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1
Dynamics of Care in Society
Professional Decision Making amp Problem Solving
2
Impact our decision making amp problem solving skills
There can be several interpretations of the same information
3
What do you see What do you see
GOOD or EVIL
Is this woman oldor young
4
The illusion is that this is just a picture of coffee beans but it is not Can you find a mans face among the beans
Some say that if you find the man in 3 seconds or less the right half of your brain may be more well developed than most
5
A skull Or
a woman looking into a vanity
mirror
What you read vs
what you see
6
How many horses can you find in this picture
Most people can find 5hellipsome experts say there are 7
7
Errors in PerceptionErrors in PerceptionPretending to knowhellip
deceiving yourself and others about what you know
Resistance to changehellipopposing new ideas because they are unfamiliar or uncomfortable
EitherOr Thinkinghelliptaking only extreme positions for or against seeing only black or white
8
bull Objective 1 ndash Define critical thinking amp discuss reasons why this is an essential skill for all health professionals
Critical ThinkingThe process by which we detect amp
analyze assumptions underlying our actions decisions and judgments in our personal and professional roles It is an essential skill for all health professionals
9
bullObjective 3hellipchoose appropriate methods of inquiry and or problem solving for addressing the issue idea or phenomenon
bullObjective 2hellipIdentify and define underlying assumptions ampor problems regarding an issue idea or phenomenon
11
Features of Critical Thinking in Health CarePurposeful amp results-orientedBased on principles of
Health care practiceScientific method
Evidence-basedGuided by professional standards amp ethics codesSelf-correcting through constant reevaluation
12
When Critical Thinking Wehellip
bullDifferentiate between facts amp opinionshellipFacts are realities be able you can
providea source for your information
Opinions are beliefs amp judgments
bullForm opinions with great care amp are willing to revise even cherished
opinions whenever they prove to be in error
If you are unsure if it is fact or opinionhelliptreat it as opinion
13
Why is critical thinking importantWhy is critical thinking important
bullForces the development amp evaluation of your thinking skills
bullAllows you to probe beneath the surface
bullDiscovers the structure of your thoughts
bullDevelops critical listening skills
bullSuspends judgment until there is enough sufficient evidence is found
bullAllows you to explore opposing viewpoints
Listen before reaching a conclusionNo stereotypingConsider ideas before automatically rejecting or
accepting
Fair minded vs Unfair Minded
Think for yourselfAnalyze amp evaluate beliefs amp valuesKnow when to question and when to conformBeing open to necessary change or
compromise
Autonomy vs Conformity
Dedicated amp determined to find a solutionResearch as neededLook for the BEST not the quickest or easiest
solutionBe willing to ldquomonitor and adjustrdquo as
necessary
Perserverance vs Laziness
Consider new solutions and ideas
Creativity vs Not
bull Know the limits of your own knowledgebull Ask for help direction amp support
Have faith in yourselfhellipyour training your knowledgeyour abilities your strengthsyour self awareness your limitations
Confidence vs Distrust
bull Scrutinize your own knowledge amp beliefs as you would other
bull Research and be able to support your thinking
19
20
Problem Solving vs Decision MakingProblem Solving vs Decision Making
1048707 Problem solving is a set of activities designed to analyze a situation systematically and generate implement and evaluate solutions
1048707 Decision making is a mechanism for making choices at each step of the problem-solving process It is part of problem solving
21
5 Step Problem Solving5 Step Problem Solving
1Identify the problem2Gather information amp identify
possible solutions3Select the best option4Implement the solution5Evaluate the results
23
Similar idea Six steps to making an effective decisionSimilar idea Six steps to making an effective decision
1Create a constructive environment2Generate good alternatives3Explore these alternatives4Choose the best alternative 5Check your decision 6Communicate your decision and take action
24
Strategies for improving problem solving Strategies for improving problem solving amp decision makingamp decision making
11BrainstormingBrainstorming
This technique is used to encourage participation from each member of the team Brainstorming helps to break people out of the typical mode of approaching things to produce new and creative ideas It creates a climate of freedom and openness which encourages an increased quantity of ideas
25
2 2 Root Cause Analysis (AKA as the Five Root Cause Analysis (AKA as the Five Whys) Whys)
The objective of Root Cause Analysis is to find the fundamental cause for a problem
Simply ask Why five times or more to really get at the root of the problem
26
Using the 5 Whys you go through the following steps to get to the cause of the problem
bullWhy is our patient Mr Sick upset Because we did not provide the test results when we said we would bullWhy were we unable to meet the agreed-upon timeline One new test ordered required more time before the results were available bullWhy did it take so much longer This is new test and it had to be sent to an outside labbullWhy did we underestimate the time for the test results Because we were not aware of the new proceduresbullWhy didnt we know this Because we had not kept current with policies amp procedures for certain tests
ConclusionhellipWe clearly need to stay current and communicate accurately about timelines for important patient information
27
3 3 Cause and Effect Diagrams Cause and Effect Diagrams
This diagram is drawn to represent the relationship between an effect (the problem) and its potential causes The diagram helps to sort-out and relate the interactions among the factors affecting a process
28
44 Flowcharting Flowchartinga map that shows all the steps in a process
29
5 Think aloud5 Think aloudhellip talk it through
6 Trial amp Error6 Trial amp Errorhellip explain explain in a different way use a visual pamphlet interpreter videohellip ask open ended questions provide calm atmosphere change settinghellip
7 Use a problem solving grouphellip7 Use a problem solving grouphellipteams bring richness of thought an ownership of results and action when it comes to implementing solution
30
8 8 Scientific Problem SolvingScientific Problem SolvingProblem or questionResearchHypothesis formulationExperimentCollect amp analyse dataForm conclusion based on resultsCommunicate results
9 9 Intuitive Problem SolvingIntuitive Problem SolvingBased on inner prompting or instinctNo logical thinkingIdentifying a solution to a problem based on its similarity or dissimilarity to other problems
31
10 Decision Making Trees 10 Decision Making Trees see handout
1 Look at Choices2 Consider Factors of Influence
(roots trunk)3 Suggest Appropriate Alternatives
(lg branches)4 Consider Risks of choosing alternatives
(sm branches)5 Choose Action to be taken6 Critique Action
32
Decision Making TreesDecision Making Trees
33
11 Decision Matrix11 Decision Matrix see activityA Decision Matrix is useful when faced with making a difficult decision The options or alternatives are listed in the left-hand column and the selection criteria is listed across the top row Each of the options are rated against the selection criteria to arrive at the best logical decision
34
Activity Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences Intervention Rating
36
Ex Leon wanted to know the age of a black bear at the zoo The zoo keeper told Leon that if he added 10 years to the age of the bear and then doubled it the bear would be 90 years old How old is the bear (Hint Using the facts given start with 90 years and work backwards)
