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1
FFinite Element Methodinite Element Method
FEM FOR PLATES & SHELLS
for readers of all backgroundsfor readers of all backgrounds
G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
CHAPTER 8:
2Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
CONTENTSCONTENTS INTRODUCTION PLATE ELEMENTS
– Shape functions– Element matrices
SHELL ELEMENTS– Elements in local coordinate system– Elements in global coordinate system– Remarks
3Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
FE equations based on Mindlin plate theory will be developed.
FE equations of shells will be formulated by superimposing matrices of plates and those of 2D solids.
Computationally tedious due to more DOFs.
4Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
PLATE ELEMENTSPLATE ELEMENTS
Geometrically similar to 2D plane stress solids except that it carries only transverse loads. Leads to bending.
2D equilvalent of the beam element. Rectangular plate elements based on Mindlin plate
theory will be developed – conforming element. Much software like ABAQUS does not offer plate
elements, only the general shell element.
5Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
PLATE ELEMENTSPLATE ELEMENTS
Consider a plate structure:
x
y z, w
h
fz Middle plane
Middle plane
(Mindlin plate theory)
6Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
PLATE ELEMENTSPLATE ELEMENTS
Mindlin plate theory:
( , , ) ( , )
( , , ) ( , )
y
x
u x y z z x y
v x y z z x y
χε zIn-plane strain:
Middle plane
where
yx
y
x
yx
x
y
Lθχ (Curvature)
yx
y
x
0
0
L
7Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
PLATE ELEMENTSPLATE ELEMENTS
Off-plane shear strain:
y
wx
w
x
y
yz
xz
γ
Potential (strain) energy:
zAzAUee A
Th
A
Th
e dd2
1dd
2
100 γτσε
In-plane stress & strain
Off-plane shear stress & strain
γcγτ syz
xz
G
G
0
0
8Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
PLATE ELEMENTSPLATE ELEMENTS
Substituting χε z ,
AhAh
Uee A s
T
A
Te d
2
1d
122
1 3
γcγcχχ
γcγτ syz
xz
G
G
0
0
Kinetic energy: 2 2 21( )d
2 ee V
T u v w V
3 32 221 1
( )d ( )d2 12 12 2e e
Te x yA A
h hT hw A A d I d
( , , ) ( , )
( , , ) ( , )
y
x
u x y z z x y
v x y z z x y
Substituting
9Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
PLATE ELEMENTSPLATE ELEMENTS3 3
2 221 1( )d ( )d
2 12 12 2e e
Te x yA A
h hT hw A A d I d
x
y
w
d3
3
0 0
0 012
0 012
h
h
h
Iwhere ,
10Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
Shape functionsShape functions
Note that rotation is independent of deflection w
, ,4
1
4
1
4
1iyi
iyixi
ixii
i
NNwNw
)1)(1(41 iiiN where (Same as rectangular
2D solid)
11Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
Shape functionsShape functionsh
x e
y
w
Nd
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
displacement at node 1
displacement at node 2
displacement at node 3
displacement at node 4
x
y
x
y
e
x
y
x
y e
w
w
w
w
dwhere
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
Node 1 Node 2 Node 3 Node 4
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
N N N N
N N N N
N N N N
N
1 ( 1, 1) (u1, v1, w1,
x1,
y1,
z1)
2 (1, 1) (u2, v2, w2,
x2,
y2,
z2)
3 (1, +1) (u3, v3, w3, x3,
y3,
z3)
2a
4 ( 1, +1) (u4, v4, w4,
x4,
y4,
z4)
2b
z, w
12Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
Element matricesElement matrices
Substitute
h
x e
y
w
d Nd into
eeT
eeT dmd 2
1
1( )d
2 e
Te A
T A d I d
where T de
e AAm N I N
Recall that:
3
3
0 0
0 012
0 012
h
h
h
I(Can be evaluated analytically but in practice, use Gauss integration)
13Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
Element matricesElement matrices
AhAh
sAAeee
d][d][12
OTOITI3
BcBcBBk
Substitute
h
x e
y
w
d Nd into potential energy function
from which we obtain
I4
I3
I2
II1 BBBBB
yNxN
yN
xN
jj
j
j
0
00
00IjB
iijj
iijj
by
N
y
N
ax
N
x
N
)1(4
1
)1(4
1
, byax Note:
14Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
Element matricesElement matrices
O4
O3
O2
OO1 BBBBB
0
0Oj
jj
jj
NyN
NxNB
(me can be solved analytically but practically solved using Gauss integration)
A
f
eA
z
e d
0
0T
Nf
For uniformly distributed load,
001001001001zTe abff
15Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
SHELL ELEMENTSSHELL ELEMENTS
Loads in all directions Bending, twisting and in-plane deformation Combination of 2D solid elements (membrane
effects) and plate elements (bending effect). Common to use shell elements to model plate
structures in commercial software packages.
16Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
Elements in local coordinate systemElements in local coordinate system
1 ( 1, 1) (u1, v1, w1,
x1,
y1,
z1)
2 (1, 1) (u2, v2, w2,
x2,
y2,
z2)
3 (1, +1) (u3, v3, w3, x3,
y3,
z3)
2a
4 ( 1, +1) (u4, v4, w4,
x4,
y4,
z4)
2b
z, w Consider a flat shell element
4 node
3 node
2 node
1 node
4
3
2
1
e
e
e
e
e
d
d
d
d
d
displacement in direction
displacement in direction
displacement in direction
rotation about -axis
rotation about -axis
rotation about -axis
i
i
iei
xi
yi
zi
u x
v y
w z
x
y
z
d
17Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
Elements in local coordinate systemElements in local coordinate system
Membrane stiffness (2D solid element):
4 node
3 node
2 node
1 nodenode4 node3 node2 node1
44
34
24
14
43
33
23
13
42
32
22
12
41
31
21
11
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
me
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
Bending stiffness (plate element):
4 node
3 node
2 node
1 nodenode4 node3 node2 node1
44
34
24
14
43
33
23
13
42
32
22
12
41
31
21
11
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
be
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
(2x2)
(3x3)
18Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
Elements in local coordinate systemElements in local coordinate system
4 node
3 node
2 node
1 node
000
0
0
000
0
0
000
0
0
000
0
0
4 node
000
0
0
000
0
0
000
0
0
000
0
0
3 node
000
0
0
000
0
0
000
0
0
000
0
0
2 node
000
0
0
000
0
0
000
0
0
000
0
0
1 node
44
44
34
34
24
24
14
14
43
43
33
33
23
23
13
13
42
42
32
32
22
22
12
12
41
41
31
31
21
21
11
11
b
m
b
m
b
m
b
m
b
m
b
m
b
m
b
m
b
m
b
m
b
m
b
m
b
m
b
m
b
m
b
m
e
k0
0k
k0
0k
k0
0k
k0
0k
k0
0k
k0
0k
k0
0k
k0
0k
k0
0k
k0
0k
k0
0k
k0
0k
k0
0k
k0
0k
k0
0k
k0
0k
k
(24x24)
Components related to the DOF z, are
zeros in local coordinate system.
19Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
Elements in local coordinate systemElements in local coordinate system
Membrane mass matrix (2D solid element):
1311 12 14
2321 22 24
3331 32 34
4341 42 44
node3 node1 node2 node4
node 1
node 2
node 3
node 4
mm m m
m mm m me
mm m m
mm m m
mm m m
m mm m m
mm m m
mm m m
Bending mass matrix (plate element):
1311 12 14
2321 22 24
3331 32 34
4341 42 44
node3 node1 node2 node4
node 1
node 2
node 3
node 4
bb b b
b bb b be
bb b b
bb b b
mm m m
m mm m m
mm m m
mm m m
20Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
Elements in local coordinate systemElements in local coordinate system
4 node
3 node
2 node
1 node
000
0
0
000
0
0
000
0
0
000
0
0
4 node
000
0
0
000
0
0
000
0
0
000
0
0
3 node
000
0
0
000
0
0
000
0
0
000
0
0
2 node
000
0
0
000
0
0
000
0
0
000
0
0
1 node
44
44
34
34
24
24
14
14
43
43
33
33
23
23
13
13
42
42
32
32
22
22
12
12
41
41
31
31
21
21
11
11
b
m
b
m
b
m
b
m
b
m
b
m
b
m
b
m
b
m
b
m
b
m
b
m
b
m
b
m
b
m
b
m
e
m0
0m
m0
0m
m0
0m
m0
0m
m0
0m
m0
0m
m0
0m
m0
0m
m0
0m
m0
0m
m0
0m
m0
0m
m0
0m
m0
0m
m0
0m
m0
0m
m
Components related to the DOF z, are
zeros in local coordinate system.
(24x24)
21Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
Elements in global coordinate systemElements in global coordinate system
TkTK eT
e
TmTM eT
e
eT
e fTF
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
T0000000
0T000000
00T00000
000T0000
0000T000
00000T00
000000T0
0000000T
T
zzz
yyy
xxx
nml
nml
nml
3T
where
22Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
RemarksRemarks
The membrane effects are assumed to be uncoupled with the bending effects in the element level.
This implies that the membrane forces will not result in any bending deformation, and vice versa.
For shell structure in space, membrane and bending effects are actually coupled (especially for large curvature), therefore finer element mesh may have to be used.
23Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
CASE STUDYCASE STUDY
Natural frequencies of micro-motor
24Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
CASE CASE STUDYSTUDY
Mode
Natural Frequencies (MHz)
768 triangular elements with
480 nodes
384 quadrilateral elements with
480 nodes
1280 quadrilateral
elements with 1472 nodes
1 7.67 5.08 4.86
2 7.67 5.08 4.86
3 7.87 7.44 7.41
4 10.58 8.52 8.30
5 10.58 8.52 8.30
6 13.84 11.69 11.44
7 13.84 11.69 11.44
8 14.86 12.45 12.17
25Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
CASE STUDYCASE STUDY
Mode 1:
Mode 2:
26Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
CASE STUDYCASE STUDY
Mode 3:
Mode 4:
27Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
CASE STUDYCASE STUDY
Mode 5:
Mode 6:
28Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
CASE STUDYCASE STUDY
Mode 7:
Mode 8:
29Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
CASE STUDYCASE STUDY
Transient analysis of micro-motor
F
F
F
x
x
Node 210
Node 300
30Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
CASE STUDYCASE STUDY
31Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
CASE STUDYCASE STUDY
32Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
CASE STUDYCASE STUDY