11

Foreign Policy Foreign Policy (FP)(FP)

• (1). Outline history of(1). Outline history of US Foreign Policy (FP)US Foreign Policy (FP) fromfrom isolationismisolationism thru thru Cold WarCold War toto post-post-Cold WarCold War era era..

• (2). Define the following key (2). Define the following key FPFP terms: terms: Monroe Doctrine, globalism, containment Monroe Doctrine, globalism, containment Truman Doctrine, NATO, 3rd World, détente, enlargementTruman Doctrine, NATO, 3rd World, détente, enlargement,, and and neo-neo-

isolationismisolationism. . • (3). Define(3). Define national interestnational interest;; contrast decision making for contrast decision making for FPFP w/that for w/that for domestic domestic policypolicy..• (4). Discuss the(4). Discuss the enumeratedenumerated & & implied powersimplied powers set by the set by the ConstitutionConstitution for making for making FP.FP.• (5). Examine the (5). Examine the inherent advantageinherent advantage of the of the President President in making in making foreign policyforeign policy..• (6). Outline the role of the(6). Outline the role of the White House, the Bureaucracy, the CongressWhite House, the Bureaucracy, the Congress, , and and the the PublicPublic

in shaping American in shaping American foreign policy. foreign policy.• (7). Discuss the(7). Discuss the US National SecurityUS National Security structure and keystructure and key DOD DOD organizationsorganizations & leaders& leaders..• (8). Discuss Foreign Policy challenges facing the U.S. in the Post-Cold War era.(8). Discuss Foreign Policy challenges facing the U.S. in the Post-Cold War era.• (9). Assess the future direction of(9). Assess the future direction of US National Security PolicyUS National Security Policy andand Military StrategyMilitary Strategy,,

required militaryrequired military Force Levels, Mission Creep, Multi-nationalism, WMDForce Levels, Mission Creep, Multi-nationalism, WMD, , andand BMDBMD..• (10). Discuss current foreign policy issues and their political impact on the U.S.(10). Discuss current foreign policy issues and their political impact on the U.S.

- - War on Terrorism; - War with Iraq;War on Terrorism; - War with Iraq; - North Korea; - Arab-Israeli conflict - North Korea; - Arab-Israeli conflict - Domestic economic slump; - the uncertain future; - Domestic economic slump; - the uncertain future;

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1798-1941 The Isolationist Era

1942-1945 World War II (start of “Globalism”, Internationalism, etc.)

1990-present Post-Cold War

1946-1989 The Cold War

US Foreign Policy (FP)A Brief HistoryBrief History

New category after 9/11/2001

Let’s examine these periods in greater detail

33

Brief History of U.S. Foreign PolicyBrief History of U.S. Foreign Policy

• Isolationism*A foreign policy built on the principle of avoiding formal military and

political alliances with other countries.

• The Isolationist Era– 1st 150 yrs of US History

• Adherence to guidance of Washington’s Farwell address• Stressed avoiding political connections overseas• Pursue commercial trade ties only

– US militarily weak & focused on expansion westward– Not interested in global role (2 oceans of separation)

• What FP Doctrine* asserted US interests for the first time outside America, primarily throughout Western Hemisphere (1823)?

44

The Monroe Doctrine

A basic principle of U.S. foreign policy that dates back to a warning President James Monroe issued in 1823 that the United States would resist further European efforts to intervene in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere.

55

Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine (1823) (1823)• Invoked 1895: early Invoked 1895: early FPFP involvement outside US involvement outside US

– AimAim: Protect US interest in : Protect US interest in Western HemisphereWestern Hemisphere

• US involvement overseas primarily in US involvement overseas primarily in Latin AmericaLatin America

– US Military Intervention escalated beginning in 1900:

American Imperialism: late 1800’sAmerican Imperialism: late 1800’s

• Spanish American WarSpanish American War

• HawaiiHawaii

• Puerto RicoPuerto Rico

• PhilippinesPhilippines

• Cuba (protectorate)Cuba (protectorate)

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77

World War IWorld War I• US deviated from Isolationism briefly during WWI

WW1 (W. Wilson)=> make world “safe for democracy” After WW1=> isolationism returns w/vengeance Senate rejects League of Nations & Versailles treaty Sets the stage for next global war => ?

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World War II

• WWII=> US stays out of War as Hitler first attacks– Why does US change its mind about involvement?

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““Air Raid Pearl Harbor” Air Raid Pearl Harbor” 7 December 19417 December 1941

Impact on American Public Opinion?