Understanding the Problemmiddot Did the zoo keeper tell Leon the bears age (no)middot What was the last thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He doubled it)middot What was the first thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He added 10)
)
12 Working backwards12 Working backwardshellip see hellip see ex
37
Finding the Answer
Work Backwards
Start with 90 the final number given by zoo keeper
Divide by 2 to get the number that was doubledmdash90 divide 2 = 45
Subtract 10 to get the age of the bear before 10 years was addedmdash45 - 10 = 35
The bear was 35 years old
38
Practice problem- working backwardsRabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
Practice Problem Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
PRACTICE Name(s) ____________________________________________
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences
Intervention Rating
39
Practice problem
Rabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
40
Year No of Rabbits
7 3200
6 1600
5 8004 4003 2002 100
1 50
Make a table and work backward from year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits Since population doubles each year working backward means halving it
There were 50 rabbits in year one
Practice answer
Step 1 - State your position on the issue
Explain what yoursquove seen or learned that supports your thinking
Step 2 - Seek other views amp evidence
Briefly describe your findings including references to your sources of information
Step 3 - Decide which view is most reasonable If need be revise your position from Step 1
Explain any reasons for revising or not revising your original view
Activity Select one of the topics below then follow step 1-3
bullShould everyone applying for a marriage license be tested for AIDSbullDo you favor a mandatory drug test for high school students
Name __________________ Per ____ Date ___________
2
Impact our decision making amp problem solving skills
There can be several interpretations of the same information
3
What do you see What do you see
GOOD or EVIL
Is this woman oldor young
4
The illusion is that this is just a picture of coffee beans but it is not Can you find a mans face among the beans
Some say that if you find the man in 3 seconds or less the right half of your brain may be more well developed than most
5
A skull Or
a woman looking into a vanity
mirror
What you read vs
what you see
6
How many horses can you find in this picture
Most people can find 5hellipsome experts say there are 7
7
Errors in PerceptionErrors in PerceptionPretending to knowhellip
deceiving yourself and others about what you know
Resistance to changehellipopposing new ideas because they are unfamiliar or uncomfortable
EitherOr Thinkinghelliptaking only extreme positions for or against seeing only black or white
8
bull Objective 1 ndash Define critical thinking amp discuss reasons why this is an essential skill for all health professionals
Critical ThinkingThe process by which we detect amp
analyze assumptions underlying our actions decisions and judgments in our personal and professional roles It is an essential skill for all health professionals
9
bullObjective 3hellipchoose appropriate methods of inquiry and or problem solving for addressing the issue idea or phenomenon
bullObjective 2hellipIdentify and define underlying assumptions ampor problems regarding an issue idea or phenomenon
11
Features of Critical Thinking in Health CarePurposeful amp results-orientedBased on principles of
Health care practiceScientific method
Evidence-basedGuided by professional standards amp ethics codesSelf-correcting through constant reevaluation
12
When Critical Thinking Wehellip
bullDifferentiate between facts amp opinionshellipFacts are realities be able you can
providea source for your information
Opinions are beliefs amp judgments
bullForm opinions with great care amp are willing to revise even cherished
opinions whenever they prove to be in error
If you are unsure if it is fact or opinionhelliptreat it as opinion
13
Why is critical thinking importantWhy is critical thinking important
bullForces the development amp evaluation of your thinking skills
bullAllows you to probe beneath the surface
bullDiscovers the structure of your thoughts
bullDevelops critical listening skills
bullSuspends judgment until there is enough sufficient evidence is found
bullAllows you to explore opposing viewpoints
Listen before reaching a conclusionNo stereotypingConsider ideas before automatically rejecting or
accepting
Fair minded vs Unfair Minded
Think for yourselfAnalyze amp evaluate beliefs amp valuesKnow when to question and when to conformBeing open to necessary change or
compromise
Autonomy vs Conformity
Dedicated amp determined to find a solutionResearch as neededLook for the BEST not the quickest or easiest
solutionBe willing to ldquomonitor and adjustrdquo as
necessary
Perserverance vs Laziness
Consider new solutions and ideas
Creativity vs Not
bull Know the limits of your own knowledgebull Ask for help direction amp support
Have faith in yourselfhellipyour training your knowledgeyour abilities your strengthsyour self awareness your limitations
Confidence vs Distrust
bull Scrutinize your own knowledge amp beliefs as you would other
bull Research and be able to support your thinking
19
20
Problem Solving vs Decision MakingProblem Solving vs Decision Making
1048707 Problem solving is a set of activities designed to analyze a situation systematically and generate implement and evaluate solutions
1048707 Decision making is a mechanism for making choices at each step of the problem-solving process It is part of problem solving
21
5 Step Problem Solving5 Step Problem Solving
1Identify the problem2Gather information amp identify
possible solutions3Select the best option4Implement the solution5Evaluate the results
23
Similar idea Six steps to making an effective decisionSimilar idea Six steps to making an effective decision
1Create a constructive environment2Generate good alternatives3Explore these alternatives4Choose the best alternative 5Check your decision 6Communicate your decision and take action
24
Strategies for improving problem solving Strategies for improving problem solving amp decision makingamp decision making
11BrainstormingBrainstorming
This technique is used to encourage participation from each member of the team Brainstorming helps to break people out of the typical mode of approaching things to produce new and creative ideas It creates a climate of freedom and openness which encourages an increased quantity of ideas
25
2 2 Root Cause Analysis (AKA as the Five Root Cause Analysis (AKA as the Five Whys) Whys)
The objective of Root Cause Analysis is to find the fundamental cause for a problem
Simply ask Why five times or more to really get at the root of the problem
26
Using the 5 Whys you go through the following steps to get to the cause of the problem
bullWhy is our patient Mr Sick upset Because we did not provide the test results when we said we would bullWhy were we unable to meet the agreed-upon timeline One new test ordered required more time before the results were available bullWhy did it take so much longer This is new test and it had to be sent to an outside labbullWhy did we underestimate the time for the test results Because we were not aware of the new proceduresbullWhy didnt we know this Because we had not kept current with policies amp procedures for certain tests
ConclusionhellipWe clearly need to stay current and communicate accurately about timelines for important patient information
27
3 3 Cause and Effect Diagrams Cause and Effect Diagrams
This diagram is drawn to represent the relationship between an effect (the problem) and its potential causes The diagram helps to sort-out and relate the interactions among the factors affecting a process
28
44 Flowcharting Flowchartinga map that shows all the steps in a process
29
