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Energy Crop Production and Field Monitoring

　　　　　　　　　

29 Aug. 2007 National Agricultural Research CenterKen TANIWAKI, Haoming Hu

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Energy Crop Production and Field Monitoring

1. Energy resource and Biomass Energy 2. Oil crop as biomass energy

3. Oil crop production4. Field monitoring

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Chronicles around Biomass

• 1992 Rio de Janeiro “The Earth Summit” UN Framework Convention on Climate Change Convention on Biological Diversity are concluded• 1997 COP3 Kyoto Protocol• 2000 Clinton’s State of the Union ： Increase B.M. production up to triple

• 2007 Bush’s Energy Initiative: using 35 billion gallons of alternative fuels by 2017

2001 Agro-Energy Laboratory(NARO)

2006 Biomass Research Center (NARO)

1. Energy resource and biomass energy

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Comparison of energy resources

Reserves of energy resourcesJapan Atomic Energy Relations Organization (2007)

Renewable energy has almost same life span as sun and earth.= 5,000,000,000 yr.?

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Comparison of renewable energy

Rance tidal power plant

Tidal energywind energy output dispersion

Japan Atomic Energy Relations Organization (2007)

Japan Atomic Energy Relations Organization (2007)solar energy daily change

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Comparison of energy cost

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0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

solar wind hydro petro lng coal nuclear

us$/kwh

Energy cost of deferent resources in Japan 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 Atomic Energy Relations Organization (2007)

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Comparison of energy usability

Energy usability matrix

solar wind hydro petro lng coal nuclear biomassportability ○ ○ × △ × × × ○initial cost × × × ○ × △ × ○cost × △ ◎ ○ ○ ○ ◎ ○maintenance △ △ × ◎ ◎ ○ × ○

So, among renewable energy, biomass used to be our most familiar energy resources in our history

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2. Oil crop as biomass energy

Bio-ethanol and Bio-diesel

become highlighted.

Wood

Plant

Seaweed

Algae

Straw

Husk

Ethanol

Plant Oil

Animal fat

Animal waste

Waste food

Sludge

Etc.

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carbohydrate

Protein 　　

Lipid C18H30O2 in

seed 　　　

mineral 　　Ca,Na,K,Fe,etc.

Fatty acid1

Fatty acid2

Fatty acid3

ethanol

BDF(Biodiesel fuel)

Biomass is produced by photo synthesis

Photo&biosynthesis

water,fertilizer,mineral 　　　

Calvin-Benson cycle

C6H12O6 in Leaf

CO2

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carbohydrate

lipid 　　　　

Biomass is produced by photo synthesis

C. Somerville. Et.al , Lipid,.2000

reduction

Bio-synthesis of lipid

Energy is accumulated as oil in oil body

oxygen

hydrogencarbon

fatty acid

glycerol

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Caloric value of materials

lng 12,000gasoline 10,500diesel 10,900biodiesel(from oil plant) 9,600ethanol 6,400methanol 4,800coal 4,800

Kcal/kg

Energy density of biodiesel is higher than that of ethanol

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Energy input or output of per energy in biofuel Environmental, economic, and energetic costs and benefits of biodiesel and ethanol biofuels, Jason Hill et.al. 2006 PNAS

NET ENERGY BALANCE

Comparison of ethanol and

BDF(Bio diesel fuel )

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Min-Max average oil content oil yield

t/ha t/ha % t/ha

oil palm 12.6-32.4 19.2 20 3.84

rapeseed 2.3-3.8 2.9 35 1.02

sunflower 1.7-2.4 2.1 35 0.74

peanut 2.8-3.3 3.1 35 1.09

soybean 2.3-3.6 2.8 17 0.48

jatropha 1.5-2.0 - 0.48-0.71

Major oil crop and its yield

K.Okada by FAO STAT 2005

Jatropha can grow even in not arable land

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Ex. Rapeseed production

3. Oil crop production

Photo synthesis takes place even in rape shell

flower

rapeseed

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Selection of cultivars

Ⅰ ． Erucic acid free heart disease

Ⅱ ． Glucocinolate free 　 meal can be used as feed

Ⅲ ． Proper cultivars for local climate cold temp response

Ⅳ ． High yield 　 enough growth period

Ⅴ ． Avoid contamination of pollen every year 　

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precise seeding with vacuum seeder is adaptable for double cropping of rapeseed in winter and sunflower in summer.

Precision seeding works for high yield

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Double cropping after riceEffective drainage（Watanabe 2006)

5cm

Cross sectional view of ridge

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Combine harvester

Total working time

10-30 hours/ha

Harvesting Harvesting 　　 Total cost in fully mechanized production system

90-220us$ /ha

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Brassica napus = Rapeseed

Low chemical fertilizer sensitivity

Organic nitrogen contributes its growth

Iron may serve its growth

Boron is inevitable

Would distribute glucocinolates from its root that control neighboring plant

4. Field monitoring for energy crop

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There are several hazards against ample amount of yield birds Seeding season

Harvest season

Ripening period is quite short

Harvest season

People sometimes become robber

Budding season

Mouse under snow may eat eat leaves

Under snow

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Introducing

cultivars into

abandoned fields

Eventually contradiction between energy and food usage

of biomass crop has been emerged

e.g.. corn for food or ethanol

Optimize energy and food

cultivar selection

agriculture

Introduce oil crop

Into the field

Enrich field

By root development

Field monitoring

biomass crop would not fit for arable land