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GRAND COALGASIFICATION

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POWER GENERATION

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Future alternate fuel is Coal which can be burnt clean dirt free only through

GASIFICATION In Gasification the coal is not burnt

directly so, no firing no smoke ,no pollution ,no EPA limits violation.

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COAL GASIFICATION

SynGas Technology is offered

to generate power

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COAL GASIFICATION

1Kg Coal Produces around 3m³ of Gas

The Calorific Value of this gas depends upon the calorific value of Coal used.

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COMPOSITION OF COAL GAS

• H₂ 13 – 16%• N₂ 45- 52%• CO 26 – 30 %• CH₃ 1.5- 3%• CO₂ 4-5.6%• O₂ 0.1-0.8%

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ENERGY VALUE OF COAL

The energy density of coal is its heating value = 24 MJ per kg

One kilowatt-hour = 3.6 MJ

The thermodynamic efficiency of coal power plants = 30%

The energy density of coal may also be expressed in kilowatt-hour

The energy density of coal = 6.67 kW·h/kg.

30% of 6.67 kW·h =2.0 kW·h/kg(can successfully be turned into electricity; the rest is waste heat)

So coal power plants obtain approximately 2.0 kW·h per kilogram of burned coal.

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What is COAL GASIFIER?

Coal Gasifier, a Gas Generator, is:

•Energy saving and

•Environmental protection equipment

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How Coal Gas is Produced?

Air and Steam mixture act as Gasifying agent and

Coal as Fuel

In the Gasifier heart Coal and Gasifying agent have

Oxidation •Reduction reactions

at high temperature

Coal Gas is produced which mainly consist of:•Carbon Mono Oxide and •Hydrogen

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GASIFYING INDEX

• Air Consumption per kg Coal 2.1m³

• Steam Consumption per kg Coal 0.4kg

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WHERE COAL GAS IS USED

Coal Gas is used in:

Metallurgy Ceramic Glass making Refractory & Electricity Generation

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TYPE OF COAL GASIFIRE

Single Stage Coal Gasifier

Double Stage Coal Gasifier

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OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISRICS Double-stage coal Gasifier is specially designed for gasifying bituminous coal (light tar can be carbonized out from coal in

pyrolysis section).

• higher gas calorific value produced than that of produced with Single Stage Gasifier.

• better environmental protection performance. • Big carbonization sectional area and coal storage.

• Slow coal bed lowering. • Long carbonization time make coal carbonized completely.

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OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS

Double-stage coal Gasifier is characterized by

•High gas production capacity,•Good gasification efficiency,•Better coal adaptability,•High gas calorific value,•Easy operation and•Strong safety performance.

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OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS

Double-stage coal Gasifier is also characterized with

•convective heat transmission, •simple structure, •convenient maintenance and •small investment.

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STRUCTURE CHARACTERISTICS Body structure:

» Wholly water-jacketed structure, • Self-produced steam with a pressure of 49 Kpa which

can be used as gasifying agent.

Coal feeding mechanism(with hydraulic control):

• Automatic coal feeding • Manual coal feeding

De-slagging mechanism:

• Wet slag removal from both sides is made by ratchet wheel & detent or worm wheel & worm with hydraulic drive.

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STRUCTURE CHARACTERISTICS

Coal feeding section:

Practical and reliable coal-level detector cooperates with stoker to realize automatic coal feeding and guarantee coal Gasifier is in full charge layer operation.

Pyrolysis section:

Furnace lining Gasifying section:Water jacket structure is adopted and self-produced steam is used for gasification.

Coal feeding mechanism:

Advanced upper roller, Middle flashboard Lower bell jar mechanism is adopted.

Characterized by simple operation, easy maintenance and good gas-tightness. 19

STRUCTURE CHARACTERISTICS

Slag collecting mechanism:

Wet slag removal from both sides is made by ratchet wheel & detent with hydraulic drive.

Self-designed plough-type special plate is adopted for slag removal,Characterized by steady drive and smooth deslagging.

Plough-type plate has been used in many types of domestic and imported coal Gasifier.

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Gasifier is divided into • Ash layer• oxidation layer• reduction layer• carbonization layer & • drying layer.

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• The coal is dried and carbonized in the Carbonization stage of the gas producer.

• The coal is poured into the hearth with the stoker.

• The coal descends slowly and reaches gasification stage after 10-12 hrs.