5 Think aloud5 Think aloudhellip talk it through
6 Trial amp Error6 Trial amp Errorhellip explain explain in a different way use a visual pamphlet interpreter videohellip ask open ended questions provide calm atmosphere change settinghellip
7 Use a problem solving grouphellip7 Use a problem solving grouphellipteams bring richness of thought an ownership of results and action when it comes to implementing solution
30
8 8 Scientific Problem SolvingScientific Problem SolvingProblem or questionResearchHypothesis formulationExperimentCollect amp analyse dataForm conclusion based on resultsCommunicate results
9 9 Intuitive Problem SolvingIntuitive Problem SolvingBased on inner prompting or instinctNo logical thinkingIdentifying a solution to a problem based on its similarity or dissimilarity to other problems
31
10 Decision Making Trees 10 Decision Making Trees see handout
1 Look at Choices2 Consider Factors of Influence
(roots trunk)3 Suggest Appropriate Alternatives
(lg branches)4 Consider Risks of choosing alternatives
(sm branches)5 Choose Action to be taken6 Critique Action
32
Decision Making TreesDecision Making Trees
33
11 Decision Matrix11 Decision Matrix see activityA Decision Matrix is useful when faced with making a difficult decision The options or alternatives are listed in the left-hand column and the selection criteria is listed across the top row Each of the options are rated against the selection criteria to arrive at the best logical decision
34
Activity Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences Intervention Rating
36
Ex Leon wanted to know the age of a black bear at the zoo The zoo keeper told Leon that if he added 10 years to the age of the bear and then doubled it the bear would be 90 years old How old is the bear (Hint Using the facts given start with 90 years and work backwards)
Understanding the Problemmiddot Did the zoo keeper tell Leon the bears age (no)middot What was the last thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He doubled it)middot What was the first thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He added 10)
)
12 Working backwards12 Working backwardshellip see hellip see ex
37
Finding the Answer
Work Backwards
Start with 90 the final number given by zoo keeper
Divide by 2 to get the number that was doubledmdash90 divide 2 = 45
Subtract 10 to get the age of the bear before 10 years was addedmdash45 - 10 = 35
The bear was 35 years old
38
Practice problem- working backwardsRabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
Practice Problem Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
PRACTICE Name(s) ____________________________________________
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences
Intervention Rating
39
Practice problem
Rabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
40
Year No of Rabbits
7 3200
6 1600
5 8004 4003 2002 100
1 50
Make a table and work backward from year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits Since population doubles each year working backward means halving it
There were 50 rabbits in year one
Practice answer
Step 1 - State your position on the issue
Explain what yoursquove seen or learned that supports your thinking
Step 2 - Seek other views amp evidence
Briefly describe your findings including references to your sources of information
Step 3 - Decide which view is most reasonable If need be revise your position from Step 1
Explain any reasons for revising or not revising your original view
Activity Select one of the topics below then follow step 1-3
bullShould everyone applying for a marriage license be tested for AIDSbullDo you favor a mandatory drug test for high school students
Name __________________ Per ____ Date ___________
3
What do you see What do you see
GOOD or EVIL
Is this woman oldor young
4
The illusion is that this is just a picture of coffee beans but it is not Can you find a mans face among the beans
Some say that if you find the man in 3 seconds or less the right half of your brain may be more well developed than most
5
A skull Or
a woman looking into a vanity
mirror
What you read vs
what you see
6
How many horses can you find in this picture
Most people can find 5hellipsome experts say there are 7
7
Errors in PerceptionErrors in PerceptionPretending to knowhellip
deceiving yourself and others about what you know
Resistance to changehellipopposing new ideas because they are unfamiliar or uncomfortable
EitherOr Thinkinghelliptaking only extreme positions for or against seeing only black or white
8
bull Objective 1 ndash Define critical thinking amp discuss reasons why this is an essential skill for all health professionals
Critical ThinkingThe process by which we detect amp
analyze assumptions underlying our actions decisions and judgments in our personal and professional roles It is an essential skill for all health professionals
9
bullObjective 3hellipchoose appropriate methods of inquiry and or problem solving for addressing the issue idea or phenomenon
bullObjective 2hellipIdentify and define underlying assumptions ampor problems regarding an issue idea or phenomenon
11
Features of Critical Thinking in Health CarePurposeful amp results-orientedBased on principles of
Health care practiceScientific method
Evidence-basedGuided by professional standards amp ethics codesSelf-correcting through constant reevaluation
12
When Critical Thinking Wehellip
bullDifferentiate between facts amp opinionshellipFacts are realities be able you can
providea source for your information
Opinions are beliefs amp judgments
bullForm opinions with great care amp are willing to revise even cherished
opinions whenever they prove to be in error
If you are unsure if it is fact or opinionhelliptreat it as opinion
13
Why is critical thinking importantWhy is critical thinking important
bullForces the development amp evaluation of your thinking skills
bullAllows you to probe beneath the surface
bullDiscovers the structure of your thoughts
bullDevelops critical listening skills
bullSuspends judgment until there is enough sufficient evidence is found
bullAllows you to explore opposing viewpoints
Listen before reaching a conclusionNo stereotypingConsider ideas before automatically rejecting or
accepting
Fair minded vs Unfair Minded
Think for yourselfAnalyze amp evaluate beliefs amp valuesKnow when to question and when to conformBeing open to necessary change or
compromise
Autonomy vs Conformity
Dedicated amp determined to find a solutionResearch as neededLook for the BEST not the quickest or easiest
solutionBe willing to ldquomonitor and adjustrdquo as
necessary
Perserverance vs Laziness
Consider new solutions and ideas
Creativity vs Not
bull Know the limits of your own knowledgebull Ask for help direction amp support
Have faith in yourselfhellipyour training your knowledgeyour abilities your strengthsyour self awareness your limitations
Confidence vs Distrust
bull Scrutinize your own knowledge amp beliefs as you would other
bull Research and be able to support your thinking
19
20
Problem Solving vs Decision MakingProblem Solving vs Decision Making
1048707 Problem solving is a set of activities designed to analyze a situation systematically and generate implement and evaluate solutions
1048707 Decision making is a mechanism for making choices at each step of the problem-solving process It is part of problem solving
21
5 Step Problem Solving5 Step Problem Solving
1Identify the problem2Gather information amp identify
possible solutions3Select the best option4Implement the solution5Evaluate the results
23
Similar idea Six steps to making an effective decisionSimilar idea Six steps to making an effective decision
1Create a constructive environment2Generate good alternatives3Explore these alternatives4Choose the best alternative 5Check your decision 6Communicate your decision and take action
24
Strategies for improving problem solving Strategies for improving problem solving amp decision makingamp decision making
