps reduce splitting the wood as the nail is set (driven below the wood surface).

Finish nails are available from 2d to 16d. The length of a nail is measured in “pennyweight” and is represented by the letter “d.” All nails with the same pennyweight are about the same length.

64

Nail, galvanized box (6d)

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Galvanized box nails are box nails with a galvanized coating to reduce corrosion and staining on lumber. The box nail has a smaller-diameter shank than common nails of the same pennyweight. The smaller shank size helps reduce splitting the wood.

The galvanized box nail is typically used to attach siding to buildings or for similar construction projects where the nail is exposed to a damp environment.

Box nails are available in the same sizes as common nails, 2d to 60d.

The larger sizes may not be available as stock items and may require a special order.

65

Nail, common (10d)

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Common nails are used for general construction. The size of the nail used depends upon the application.

Common nails are one of the most frequently used in lumber construction. They have a heavy cross section and a flat head. Sizes of common nails vary from 2d to 60d.

Pennyweight is the term used to express nail length. Each penny size increases the nail length by about 1/4 inch. A 2d nail is 1 inch long, and a 4d nail is 1-1/2 inches long.

66

Nail, common (16d)

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Common nails are used for general construction. The size of the nail used depends upon the application. Typically, 16d nails are used to nail pieces of 2-inch lumber together.

Common nails are one of the most frequently used in lumber construction. They have a heavy cross section and a flat head. Sizes of common nails vary from 2d to 60d.

Pennyweight is the term used to express nail length. Each penny size increases the nail length by about 1/4 inch. A 2d nail is 1 inch long, and a 16d nail is 3-1/2 inches long.

67

Nails, coiled roofing

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Coiled roofing nails are driven with a pneumatic driver (nail gun) and are typically driven flush with the surface of the shingle. The nails are attached together, using light-gauge wire, in a spiral assembly for use in a nail gun designed for this application.

Roofing nails come in a variety of lengths from 7/8 inch to 1-3/4 inches.

68

Nail, barbed-shank roofing

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Roofing nails are driven with a hammer and are typically driven flush with the surface of the shingle. The barbed shank increases the holding rating for these nails. Roofing nails come in a variety of lengths from 3/4 inch to 2-1/2 inches.

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Cement-coated nails are also called “sinkers” and have a yellowish color, indicating they have been treated with a resin.

Cement-coated nails should be dry to the touch, and the resin should not rub off. The friction that occurs when driving the nails activates the resin, increasing the holding strength of the nails.

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Nail, galvanized casing (16d)

Galvanized casing nails are typically used in damp locations where a rusty nail may stain the wood.

Casing nails have a conical or tapered head. The head is very small and generally driven below the surface of the wood to prevent it from showing on the finished surface.

Casing nails are made from wire with a smaller diameter than common nails.

The shape of the head gives the nail better holding power than finish nails. Casing nails were introduced to construct wooden shipping crates and are now used for many nailing applications.

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Nail, scaffold or duplex (10d)

Scaffold or duplex nails are primarily used for form work. The double head permits easy removal.

Scaffold nails are made in the same sizes as common nails. The shank diameter is the same as for common nails.

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Nail, galvanized joist hanger

A joist hanger nail is a special nail designed to be used with metal joist hangers. The galvanized coating helps reduce corrosion when the nail is used in damp or wet locations.

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Nail, bright joist hanger

A joist hanger nail is a special nail designed to be used with metal joist hangers. The bright coating is typically used in dry locations where corrosion is not a problem.

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Nail stick for nail gun

Nail sticks are used in power-driven nail guns. One method of preparing the nail sticks is to glue the nails into a stick format. The nail sticks are inserted into the nail gun and driven one nail at a time.

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Poultry netting staples

Poultry netting staples are small staples that are driven with a hammer. They are used for light loads, such as installing poultry netting or hardware cloth.

Only one size is available.

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Fence staples, barbed-shank

Fence staples have traditionally been used to attach fence wire to wooden posts. The staples are available with smooth or barbed shanks. The barbed-shank staples have a greater holding rating.

These staples are available in only a single size. Alternate uses for these staples are limited only by the imagination of the user.

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Fence staple, smooth-shank

Fence staples have traditionally been used to attach fence wire to wooden posts. The staples are available with smooth or barbed shanks. The smooth-shank staples have a lower holding rating.

These staples are available in only a single size. Alternate uses for these staples are limited only by the imagination of the user.

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Corrugated fastener

Corrugated fasteners are made of 18- to 22-gauge sheet metal with alternate ridges and grooves. One end is cut square, and the other is sharpened, with beveled edges. These fasteners are made in different lengths and widths. The width varies from 5/8 inch to 1-1/8 inches, and the length ranges from 1/4 to 3/4 inch.

Corrugated fasteners are used to fasten parallel boards together. Typical uses for corrugated fasteners are in mitered corners, butt joints, and end joints.

Corrugated fasteners have greater holding strength than nails in small timber. They are driven with a hammer.

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Nail, plastic cap

A plastic cap nail is a ring-shank nail with a plastic cap. The nails are used for holding down roofing felt, house wraps, and foam insulation.

