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Elizabeth I and Mary Stuart

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Brief introduction ---Elizabeth I

Elizabeth I was the queen regnant of England and Ireland from 1558 until her death. Sometimes called “The Virgin Queen", “Gloriana”, or “GoodQueen Bess”,Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor Dynasty.

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Elizabeth I ’early life

Elizabeth I was born in Greenwich, England. She was the daughter of Henry VIII, and her mother,

Anne Boleyn, was executed two and a half years after her birth, and Elizabeth was declared illegitimate. She was taken away from the royal court and was

given a good education. Her half-brother, Edward VI, bequeathed the crown to Lady Jane Grey, cutting his half-sisters out of the succession. His will was set aside, Lady Jane Grey was executed eventually. During the reign of Mary I, Elizabeth had been imprisoned for nearly a year on suspicion of supporting P

rotestant rebels.

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On January 15, 1559, Elizabeth was crowned queen at Westminster abbey. On the reign of Elizabeth, she set out to rule by good counsel, and she depended heavily on a group of trusted advisers led by William Cecil, Baron Burghley. One of her first moves as queen was the establishing of an English Protestant church, of which she became the Supreme Governor. This Elizabethan Religious Settlement later evolved into today's Church of England. Elizabeth died on March 24,1603 at Richmond Palace .Tudor dynasty ended and passed to the Stuarts. This period was called “The Golden Era”

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Religious Settlement

Elizabeth's personal religious convictions have been much debated by scholars. She was a Protestant, but kept Catholic symbols.

Elizabeth and her advisors perceived the threat of a Catholic crusade against heretical England. Elizabeth therefore sought a Protestant solution that would not offend Catholics too greatly while addressing the desires of English Protestants; she would not tolerate the more radical Puritans though, who were pushing for far-reaching reforms.

As a result, the parliament of 1559 started to legislate for a church based on the Protestant settlement of Edward VI, with the monarch as its head, but with many Catholic elements.

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Wars and Overseas Trade

Elizabeth's foreign policy was largely defensive.

The exception was the English occupation of Le Havre from October 1562 to June 1563, which ended in failure when Elizabeth's Huguenot allies joined with the Catholics to retake the port.

Only through the activities of her fleets did Elizabeth pursue an aggressive policy. This paid off in the war against Spain, 80% of which was fought at sea.She knighted Francis Drake after his circumnavigation of the globe from 1577 to 1580, and he won fame for his raids on Spanish ports and fleets.

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•1585 ， Aid the Protestant Dutch rebels against Philip II.

•The siege of Antwerp( 围攻安特卫普 ) in the summer of

1585

•Treaty of Nonsuch of August 1585,which marked the be

ginning of the Anglo-Spanish War, which lasted until the

Treaty of London in 1604.

Netherland expedition

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Spanish Armada

•Gravelines 格瑞福兰海战

•Return to Spain - storms

The Spanish Armada,often called the "Invincible Armada",was the Spanish fleet that sailed against England under the command of the Duke of Medina in 1588, with the intention of overthrowing Elizabeth I of England to stop English involvement in the Spanish Netherlands and English privateering in the Atlantic and the Pacific.

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Hostile; Catholic native Irish population was willing to plot with

her enemies.

Policy: grant land to her courtiers and prevent the rebels from

giving Spain a base from which to attack England.

In response to a series of uprisings, the English forces pursue

d scorched-earth tactics 焦土政策During a revolt in Munster led by Gerald FitzGerald, 30,000 Ir

ish people starved to death.

Between 1594 and 1603, Elizabeth faced her most severe test

in Ireland, with the revolt known as Tyrone's Rebellion, or the Ni

ne Years War.

Ireland

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In the spring of 1559, it became evident that Elizabeth was in love with her childhood friend, Robert Dudley. Elizabeth seriously considered marrying Dudley for some time. However, William Cecil ( an English statesman, the chief advisor of Queen Elizabeth I ) and some conservative peers made their disapproval unmistakably clear. The Queen's friendship with Dudley lasted for over thirty years, until his death. She never married and never had any children, although she received many offers for her hand. After Elizabeth's own death, a note from Robert was found among her most personal belongings, marked "his last letter" in her handwriting.

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Elizabeth I & Robert Dudley

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Elizabeth's unmarried status inspired a cult of virginity. She was depicted as a virgin or a goddess or both, not as a normal woman.  At first, only Elizabeth made a virtue of her virginity. Later on, poets and writers took up the theme and turned it into an  iconography that exalted Elizabeth.

Putting a positive spin on her marital status, Elizabeth insisted she was married to her kingdom and subjects, under divine protection. In 1599, she spoke of "all my husbands, my good people".

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The ruler of a golden age: made England to be one of the strongest countries in Europe

①Government: more moderate than her father and half-siblings had been (motto: "video et taceo" =I see, and say nothing. )②Religion: avoided systematic persecution: developed a compromise to please the Roman Catholic and the Protestant churches &  probably saved England from religious wars ③Literature: an unsurpassed literary flowering (William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe) ④Funded voyages of discovery to the American expeditions Her 44 years on the throne provided stability for the kingdom and helped forge a sense of national identity Some historians are more reserved in their assessment. They depict Elizabeth as a short-tempered, sometimes indecisive ruler, who enjoyed more than her share of luck.

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Family Tree

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Mary, Queen of Scots, also known as Mary Stuart, was queen regnant of Scotland from 1542 to 1567 and queen consort of France from 1559 to 1560.

Mary Stuart (8 December 1542 – 8 February 1587)

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Mary was 6 days old when her father died and she acceded ,to t

he throne. She married the Dauphin of France, Francis, and Mar

y briefly became queen consort of France, until his death in 1560.

Widowed, Mary returned to Scotland. Four years later, she marri

ed her first cousin, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, but their union w

as unhappy. In February 1567, Darnley was found murdered in t

he garden.

James Hepburn was generally believed to have orchestrated

[ˈɔ:kɪˌstreɪt] （精心策划） Darnley’s death but the following mo

nth he married Mary following an uprising against the couple.Mar

y was imprisoned in Loch Leven Castle.

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On 24 July 1567, she was forced to abdicate [ˈæbdɪˌkeɪt] （退位） in favour of James, her one-year-old son by Darnley. Mary had previously claimed Elizabeth’s throne as her own and was considered the legitimate sovereign [liˈdʒitimit ˈsɔvrin] （法定主权） of England by many English Catholics, including participants in a rebellion known as the Rising of the North. Perceiving her as a threat, Elizabeth had her confined in a number of castles and manor houses in the interior of England. After eighteen and a half years in custody, Mary was found guilty of plotting to assassinate [əˈsæsəˌneɪt] （暗杀） Elizabeth, and was subsequently executed.

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Thank you