11BrainstormingBrainstorming
This technique is used to encourage participation from each member of the team Brainstorming helps to break people out of the typical mode of approaching things to produce new and creative ideas It creates a climate of freedom and openness which encourages an increased quantity of ideas
25
2 2 Root Cause Analysis (AKA as the Five Root Cause Analysis (AKA as the Five Whys) Whys)
The objective of Root Cause Analysis is to find the fundamental cause for a problem
Simply ask Why five times or more to really get at the root of the problem
26
Using the 5 Whys you go through the following steps to get to the cause of the problem
bullWhy is our patient Mr Sick upset Because we did not provide the test results when we said we would bullWhy were we unable to meet the agreed-upon timeline One new test ordered required more time before the results were available bullWhy did it take so much longer This is new test and it had to be sent to an outside labbullWhy did we underestimate the time for the test results Because we were not aware of the new proceduresbullWhy didnt we know this Because we had not kept current with policies amp procedures for certain tests
ConclusionhellipWe clearly need to stay current and communicate accurately about timelines for important patient information
27
3 3 Cause and Effect Diagrams Cause and Effect Diagrams
This diagram is drawn to represent the relationship between an effect (the problem) and its potential causes The diagram helps to sort-out and relate the interactions among the factors affecting a process
28
44 Flowcharting Flowchartinga map that shows all the steps in a process
29
5 Think aloud5 Think aloudhellip talk it through
6 Trial amp Error6 Trial amp Errorhellip explain explain in a different way use a visual pamphlet interpreter videohellip ask open ended questions provide calm atmosphere change settinghellip
7 Use a problem solving grouphellip7 Use a problem solving grouphellipteams bring richness of thought an ownership of results and action when it comes to implementing solution
30
8 8 Scientific Problem SolvingScientific Problem SolvingProblem or questionResearchHypothesis formulationExperimentCollect amp analyse dataForm conclusion based on resultsCommunicate results
9 9 Intuitive Problem SolvingIntuitive Problem SolvingBased on inner prompting or instinctNo logical thinkingIdentifying a solution to a problem based on its similarity or dissimilarity to other problems
31
10 Decision Making Trees 10 Decision Making Trees see handout
1 Look at Choices2 Consider Factors of Influence
(roots trunk)3 Suggest Appropriate Alternatives
(lg branches)4 Consider Risks of choosing alternatives
(sm branches)5 Choose Action to be taken6 Critique Action
32
Decision Making TreesDecision Making Trees
33
11 Decision Matrix11 Decision Matrix see activityA Decision Matrix is useful when faced with making a difficult decision The options or alternatives are listed in the left-hand column and the selection criteria is listed across the top row Each of the options are rated against the selection criteria to arrive at the best logical decision
34
Activity Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences Intervention Rating
36
Ex Leon wanted to know the age of a black bear at the zoo The zoo keeper told Leon that if he added 10 years to the age of the bear and then doubled it the bear would be 90 years old How old is the bear (Hint Using the facts given start with 90 years and work backwards)
Understanding the Problemmiddot Did the zoo keeper tell Leon the bears age (no)middot What was the last thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He doubled it)middot What was the first thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He added 10)
)
12 Working backwards12 Working backwardshellip see hellip see ex
37
Finding the Answer
Work Backwards
Start with 90 the final number given by zoo keeper
Divide by 2 to get the number that was doubledmdash90 divide 2 = 45
Subtract 10 to get the age of the bear before 10 years was addedmdash45 - 10 = 35
The bear was 35 years old
38
Practice problem- working backwardsRabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
Practice Problem Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
PRACTICE Name(s) ____________________________________________
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences
Intervention Rating
39
Practice problem
Rabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
40
Year No of Rabbits
7 3200
6 1600
5 8004 4003 2002 100
1 50
Make a table and work backward from year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits Since population doubles each year working backward means halving it
There were 50 rabbits in year one
Practice answer
Step 1 - State your position on the issue
Explain what yoursquove seen or learned that supports your thinking
Step 2 - Seek other views amp evidence
Briefly describe your findings including references to your sources of information
Step 3 - Decide which view is most reasonable If need be revise your position from Step 1
Explain any reasons for revising or not revising your original view
Activity Select one of the topics below then follow step 1-3
bullShould everyone applying for a marriage license be tested for AIDSbullDo you favor a mandatory drug test for high school students
Name __________________ Per ____ Date ___________
4
The illusion is that this is just a picture of coffee beans but it is not Can you find a mans face among the beans
Some say that if you find the man in 3 seconds or less the right half of your brain may be more well developed than most
5
A skull Or
a woman looking into a vanity
mirror
What you read vs
what you see
6
How many horses can you find in this picture
Most people can find 5hellipsome experts say there are 7
7
Errors in PerceptionErrors in PerceptionPretending to knowhellip
deceiving yourself and others about what you know
Resistance to changehellipopposing new ideas because they are unfamiliar or uncomfortable
EitherOr Thinkinghelliptaking only extreme positions for or against seeing only black or white
8
bull Objective 1 ndash Define critical thinking amp discuss reasons why this is an essential skill for all health professionals
Critical ThinkingThe process by which we detect amp
analyze assumptions underlying our actions decisions and judgments in our personal and professional roles It is an essential skill for all health professionals
9
bullObjective 3hellipchoose appropriate methods of inquiry and or problem solving for addressing the issue idea or phenomenon
bullObjective 2hellipIdentify and define underlying assumptions ampor problems regarding an issue idea or phenomenon
11
Features of Critical Thinking in Health CarePurposeful amp results-orientedBased on principles of
Health care practiceScientific method
Evidence-basedGuided by professional standards amp ethics codesSelf-correcting through constant reevaluation
12
When Critical Thinking Wehellip
bullDifferentiate between facts amp opinionshellipFacts are realities be able you can
providea source for your information
Opinions are beliefs amp judgments
bullForm opinions with great care amp are willing to revise even cherished
opinions whenever they prove to be in error
If you are unsure if it is fact or opinionhelliptreat it as opinion
13
Why is critical thinking importantWhy is critical thinking important
bullForces the development amp evaluation of your thinking skills
bullAllows you to probe beneath the surface
bullDiscovers the structure of your thoughts
bullDevelops critical listening skills
bullSuspends judgment until there is enough sufficient evidence is found
bullAllows you to explore opposing viewpoints
Listen before reaching a conclusionNo stereotypingConsider ideas before automatically rejecting or
accepting
Fair minded vs Unfair Minded
Think for yourselfAnalyze amp evaluate beliefs amp valuesKnow when to question and when to conformBeing open to necessary change or
