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1
Foreign Direct Investment and IP in
Knowledge-based Development
Ralph Heinrich
UNECE Team of Specialists on Intellectual Property
Minsk, 9-10 June 2010
2
The UN Economic Commission for Europe (ECE)
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The UN Economic Commission for Europe (ECE)
• 56 member countries
• home to 20 percent of the world’s population
• including most of the developed economies,
• but also emerging market economies and
• a few low income countries
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What UNECE does
helps to implement global UN initiatives at the regional level
fosters sustainable development & economic cooperation in its region
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What UNECE does
fosters sustainable development & economic cooperation in its region by …
• providing a multilateral forum for policy discussion and negotiations
• brokering and administrating international standards and conventions
• engaging in capacity building and technical cooperation
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UNECE’s main areas of activity
• Trans-border environmental issues• Border-crossing transport issues• Facilitation of international trade• Trans-border energy issues• International harmonization of statistics and
• Economic Cooperation and Integration
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Committee on
Economic Cooperation and Integration (CECI)
Established in 2006 to promote “… a policy, financial and regulatory environment
conducive to • economic growth, • innovative development • and higher competitiveness focusing mainly on countries with economies in
transition”
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CECI - main areas of work
promoting
• innovation and competitiveness
• public-private partnerships
• entrepreneurship
• Financing Innovation and
• Intellectual Property Rights
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The Team of Specialists on Intellectual Property (TOS-IP)
• provides a forum for the exchange of experiences
• collects/ disseminates good practices and policy recommendations
• engages in capacity building and policy advice at national & sub-regional level
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… through
• its network of experts representing– government ministries and agencies– the business community – international organizations and– academic institutions
• and its inter-governmental process
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TOS-IP’s mandate
helps to …• “build up national innovation systems • commercialize intellectual property• improve the investment environment in
creative, innovative and high technology industries …
• among others through effective enforcement of intellectual property rights”
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Why Foreign Direct Investment?
• Source of financing, supplements domestic savings, enables more investment
• Provides access to global markets
• And better paying jobs
• TRANSFERS INT’L KNOWLEDGE
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International Knowledge Transfer Key to Prosperity
• Knowledge is the basis for innovation
• Innovation is THE key driver of economic growth
• No country can/should go it alone
• Int’l KT is an opportunity for emerging economies to catch up to leaders
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Why no country can/should go it alone
• Not all the smart people live here
• Innovation need not be globally new
• Can be smart combination of existing technologies
• Can be adaptation of existing technology to local needs
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How Does FDI Transfer Knowledge?
• Through associated imports of advanced technology embedded in machines
• Transfer of intangible assets• Production of advanced goods & services• Skills & knowledge of expat managers• Spillovers to host economy
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How to Stimulate Knowledge Transfer via FDI?
• Encourage more FDI
=> Tax incentives, improvements in the general business climate
• But especially: the right kind of FDI !
• I.e. in innovative sectors & activities
=> IPR policy may be important!
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IPRs & Knowledge Transfer via FDI?
• On the one hand: secure IPRs are the basis for innovations to be made, to be published, and to be traded
• On the other hand: IPRs convey exclusivity & make imitation more difficult
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So do stronger IPRs contribute to int’l knowledge transfer via
FDI?• An empirical question
• Research results mixed
• some skepticism from developing/emerging economies
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So do stronger IPRs contribute to int’l knowledge transfer via
FDI?• Since TRIPS ’95, emerging economies have
strengthened IPRs more than advanced economies and
• Have seen stronger FDI growth and
• Stronger increases in patenting (foreign and local)
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Findings on transition economies: IPRs & volume &
type of FDI• Stronger patent rights encourage FDI
• Particularly in IPR-sensitive sectors
• And in manufacturing and R&D
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Findings on transition economies: FDI & knowledge
transfer• FDI associated w/ more non-resident
patent filings
• FDI associated w/ royalty payments from subsidiaries to parents
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Spillovers to Domestic Innovation?
• Depends on complementary factors:• Human capital• Intensity of market competition• Nat’l innovation system (actors &
links)• Finance
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Thank You!
• http://www.unece.org/ceci/Welcome.html
• mailto: [email protected]
• phone: +41 22 917 1269