Following WWII=> US rethinks previous isolationism

Hiroshima/Nagasaki Hiroshima/Nagasaki Atomic CatastropheAtomic Catastrophe

• The point of total vaporization from the blast The point of total vaporization from the blast measured one half of a mile in diameter. Total measured one half of a mile in diameter. Total destruction ranged at one mile in diameter. destruction ranged at one mile in diameter. Severe blast damage carried as far as two miles Severe blast damage carried as far as two miles in diameter. At two and a half miles, in diameter. At two and a half miles, everything flammable in the area burned. The everything flammable in the area burned. The remaining area of the blast zone was riddled remaining area of the blast zone was riddled with serious blazes that stretched out to the with serious blazes that stretched out to the final edge at a little over three miles in final edge at a little over three miles in diameter. diameter.

• 66,000 people were killed and 69,000 people 66,000 people were killed and 69,000 people were injured by a 10 kiloton atomic explosion. were injured by a 10 kiloton atomic explosion.

• Nagasaki's population dropped in one split-Nagasaki's population dropped in one split-second from 422,000 to 383,000. 39,000 were second from 422,000 to 383,000. 39,000 were killed, over 25,000 were injured.killed, over 25,000 were injured.

• http://www.buzzle.comhttp://www.buzzle.com

United NationsUnited Nations

The United Nations is central to global efforts to The United Nations is central to global efforts to solve problems that challenge humanity.solve problems that challenge humanity.

The United Nations works to promote respect The United Nations works to promote respect for human rights, protect the environment, for human rights, protect the environment, fight disease and reduce poverty. UN fight disease and reduce poverty. UN agencies define the standards for safe and agencies define the standards for safe and efficient air travel and help improve efficient air travel and help improve telecommunications and enhance consumer telecommunications and enhance consumer protection.protection.

The United Nations leads the international The United Nations leads the international campaigns against drug trafficking and campaigns against drug trafficking and terrorism. terrorism.

Throughout the world, the UN and its agencies Throughout the world, the UN and its agencies assist refugees, set up programs to clear assist refugees, set up programs to clear landmines, help expand food production and landmines, help expand food production and lead the fight against AIDS.lead the fight against AIDS.

http://www.un.orghttp://www.un.org

http://www.history.com/media.do?action=clip&id=speech_286

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Globalism EraGlobalism Era => => The The Cold WarCold War

• GlobalismGlobalism::– US should be prepared to use military force around the US should be prepared to use military force around the

globe to protect its political & economic interestsglobe to protect its political & economic interestsInternationalism: World’s policeman…Internationalism: World’s policeman…

• Following WWII => Following WWII => who emerges as primary who emerges as primary thereat to US political & military interest?thereat to US political & military interest?

• Presidential doctrine formulated as a result?Presidential doctrine formulated as a result?• Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine::

– US would actively oppose communists’ attempts to US would actively oppose communists’ attempts to overthrow or conquer non-communist nationsoverthrow or conquer non-communist nations

• US Foreign Policy that emerged from the US Foreign Policy that emerged from the Truman Truman DoctrineDoctrine?* ?*

Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine• After the catastrophe of WWII, Great Britain After the catastrophe of WWII, Great Britain

could no longer provide financial aid to the could no longer provide financial aid to the governments of Greece and Turkey governments of Greece and Turkey

• President Harry S. Truman asked for $400 President Harry S. Truman asked for $400 million in military and economic assistance million in military and economic assistance for Greece and Turkey and established a for Greece and Turkey and established a doctrine, aptly characterized the Truman doctrine, aptly characterized the Truman Doctrine, that would guide U.S. diplomacy Doctrine, that would guide U.S. diplomacy for the next forty years. President Truman for the next forty years. President Truman declared, "It must be the policy of the United declared, "It must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures." minorities or by outside pressures."

• Truman Doctrine signaled America's post war Truman Doctrine signaled America's post war embrace of global leadership and ended its embrace of global leadership and ended its longstanding policy of isolationism. longstanding policy of isolationism.

http://www.trumanlibrary.orghttp://www.trumanlibrary.org

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Containment

A bedrock principle of U.S. foreign policy from mid 1940s to early 1990s that emphasized the need

to contain any further Soviet territorial & communist ideological expansion.

What was the economic instrument of Containment?

The primary plan of the The primary plan of the United States for United States for rebuilding and creating a rebuilding and creating a stronger foundation for stronger foundation for the allied countries of the allied countries of Europe, and repelling Europe, and repelling communism after World communism after World War II. War II.