compromise
Autonomy vs Conformity
Dedicated amp determined to find a solutionResearch as neededLook for the BEST not the quickest or easiest
solutionBe willing to ldquomonitor and adjustrdquo as
necessary
Perserverance vs Laziness
Consider new solutions and ideas
Creativity vs Not
bull Know the limits of your own knowledgebull Ask for help direction amp support
Have faith in yourselfhellipyour training your knowledgeyour abilities your strengthsyour self awareness your limitations
Confidence vs Distrust
bull Scrutinize your own knowledge amp beliefs as you would other
bull Research and be able to support your thinking
19
20
Problem Solving vs Decision MakingProblem Solving vs Decision Making
1048707 Problem solving is a set of activities designed to analyze a situation systematically and generate implement and evaluate solutions
1048707 Decision making is a mechanism for making choices at each step of the problem-solving process It is part of problem solving
21
5 Step Problem Solving5 Step Problem Solving
1Identify the problem2Gather information amp identify
possible solutions3Select the best option4Implement the solution5Evaluate the results
23
Similar idea Six steps to making an effective decisionSimilar idea Six steps to making an effective decision
1Create a constructive environment2Generate good alternatives3Explore these alternatives4Choose the best alternative 5Check your decision 6Communicate your decision and take action
24
Strategies for improving problem solving Strategies for improving problem solving amp decision makingamp decision making
11BrainstormingBrainstorming
This technique is used to encourage participation from each member of the team Brainstorming helps to break people out of the typical mode of approaching things to produce new and creative ideas It creates a climate of freedom and openness which encourages an increased quantity of ideas
25
2 2 Root Cause Analysis (AKA as the Five Root Cause Analysis (AKA as the Five Whys) Whys)
The objective of Root Cause Analysis is to find the fundamental cause for a problem
Simply ask Why five times or more to really get at the root of the problem
26
Using the 5 Whys you go through the following steps to get to the cause of the problem
bullWhy is our patient Mr Sick upset Because we did not provide the test results when we said we would bullWhy were we unable to meet the agreed-upon timeline One new test ordered required more time before the results were available bullWhy did it take so much longer This is new test and it had to be sent to an outside labbullWhy did we underestimate the time for the test results Because we were not aware of the new proceduresbullWhy didnt we know this Because we had not kept current with policies amp procedures for certain tests
ConclusionhellipWe clearly need to stay current and communicate accurately about timelines for important patient information
27
3 3 Cause and Effect Diagrams Cause and Effect Diagrams
This diagram is drawn to represent the relationship between an effect (the problem) and its potential causes The diagram helps to sort-out and relate the interactions among the factors affecting a process
28
44 Flowcharting Flowchartinga map that shows all the steps in a process
29
5 Think aloud5 Think aloudhellip talk it through
6 Trial amp Error6 Trial amp Errorhellip explain explain in a different way use a visual pamphlet interpreter videohellip ask open ended questions provide calm atmosphere change settinghellip
7 Use a problem solving grouphellip7 Use a problem solving grouphellipteams bring richness of thought an ownership of results and action when it comes to implementing solution
30
8 8 Scientific Problem SolvingScientific Problem SolvingProblem or questionResearchHypothesis formulationExperimentCollect amp analyse dataForm conclusion based on resultsCommunicate results
9 9 Intuitive Problem SolvingIntuitive Problem SolvingBased on inner prompting or instinctNo logical thinkingIdentifying a solution to a problem based on its similarity or dissimilarity to other problems
31
10 Decision Making Trees 10 Decision Making Trees see handout
1 Look at Choices2 Consider Factors of Influence
(roots trunk)3 Suggest Appropriate Alternatives
(lg branches)4 Consider Risks of choosing alternatives
(sm branches)5 Choose Action to be taken6 Critique Action
32
Decision Making TreesDecision Making Trees
33
11 Decision Matrix11 Decision Matrix see activityA Decision Matrix is useful when faced with making a difficult decision The options or alternatives are listed in the left-hand column and the selection criteria is listed across the top row Each of the options are rated against the selection criteria to arrive at the best logical decision
34
Activity Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences Intervention Rating
36
Ex Leon wanted to know the age of a black bear at the zoo The zoo keeper told Leon that if he added 10 years to the age of the bear and then doubled it the bear would be 90 years old How old is the bear (Hint Using the facts given start with 90 years and work backwards)
Understanding the Problemmiddot Did the zoo keeper tell Leon the bears age (no)middot What was the last thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He doubled it)middot What was the first thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He added 10)
)
12 Working backwards12 Working backwardshellip see hellip see ex
37
Finding the Answer
Work Backwards
Start with 90 the final number given by zoo keeper
Divide by 2 to get the number that was doubledmdash90 divide 2 = 45
Subtract 10 to get the age of the bear before 10 years was addedmdash45 - 10 = 35
The bear was 35 years old
38
Practice problem- working backwardsRabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
Practice Problem Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
PRACTICE Name(s) ____________________________________________
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences
Intervention Rating
39
Practice problem
Rabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
40
Year No of Rabbits
7 3200
6 1600
5 8004 4003 2002 100
1 50
Make a table and work backward from year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits Since population doubles each year working backward means halving it
There were 50 rabbits in year one
Practice answer
Step 1 - State your position on the issue
Explain what yoursquove seen or learned that supports your thinking
Step 2 - Seek other views amp evidence
Briefly describe your findings including references to your sources of information
Step 3 - Decide which view is most reasonable If need be revise your position from Step 1
Explain any reasons for revising or not revising your original view
Activity Select one of the topics below then follow step 1-3
bullShould everyone applying for a marriage license be tested for AIDSbullDo you favor a mandatory drug test for high school students
Name __________________ Per ____ Date ___________
5
A skull Or
a woman looking into a vanity
mirror
What you read vs
what you see
6
How many horses can you find in this picture
Most people can find 5hellipsome experts say there are 7
7
Errors in PerceptionErrors in PerceptionPretending to knowhellip
deceiving yourself and others about what you know
Resistance to changehellipopposing new ideas because they are unfamiliar or uncomfortable
EitherOr Thinkinghelliptaking only extreme positions for or against seeing only black or white
8
bull Objective 1 ndash Define critical thinking amp discuss reasons why this is an essential skill for all health professionals
Critical ThinkingThe process by which we detect amp
analyze assumptions underlying our actions decisions and judgments in our personal and professional roles It is an essential skill for all health professionals
9
bullObjective 3hellipchoose appropriate methods of inquiry and or problem solving for addressing the issue idea or phenomenon