• Air & steam is inserted from the bottom of the gasifier

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PRINCIPAL OF GAS PRODUCTION

→C + O₂ = CO₂ + heat

→C + CO₂ = 2CO –heat

→2CO + H₂O = CO + H₂ - heat

→C + 2H₂O = CO₂ + 2H₂ - heat

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• In the carbonization stage the moisture in the coal is totally released by the heat prodced from part of the rising gas.

• Tar & most of the Sulpher also carbonised,

• A part of the gas produced by gasifying coke of half-coke shape in the gasification stage, rises to the carbonization stage, another part forms the down side gas.

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• The upside gas enters the electric coke knocker through the cyclone coke knocker and then mixes with the down side gas.

• The down side gas after passing through the cyclone dust cleaner enters the cooler and temperature drops from 400-500⁰C to 150-180⁰C and mixes with up-side gas.

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• The mixed gas with enter the indirer water cooled and cooled down to normal temperature.

• After passing through the electric dust remover where dust and light oil will be removed the gas is now ready for use.

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• The coal tar, light oil and condensate liquid segregated from the electric coke knocker will enter the segregation pool, after segregation the coal tar and light oil can be supplied outside and the condensate liquid canbe used as fuel with the water-coal slurry after mixing with the fine.

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COAL

Coal are of four main types

Lignite or brown coal Bituminous Sub-bituminous Anthracite

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COAL

Each type of coal has a certain set of physical parameters

Mostly controlled by • Moisture, • Carbon content.• Volatile content (in terms of aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons)

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ENERGY VALUE OF COAL

Running one 100-watt light bulb for one year requires (100 W × 24 h/day × 365 day/year = 876000 Wh =876 kWh)

Physical coal consumption:It takes 438 kg (966 lb) of coal to power a 100-watt light bulb for one year.

Transmission and distribution losses caused by resistance and heating in the power lines, is in the order of 5–10%, depending on distance from the power station and other factors

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CARBON INTENSITY OF COAL

Commercial coal has a carbon content ≥ 70%.

Coal with a heating value of 6.67 kWh/kghas a carbon content = 80%,

The useful energy output of coal =30% of the 6.67 kWh/kg

The burning of 1 kg of coal produces =2 kWh of electrical energy

1 kg coal emits =2.93 kg CO2

The direct CO2 emissions from coal power =1.47 kg/kWh, or 0.407 kg/MJ.

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A comparison of Carbon intensity of coal

The U.S. Energy Information Agency's 1999 report on emissions for energy generation quotes for

• Coal power =0.963 kg CO2/kWh

• Oil power = 0.881 kg CO2/kWh

• Natural gas = 0.569 kg CO2/kWh

• Nuclear power =100 time lower hydro, and  wind

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World Coal Reserves Energy Information Administration

930 billion short tons of recoverable coal reserves estimated

=4,116 BBOE (billion barrels of oil equivalent)

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World Coal Reserves Energy Information Administration

In terms of heat content Coal Provided

57,000,000 barrels (9,100,000 m3) of oil equivalent per day.

Natural gas provided 51,000,000 barrels (8,100,000 m3) of oil equivalent per day,

Oil provided 85,800,000 barrels per day

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World Coal Reserves Energy Information Administration

Global peak coal production may occur sometime around 2025 at 30 percent above current production

Coal is mined in over 100 countries, and on all continents except Antarctica.

The largest reserves are found in the USA, Russia, China, India and Australia.

Pakistan also has newly discovered large reserves about 185 billion tons.[68]

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World Coal Reserves Energy Information Administration

BP estimated at 2006 end there were of proven coal reserves worldwide, 909,064 million tonsor 147 years reserves-to-production ratio

Proved recoverable coal reserves at end-2006 (million tones (teragrams))

Country Bituminous & anthracite Sub Bituminous & lignite TOTAL Share

United States 111,338135,305246,64322.6 China 62,20052,300114,50012.6 India 90,0852,36092,44510.2 Pakistan 0185,000185,00017.0 South Africa 48,750048,7505.4 Indonesia 7404,2284,9680.5

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How our solution will help you?Coal supply worldwide is abundant

Electricity generated thruCoal Gasification will cost < Rs. 10.00 per unit

Your investment cost will be< $ 1000 Per eKWh

Pay back of your investment will be< 2 years

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Pakistan’s energy mix compared to India

• Pakistan • India

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Coal53%

Gas11%

Oil1%

Hydro25%

Nuclear3%

Renewable8%

Generation Mix

THANKS

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