Give $ to stop the spread of Give $ to stop the spread of communismcommunism

Marshall Plan: US commitment to rebuild Europe $100 Billion+ appropriated for task in today’s $$$ Soviets initially invited to participate

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IDEOLOGY

GEO-POLITICAL

& STRATEGIC

MILITARY

Soviet Threat

Containment

What was the military instrument of Containment?

1717

NATO

Cold War Military Alliances

WarsawPact

1818

Cold WarCold War Heats Up Heats Up

• As Soviets become more aggressiveAs Soviets become more aggressive– US becomes more concernedUS becomes more concerned

• Conduct major Conduct major National SecurityNational Security reassessment reassessment– NSC-68NSC-68: : National Security StrategyNational Security Strategy for for ContainmentContainment

• Concludes a major increase in Concludes a major increase in defense spendingdefense spending required required

• Truman administration balks at high price tagTruman administration balks at high price tag– SoSo NSC-68NSC-68 filed in bottom drawer of someone’s safe filed in bottom drawer of someone’s safe

– Then what Then what major military eventmajor military event occurred in June 1950? occurred in June 1950?

China Becomes CommunistChina Becomes Communist

• Truman decides NOT to Truman decides NOT to recognize China as a recognize China as a communist nation in 1949communist nation in 1949

• Taiwan (nationalists) are Taiwan (nationalists) are allies with USAallies with USA

• China NOT recognized by China NOT recognized by USA until NIXON USA until NIXON

• Creates TONS of tension Creates TONS of tension in UN (members of in UN (members of standing security council: standing security council: USA, France, GB, USSR, USA, France, GB, USSR, CHINA….CHINA….

1919

Korean War: 1951-1953Korean War: 1951-1953

• Hot war during the “Cold Hot war during the “Cold War”War”

2020From US perspective, Soviets engaged indirectly through NK & China

Arms RaceArms Race

Competition between Competition between USA and USSR to USA and USSR to build the most nuclear build the most nuclear weapons (Atomic, weapons (Atomic, Hydrogen, etc.Hydrogen, etc.

Bay of Pigs Invasion: 1959Bay of Pigs Invasion: 1959

• In 1961, the United States launched In 1961, the United States launched an attack on Cuba meant to an attack on Cuba meant to overthrow Castro's government.  overthrow Castro's government. 

• Though the aid and training given Though the aid and training given to the Cuban exiles was substantial, to the Cuban exiles was substantial, they suffered total defeat and they suffered total defeat and created a humiliating situation for created a humiliating situation for the United States.  the United States. 

• In the end, the attack only In the end, the attack only increased Cubans' support of Fidel increased Cubans' support of Fidel Castro.Castro.

historyofcuba.com historyofcuba.com

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis• Almost World War IIIAlmost World War III

• 13 Days13 Days

Vietnam Vietnam

• In May 1961, President Kennedy In May 1961, President Kennedy sent 500 more American advisers sent 500 more American advisers to Vietnam, bringing American to Vietnam, bringing American forces to 1,400 men.forces to 1,400 men.

• The leader of South Vietnam, The leader of South Vietnam, Diem, attacked Buddhist Diem, attacked Buddhist communities, etc.communities, etc.

• Kennedy agreed for the CIA to Kennedy agreed for the CIA to assist in a South Vietnamese army assist in a South Vietnamese army coup against Diem. coup against Diem.

• On November 2, 1963, Diem was On November 2, 1963, Diem was assassinated.assassinated.

jfklibrary.orgjfklibrary.org

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US versus USSR- US versus USSR- The Indirect ApproachThe Indirect Approach• Competition at margins=>Competition at margins=> the the 3rd World3rd World

– US primary US primary Foreign PolicyForeign Policy goal: goal: • Prevent potential “Prevent potential “falling dominoes” falling dominoes”

• Major test of this goal: Major test of this goal: Vietnam War:Vietnam War:– US US ((IkeIke)) supports French in supports French in SE AsiaSE Asia – AimAim: : Contain Soviet expansion in Contain Soviet expansion in SEASEA

• US view of most US view of most global crisesglobal crises & conflicts? & conflicts?