bullObjective 2hellipIdentify and define underlying assumptions ampor problems regarding an issue idea or phenomenon
11
Features of Critical Thinking in Health CarePurposeful amp results-orientedBased on principles of
Health care practiceScientific method
Evidence-basedGuided by professional standards amp ethics codesSelf-correcting through constant reevaluation
12
When Critical Thinking Wehellip
bullDifferentiate between facts amp opinionshellipFacts are realities be able you can
providea source for your information
Opinions are beliefs amp judgments
bullForm opinions with great care amp are willing to revise even cherished
opinions whenever they prove to be in error
If you are unsure if it is fact or opinionhelliptreat it as opinion
13
Why is critical thinking importantWhy is critical thinking important
bullForces the development amp evaluation of your thinking skills
bullAllows you to probe beneath the surface
bullDiscovers the structure of your thoughts
bullDevelops critical listening skills
bullSuspends judgment until there is enough sufficient evidence is found
bullAllows you to explore opposing viewpoints
Listen before reaching a conclusionNo stereotypingConsider ideas before automatically rejecting or
accepting
Fair minded vs Unfair Minded
Think for yourselfAnalyze amp evaluate beliefs amp valuesKnow when to question and when to conformBeing open to necessary change or
compromise
Autonomy vs Conformity
Dedicated amp determined to find a solutionResearch as neededLook for the BEST not the quickest or easiest
solutionBe willing to ldquomonitor and adjustrdquo as
necessary
Perserverance vs Laziness
Consider new solutions and ideas
Creativity vs Not
bull Know the limits of your own knowledgebull Ask for help direction amp support
Have faith in yourselfhellipyour training your knowledgeyour abilities your strengthsyour self awareness your limitations
Confidence vs Distrust
bull Scrutinize your own knowledge amp beliefs as you would other
bull Research and be able to support your thinking
19
20
Problem Solving vs Decision MakingProblem Solving vs Decision Making
1048707 Problem solving is a set of activities designed to analyze a situation systematically and generate implement and evaluate solutions
1048707 Decision making is a mechanism for making choices at each step of the problem-solving process It is part of problem solving
21
5 Step Problem Solving5 Step Problem Solving
1Identify the problem2Gather information amp identify
possible solutions3Select the best option4Implement the solution5Evaluate the results
23
Similar idea Six steps to making an effective decisionSimilar idea Six steps to making an effective decision
1Create a constructive environment2Generate good alternatives3Explore these alternatives4Choose the best alternative 5Check your decision 6Communicate your decision and take action
24
Strategies for improving problem solving Strategies for improving problem solving amp decision makingamp decision making
11BrainstormingBrainstorming
This technique is used to encourage participation from each member of the team Brainstorming helps to break people out of the typical mode of approaching things to produce new and creative ideas It creates a climate of freedom and openness which encourages an increased quantity of ideas
25
2 2 Root Cause Analysis (AKA as the Five Root Cause Analysis (AKA as the Five Whys) Whys)
The objective of Root Cause Analysis is to find the fundamental cause for a problem
Simply ask Why five times or more to really get at the root of the problem
26
Using the 5 Whys you go through the following steps to get to the cause of the problem
bullWhy is our patient Mr Sick upset Because we did not provide the test results when we said we would bullWhy were we unable to meet the agreed-upon timeline One new test ordered required more time before the results were available bullWhy did it take so much longer This is new test and it had to be sent to an outside labbullWhy did we underestimate the time for the test results Because we were not aware of the new proceduresbullWhy didnt we know this Because we had not kept current with policies amp procedures for certain tests
ConclusionhellipWe clearly need to stay current and communicate accurately about timelines for important patient information
27
3 3 Cause and Effect Diagrams Cause and Effect Diagrams
This diagram is drawn to represent the relationship between an effect (the problem) and its potential causes The diagram helps to sort-out and relate the interactions among the factors affecting a process
28
44 Flowcharting Flowchartinga map that shows all the steps in a process
29
5 Think aloud5 Think aloudhellip talk it through
6 Trial amp Error6 Trial amp Errorhellip explain explain in a different way use a visual pamphlet interpreter videohellip ask open ended questions provide calm atmosphere change settinghellip
7 Use a problem solving grouphellip7 Use a problem solving grouphellipteams bring richness of thought an ownership of results and action when it comes to implementing solution
30
8 8 Scientific Problem SolvingScientific Problem SolvingProblem or questionResearchHypothesis formulationExperimentCollect amp analyse dataForm conclusion based on resultsCommunicate results
9 9 Intuitive Problem SolvingIntuitive Problem SolvingBased on inner prompting or instinctNo logical thinkingIdentifying a solution to a problem based on its similarity or dissimilarity to other problems
31
10 Decision Making Trees 10 Decision Making Trees see handout
1 Look at Choices2 Consider Factors of Influence
(roots trunk)3 Suggest Appropriate Alternatives
(lg branches)4 Consider Risks of choosing alternatives
(sm branches)5 Choose Action to be taken6 Critique Action
32
Decision Making TreesDecision Making Trees
33
11 Decision Matrix11 Decision Matrix see activityA Decision Matrix is useful when faced with making a difficult decision The options or alternatives are listed in the left-hand column and the selection criteria is listed across the top row Each of the options are rated against the selection criteria to arrive at the best logical decision
34
Activity Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences Intervention Rating
36
Ex Leon wanted to know the age of a black bear at the zoo The zoo keeper told Leon that if he added 10 years to the age of the bear and then doubled it the bear would be 90 years old How old is the bear (Hint Using the facts given start with 90 years and work backwards)
Understanding the Problemmiddot Did the zoo keeper tell Leon the bears age (no)middot What was the last thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He doubled it)middot What was the first thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He added 10)
)
12 Working backwards12 Working backwardshellip see hellip see ex
37
Finding the Answer
Work Backwards
Start with 90 the final number given by zoo keeper
Divide by 2 to get the number that was doubledmdash90 divide 2 = 45
Subtract 10 to get the age of the bear before 10 years was addedmdash45 - 10 = 35
The bear was 35 years old
38
Practice problem- working backwardsRabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
Practice Problem Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
PRACTICE Name(s) ____________________________________________
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences
Intervention Rating
39
Practice problem
Rabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
40
Year No of Rabbits
7 3200
6 1600
5 8004 4003 2002 100
1 50
Make a table and work backward from year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits Since population doubles each year working backward means halving it
There were 50 rabbits in year one
Practice answer
Step 1 - State your position on the issue
Explain what yoursquove seen or learned that supports your thinking
Step 2 - Seek other views amp evidence
Briefly describe your findings including references to your sources of information