The ring-shank nail improves holding strength, and the large-diameter plastic cap helps prevent the nailhead from cutting the membrane of the felt, wrap, or insulation.

The plastic caps are generally 1 inch in diameter; a version is also manufactured with metal caps. The nails are generally 11 gauge and vary in length from 1 inch to 1-3/4 inches.

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Upholstery tack

Upholstery tacks are manufactured in a number of shapes and colors to match their application and use. Blue, sharp-pointed tacks are for hidden upholstery work.

The tacks range from #3 (smallest) to #18 (largest), and length varies from 3/8 to 7/8 inch.

These tacks are typically driven with a tack hammer. Besides upholstery work, they have a number of alternative uses.

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Nail, fluted masonry

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Masonry nails are to be driven into concrete, brick, or masonry block. They have a thick shank and are typically very hard. The flutes on the shank improve the holding strength of the nail.

Size ranges from 3/4 inch to 2-1/2 inches in length. These nails have a wide range of uses, such as attaching fixtures, wood, and batten and boarding to masonry.

Masonry nails are used on aerated concrete, common brick, concrete, hard masonry, and low-density block.

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Drive pin

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Drive pins are used to attach fixtures and wood to concrete and masonry. The pins are typically installed with 22-caliber, low-velocity charge in a special tool.

The length of drive pins ranges from 1/2 inch to 3 inches.

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Staple, construction

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Construction staples are sometimes used in place of nails to fasten wood and construction projects. They have a very high holding strength.

Staples are measured by their gauge size, width, and length. Length ranges from 1/2 inch to 2 inches.

84

Nut, speed (flat)

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A speed nut is a light-duty nut for screws. It is typically used when only a light load is anticipated.

Speed nuts are available for screws from #6 to 1/4 inch.

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Nut, tee

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A tee nut is a unique nut, as it is used for wood. The sleeve portion of the nut is inserted into a hole drilled into the wood. Tee nuts have three or four prongs that are pulled into the wood as the screw or bolt is tightened. Tee nuts may be seated with a hammer to be sure the prongs are going to hold the nut as the screw or bolt is tightened.

Tee nuts are available from #6 screw to 3/8 inch.

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Nut, hex

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A hex nut is a general-purpose, six-sided nut with a threaded hole in the center. The threads match the standard threads used with screws and bolts.

Hex nuts are tightened with a wrench. They are typically used with a machine screw or machine bolt. Sizes match screw and bolt sizes, #4 to 3 inch. Thread sizes are made for UNF*, UNC**, and metric threads.


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Nut, wing

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Wing nuts feature “wings” to make hand tightening or loosening easier. The ease of use has made wing nuts popular in locations where finger-tight applications are acceptable.

Sizes range from #6 screw to 5/8 inch.

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Nut, acorn or cap

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Acorn nuts are also called cap nuts. They protect and hide the screw or bolt threads. Cap nuts are excellent for decorative or finish applications.

Acorn nuts are manufactured in sizes from #6 screw thread to 5/8 inch. They are made in UNF*, UNC**, and metric threads.


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Nut, hex jam

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Jam nuts are a thinner version of hex nuts. They are mostly used in hard-to-reach places or to lock another nut so it does not move.

Jam nuts are available in regular, heavy, coarse, or metric thread. These nuts are manufactured in steel, brass, bronze, and stainless steel. Sizes range from 1/4 inch to 2 inches.

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Nut, hex (with internal-lock washer)

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Nuts with the internal-lock washer are designed to speed up assembly. They are available as hex nuts in sizes #4 to 3/8 inch.

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Nut, heavy hex

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A heavy hex nut is a six-sided nut designed for heavy loads. It is one standard wrench size larger than standard hex nuts.

The thread sizes are the same as standard hex nuts. Due to the larger mass of metal, the heavy hex nut has greater resistance to failure than standard nuts.

Heavy hex nuts are available in sizes from 1/4 inch to 1-1/2 inches.

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Nut, self-locking

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Self-locking nuts, or lock nuts, feature a nylon insert that adheres to the thread of the fastener bolt or screw, preventing the nut from working loose. These nuts are sometimes called aircraft nuts, referring to their first application.

Vibration does not loosen them, and they are excellent for long-term applications. They are available in steel, stainless steel, and brass. Sizes typically range from #4 to 1-1/2 inch.

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Nut, self-locking

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Self-locking nuts can be manufactured with a dimple on the flats of the nut that upsets* the threads on the inside of the nut. The upset threads prevent the nut from vibrating loose.

* Distorts slightly

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Nut, knurled

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Knurled nuts are identified by the knurled pattern machined into their outer surface. Typically, knurled nuts are used for decorative applications.

They are manufactured in screw sizes and are available in brass, steel, and stainless steel.

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Nut, coupling

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Coupling nuts are elongated, tube like hex nuts that are used to connect two or more male threads together.

Coupling nuts are typically available in sizes 1/4 to 1 inch.

Documents

1 Hardware and Fastener Identification Hardware and Fastener Identification By Dave Wilson Information Technology and Communication Services ITCS Instructional