• Most viewed as Most viewed as Soviet/communistSoviet/communist inspired:inspired:– USSRUSSR => => ChinaChina => => North VietnamNorth Vietnam => =>

South Vietnam’s guerilla insurgentsSouth Vietnam’s guerilla insurgents

• How does the US (How does the US (JFKJFK) initially deal ) initially deal with South Vietnam’s insurgency?*with South Vietnam’s insurgency?*

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Counter Insurgency (CI)Counter Insurgency (CI)• JFK JFK sends sends Special ForcesSpecial Forces & & SEALSEAL advisors to conduct CI advisors to conduct CI

LBJ expands US involvement following 1964 Tonkin Gulf incident

““Americanization”Americanization” of Vietnam War of Vietnam War(1965-1968) Draft instituted in 1965(1965-1968) Draft instituted in 1965

• Conventional US Troops take over fighting for SVNConventional US Troops take over fighting for SVN– Reach high point of 540,000 US troops by 1969Reach high point of 540,000 US troops by 1969

The majority of Americans support US policy & the war until 1968

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The The “Tet”“Tet” Offensive- 1968 Offensive- 1968

• The “light at the end of the tunnel” becomes a speeding train’s headlight:– Americans become disillusioned with continuing the War as it’s

bought home to them up front & personal

– Look for a way out of Vietnam “with honor”

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Exit StrategyExit Strategy• US involvement reached high point by late 1968US involvement reached high point by late 1968

– America became acutely divided over war America became acutely divided over war

– Following Following Tet OffensiveTet Offensive most Americans just wanted out most Americans just wanted out

• Seeking a way out of Seeking a way out of quagmirequagmire

– Nixon Nixon comes to powercomes to power with with “secret plan” “secret plan” to get outto get out

• ““VietnamizationVietnamization” => ” => allowallow “Peace with Honor” “Peace with Honor”

• February 1973February 1973=> => Peace Accords signedPeace Accords signed– War turned over toWar turned over to SVN & US military forces withdraw SVN & US military forces withdraw

– 1975: Peace 1975: Peace w/ow/o Honor & the “Vietnam Syndrome” Honor & the “Vietnam Syndrome”

• Nixon sought Soviet help to get US out of VietnamNixon sought Soviet help to get US out of Vietnam– AimAim: : Get Soviets & China to push North Vietnam to peace talks Get Soviets & China to push North Vietnam to peace talks

– Pursues Pursues easing of tensionseasing of tensions between two superpowers- between two superpowers- calledcalled??

Election of 1968:Election of 1968:

Nixon Campaigned on Nixon Campaigned on LEAVING VietnamLEAVING Vietnam

The plan was to encourage the South Vietnamese to take more responsibility for fighting the war. It was hoped that this policy would eventually enable the United States to withdraw gradually all their soldiers from Vietnam. (madman theory/Phoenix program)Spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk

3131

Détente’• A policy of Nixon administration followed to develop

more cordial relations with the Soviet Union. – Aimed in part in enlisting Soviet support to assist US in getting

North Vietnam back to peace table & serious negotiations

– So that US could get out of Vietnam “with honor.”

• Détente’ lasted until 1979– Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in late 1979 (Carter) brought US-

Soviet Détente’ to an abrupt end.

US-Soviet relations declined even more when Ronald Reagan took office (“Evil Empire” Speech)

Détente Détente Arms limitation, relative Arms limitation, relative

security, linkage of security, linkage of issues, building block issues, building block approachapproach

Kissinger (Secretary of Kissinger (Secretary of State) believed State) believed "peace was not a "peace was not a universal realization universal realization of one nation's of one nation's desires, but a general desires, but a general acceptance of a acceptance of a concept of concept of international order."international order."wikipedia.orgwikipedia.org

Iranian Hostage CrisisIranian Hostage Crisis• On November 4, 1979, Iranian militants On November 4, 1979, Iranian militants

stormed the United States Embassy in Tehran stormed the United States Embassy in Tehran and took approximately 70 Americans and took approximately 70 Americans captive. captive.

• This terrorist act triggered the most profound This terrorist act triggered the most profound crisis of the Carter presidency and began a crisis of the Carter presidency and began a personal ordeal for Jimmy Carter and the personal ordeal for Jimmy Carter and the American people that lasted 444 days. American people that lasted 444 days.

Reasons: Reasons: 1. The U.S. allowed the past Shah to come to 1. The U.S. allowed the past Shah to come to

America for cancer treatmentAmerica for cancer treatment• The exiled Ayatollah Khomeini returned to The exiled Ayatollah Khomeini returned to

Tehran in February 1979 and whipped Tehran in February 1979 and whipped popular discontent into rabid anti-popular discontent into rabid anti-Americanism. Americanism.