Step 3 - Decide which view is most reasonable If need be revise your position from Step 1
Explain any reasons for revising or not revising your original view
Activity Select one of the topics below then follow step 1-3
bullShould everyone applying for a marriage license be tested for AIDSbullDo you favor a mandatory drug test for high school students
Name __________________ Per ____ Date ___________
6
How many horses can you find in this picture
Most people can find 5hellipsome experts say there are 7
7
Errors in PerceptionErrors in PerceptionPretending to knowhellip
deceiving yourself and others about what you know
Resistance to changehellipopposing new ideas because they are unfamiliar or uncomfortable
EitherOr Thinkinghelliptaking only extreme positions for or against seeing only black or white
8
bull Objective 1 ndash Define critical thinking amp discuss reasons why this is an essential skill for all health professionals
Critical ThinkingThe process by which we detect amp
analyze assumptions underlying our actions decisions and judgments in our personal and professional roles It is an essential skill for all health professionals
9
bullObjective 3hellipchoose appropriate methods of inquiry and or problem solving for addressing the issue idea or phenomenon
bullObjective 2hellipIdentify and define underlying assumptions ampor problems regarding an issue idea or phenomenon
11
Features of Critical Thinking in Health CarePurposeful amp results-orientedBased on principles of
Health care practiceScientific method
Evidence-basedGuided by professional standards amp ethics codesSelf-correcting through constant reevaluation
12
When Critical Thinking Wehellip
bullDifferentiate between facts amp opinionshellipFacts are realities be able you can
providea source for your information
Opinions are beliefs amp judgments
bullForm opinions with great care amp are willing to revise even cherished
opinions whenever they prove to be in error
If you are unsure if it is fact or opinionhelliptreat it as opinion
13
Why is critical thinking importantWhy is critical thinking important
bullForces the development amp evaluation of your thinking skills
bullAllows you to probe beneath the surface
bullDiscovers the structure of your thoughts
bullDevelops critical listening skills
bullSuspends judgment until there is enough sufficient evidence is found
bullAllows you to explore opposing viewpoints
Listen before reaching a conclusionNo stereotypingConsider ideas before automatically rejecting or
accepting
Fair minded vs Unfair Minded
Think for yourselfAnalyze amp evaluate beliefs amp valuesKnow when to question and when to conformBeing open to necessary change or
compromise
Autonomy vs Conformity
Dedicated amp determined to find a solutionResearch as neededLook for the BEST not the quickest or easiest
solutionBe willing to ldquomonitor and adjustrdquo as
necessary
Perserverance vs Laziness
Consider new solutions and ideas
Creativity vs Not
bull Know the limits of your own knowledgebull Ask for help direction amp support
Have faith in yourselfhellipyour training your knowledgeyour abilities your strengthsyour self awareness your limitations
Confidence vs Distrust
bull Scrutinize your own knowledge amp beliefs as you would other
bull Research and be able to support your thinking
19
20
Problem Solving vs Decision MakingProblem Solving vs Decision Making
1048707 Problem solving is a set of activities designed to analyze a situation systematically and generate implement and evaluate solutions
1048707 Decision making is a mechanism for making choices at each step of the problem-solving process It is part of problem solving
21
5 Step Problem Solving5 Step Problem Solving
1Identify the problem2Gather information amp identify
possible solutions3Select the best option4Implement the solution5Evaluate the results
23
Similar idea Six steps to making an effective decisionSimilar idea Six steps to making an effective decision
1Create a constructive environment2Generate good alternatives3Explore these alternatives4Choose the best alternative 5Check your decision 6Communicate your decision and take action
24
Strategies for improving problem solving Strategies for improving problem solving amp decision makingamp decision making
11BrainstormingBrainstorming
This technique is used to encourage participation from each member of the team Brainstorming helps to break people out of the typical mode of approaching things to produce new and creative ideas It creates a climate of freedom and openness which encourages an increased quantity of ideas
25
2 2 Root Cause Analysis (AKA as the Five Root Cause Analysis (AKA as the Five Whys) Whys)
The objective of Root Cause Analysis is to find the fundamental cause for a problem
Simply ask Why five times or more to really get at the root of the problem
26
Using the 5 Whys you go through the following steps to get to the cause of the problem
bullWhy is our patient Mr Sick upset Because we did not provide the test results when we said we would bullWhy were we unable to meet the agreed-upon timeline One new test ordered required more time before the results were available bullWhy did it take so much longer This is new test and it had to be sent to an outside labbullWhy did we underestimate the time for the test results Because we were not aware of the new proceduresbullWhy didnt we know this Because we had not kept current with policies amp procedures for certain tests
ConclusionhellipWe clearly need to stay current and communicate accurately about timelines for important patient information
27
3 3 Cause and Effect Diagrams Cause and Effect Diagrams
This diagram is drawn to represent the relationship between an effect (the problem) and its potential causes The diagram helps to sort-out and relate the interactions among the factors affecting a process
28
44 Flowcharting Flowchartinga map that shows all the steps in a process
29
5 Think aloud5 Think aloudhellip talk it through
6 Trial amp Error6 Trial amp Errorhellip explain explain in a different way use a visual pamphlet interpreter videohellip ask open ended questions provide calm atmosphere change settinghellip
7 Use a problem solving grouphellip7 Use a problem solving grouphellipteams bring richness of thought an ownership of results and action when it comes to implementing solution
30
8 8 Scientific Problem SolvingScientific Problem SolvingProblem or questionResearchHypothesis formulationExperimentCollect amp analyse dataForm conclusion based on resultsCommunicate results
9 9 Intuitive Problem SolvingIntuitive Problem SolvingBased on inner prompting or instinctNo logical thinkingIdentifying a solution to a problem based on its similarity or dissimilarity to other problems
31
10 Decision Making Trees 10 Decision Making Trees see handout
1 Look at Choices2 Consider Factors of Influence
(roots trunk)3 Suggest Appropriate Alternatives
(lg branches)4 Consider Risks of choosing alternatives
(sm branches)5 Choose Action to be taken6 Critique Action
32
Decision Making TreesDecision Making Trees
33
11 Decision Matrix11 Decision Matrix see activityA Decision Matrix is useful when faced with making a difficult decision The options or alternatives are listed in the left-hand column and the selection criteria is listed across the top row Each of the options are rated against the selection criteria to arrive at the best logical decision
34
Activity Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences Intervention Rating
36
Ex Leon wanted to know the age of a black bear at the zoo The zoo keeper told Leon that if he added 10 years to the age of the bear and then doubled it the bear would be 90 years old How old is the bear (Hint Using the facts given start with 90 years and work backwards)
Understanding the Problemmiddot Did the zoo keeper tell Leon the bears age (no)middot What was the last thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He doubled it)middot What was the first thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He added 10)