• Iranian militants to attack the U.S. On Iranian militants to attack the U.S. On November 4, the American Embassy in November 4, the American Embassy in Tehran was overrun and its employees taken Tehran was overrun and its employees taken captive. captive.

jimmycarterlibrary.org jimmycarterlibrary.org

• Invasion of Afghanistan Invasion of Afghanistan by USSR by USSR

• Another Proxy warAnother Proxy war

• USA aided Afghanistan in USA aided Afghanistan in liberationliberation

• CIA provided training and CIA provided training and support to rebel fighters support to rebel fighters (Osama Bin Laden and the (Osama Bin Laden and the Mujahideen) Mujahideen)

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Reagan &Reagan &“The Evil Empire”“The Evil Empire”• Reagan pursues Reagan pursues hard linehard line with the Soviets with the Soviets

– A corrupt USSR system living on barrowed economic timesA corrupt USSR system living on barrowed economic times– Serious reform long past due to save it from collapseSerious reform long past due to save it from collapse

• 1985: 1985: Mikhail GorbachevMikhail Gorbachev=> => comes to power & comes to power & attempts reform => attempts reform => PerestroikaPerestroika & & GlasnostGlasnost– ProblemProblem: Soviet system too corrupt & broken to salvage: Soviet system too corrupt & broken to salvage

• Reagan’sReagan’s SDISDI=> => outspending the Soviets into defeatoutspending the Soviets into defeat– Unable to keep up with strategic arms race & go broke tryingUnable to keep up with strategic arms race & go broke trying

• Year of RevolutionYear of Revolution & fall of Eastern Europe - 1989& fall of Eastern Europe - 1989 – Fall of Fall of Berlin WallBerlin Wall – symbol of Soviet Communism – symbol of Soviet Communism

• US Military operations inUS Military operations in Third WorldThird World continued:continued:– Grenada, Panama, Iraq #1 Grenada, Panama, Iraq #1 – (Clear lack of Soviet support for its former ally- Iraq)(Clear lack of Soviet support for its former ally- Iraq)

• Fall of Soviet Union- 1991 & Fall of Soviet Union- 1991 & End of End of Cold WarCold War

SDI: Strategic Defense InitiativeSDI: Strategic Defense Initiative

3636

Perception more than…Perception more than…

3737

3838

After the Cold WarAfter the Cold War • New World OrderNew World Order – –

– Strategic reassessment Strategic reassessment (Bush I) (Bush I) tries to figure out what tries to figure out what US should do during the post Cold War eraUS should do during the post Cold War era

– Still trying to decide when Clinton is elected in 1992Still trying to decide when Clinton is elected in 1992

• Policy of Policy of EnlargementEnlargement (Clinton)(Clinton)=> => – Expand democracy & free markets globallyExpand democracy & free markets globally

• Also use military force as required (& we did):Also use military force as required (& we did):– Somalia 1993Somalia 1993– Haiti 1994Haiti 1994– Bosnia & NATO peacekeeping- 1995Bosnia & NATO peacekeeping- 1995– Serbia bombing – 1999Serbia bombing – 1999– Kosovo – NATO bombing & peacekeeping- 2000Kosovo – NATO bombing & peacekeeping- 2000

End of Cold WarEnd of Cold War

On the 9th of November, 1989, the Border separating Western from Eastern Germany was effectively opened

The Fall of the Berlin Wall will always be used as a symbol for the end of the Cold War

4040

Foreign Policy Under George W. BushForeign Policy Under George W. Bush • Neo-isolationismNeo-isolationism: : fromfrom 2000 2000 untiluntil 9/11/2001 9/11/2001

– TheoryTheory: US should take a step back: US should take a step back• Avoid always acting as world’s policeman (internationalism)Avoid always acting as world’s policeman (internationalism)

– RealityReality: Campaign rhetoric gives way to real world : Campaign rhetoric gives way to real world once in officeonce in office• The world is still very dangerous & America is not immuneThe world is still very dangerous & America is not immune

• ON ON 9/11/20019/11/2001 that reality hit home hard => that reality hit home hard => revised policyrevised policy

• The The Bush DoctrineBush Doctrine: : – America’s post 9/11/2001 Policy & Strategy-America’s post 9/11/2001 Policy & Strategy-

• FocusFocus:: Counter Terror Counter Terror Policy & National Security StrategyPolicy & National Security Strategy

– Preemptive strikes & “Preemptive strikes & “preventative warpreventative war””

• US invasion of US invasion of AfghanistanAfghanistan & & Iraq IIIraq II

September 11, 2001September 11, 2001

War on TerrorWar on Terror

War on Terror: 2002 - presentWar on Terror: 2002 - present

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President Obama (2009 - present)President Obama (2009 - present)

• Osama Bin LadenOsama Bin Laden

• End War in IraqEnd War in Iraq

• End War in AfghanistanEnd War in Afghanistan

• N.KoreaN.Korea

• Iran sanctions….Iran sanctions….

Realist? Liberal? Idealist? Realist? Liberal? Idealist? Constructivist?Constructivist?