)
12 Working backwards12 Working backwardshellip see hellip see ex
37
Finding the Answer
Work Backwards
Start with 90 the final number given by zoo keeper
Divide by 2 to get the number that was doubledmdash90 divide 2 = 45
Subtract 10 to get the age of the bear before 10 years was addedmdash45 - 10 = 35
The bear was 35 years old
38
Practice problem- working backwardsRabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
Practice Problem Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
PRACTICE Name(s) ____________________________________________
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences
Intervention Rating
39
Practice problem
Rabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
40
Year No of Rabbits
7 3200
6 1600
5 8004 4003 2002 100
1 50
Make a table and work backward from year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits Since population doubles each year working backward means halving it
There were 50 rabbits in year one
Practice answer
Step 1 - State your position on the issue
Explain what yoursquove seen or learned that supports your thinking
Step 2 - Seek other views amp evidence
Briefly describe your findings including references to your sources of information
Step 3 - Decide which view is most reasonable If need be revise your position from Step 1
Explain any reasons for revising or not revising your original view
Activity Select one of the topics below then follow step 1-3
bullShould everyone applying for a marriage license be tested for AIDSbullDo you favor a mandatory drug test for high school students
Name __________________ Per ____ Date ___________
7
Errors in PerceptionErrors in PerceptionPretending to knowhellip
deceiving yourself and others about what you know
Resistance to changehellipopposing new ideas because they are unfamiliar or uncomfortable
EitherOr Thinkinghelliptaking only extreme positions for or against seeing only black or white
8
bull Objective 1 ndash Define critical thinking amp discuss reasons why this is an essential skill for all health professionals
Critical ThinkingThe process by which we detect amp
analyze assumptions underlying our actions decisions and judgments in our personal and professional roles It is an essential skill for all health professionals
9
bullObjective 3hellipchoose appropriate methods of inquiry and or problem solving for addressing the issue idea or phenomenon
bullObjective 2hellipIdentify and define underlying assumptions ampor problems regarding an issue idea or phenomenon
11
Features of Critical Thinking in Health CarePurposeful amp results-orientedBased on principles of
Health care practiceScientific method
Evidence-basedGuided by professional standards amp ethics codesSelf-correcting through constant reevaluation
12
When Critical Thinking Wehellip
bullDifferentiate between facts amp opinionshellipFacts are realities be able you can
providea source for your information
Opinions are beliefs amp judgments
bullForm opinions with great care amp are willing to revise even cherished
opinions whenever they prove to be in error
If you are unsure if it is fact or opinionhelliptreat it as opinion
13
Why is critical thinking importantWhy is critical thinking important
bullForces the development amp evaluation of your thinking skills
bullAllows you to probe beneath the surface
bullDiscovers the structure of your thoughts
bullDevelops critical listening skills
bullSuspends judgment until there is enough sufficient evidence is found
bullAllows you to explore opposing viewpoints
Listen before reaching a conclusionNo stereotypingConsider ideas before automatically rejecting or
accepting
Fair minded vs Unfair Minded
Think for yourselfAnalyze amp evaluate beliefs amp valuesKnow when to question and when to conformBeing open to necessary change or
compromise
Autonomy vs Conformity
Dedicated amp determined to find a solutionResearch as neededLook for the BEST not the quickest or easiest
solutionBe willing to ldquomonitor and adjustrdquo as
necessary
Perserverance vs Laziness
Consider new solutions and ideas
Creativity vs Not
bull Know the limits of your own knowledgebull Ask for help direction amp support
Have faith in yourselfhellipyour training your knowledgeyour abilities your strengthsyour self awareness your limitations
Confidence vs Distrust
bull Scrutinize your own knowledge amp beliefs as you would other
bull Research and be able to support your thinking
19
20
Problem Solving vs Decision MakingProblem Solving vs Decision Making
1048707 Problem solving is a set of activities designed to analyze a situation systematically and generate implement and evaluate solutions
1048707 Decision making is a mechanism for making choices at each step of the problem-solving process It is part of problem solving
21
5 Step Problem Solving5 Step Problem Solving
1Identify the problem2Gather information amp identify
possible solutions3Select the best option4Implement the solution5Evaluate the results
23
Similar idea Six steps to making an effective decisionSimilar idea Six steps to making an effective decision
1Create a constructive environment2Generate good alternatives3Explore these alternatives4Choose the best alternative 5Check your decision 6Communicate your decision and take action
24
Strategies for improving problem solving Strategies for improving problem solving amp decision makingamp decision making
11BrainstormingBrainstorming
This technique is used to encourage participation from each member of the team Brainstorming helps to break people out of the typical mode of approaching things to produce new and creative ideas It creates a climate of freedom and openness which encourages an increased quantity of ideas
25
2 2 Root Cause Analysis (AKA as the Five Root Cause Analysis (AKA as the Five Whys) Whys)
The objective of Root Cause Analysis is to find the fundamental cause for a problem
Simply ask Why five times or more to really get at the root of the problem
26
Using the 5 Whys you go through the following steps to get to the cause of the problem
bullWhy is our patient Mr Sick upset Because we did not provide the test results when we said we would bullWhy were we unable to meet the agreed-upon timeline One new test ordered required more time before the results were available bullWhy did it take so much longer This is new test and it had to be sent to an outside labbullWhy did we underestimate the time for the test results Because we were not aware of the new proceduresbullWhy didnt we know this Because we had not kept current with policies amp procedures for certain tests
ConclusionhellipWe clearly need to stay current and communicate accurately about timelines for important patient information
27
3 3 Cause and Effect Diagrams Cause and Effect Diagrams
This diagram is drawn to represent the relationship between an effect (the problem) and its potential causes The diagram helps to sort-out and relate the interactions among the factors affecting a process
28
44 Flowcharting Flowchartinga map that shows all the steps in a process
29
5 Think aloud5 Think aloudhellip talk it through
6 Trial amp Error6 Trial amp Errorhellip explain explain in a different way use a visual pamphlet interpreter videohellip ask open ended questions provide calm atmosphere change settinghellip
7 Use a problem solving grouphellip7 Use a problem solving grouphellipteams bring richness of thought an ownership of results and action when it comes to implementing solution
30
8 8 Scientific Problem SolvingScientific Problem SolvingProblem or questionResearchHypothesis formulationExperimentCollect amp analyse dataForm conclusion based on resultsCommunicate results
9 9 Intuitive Problem SolvingIntuitive Problem SolvingBased on inner prompting or instinctNo logical thinkingIdentifying a solution to a problem based on its similarity or dissimilarity to other problems
31
10 Decision Making Trees 10 Decision Making Trees see handout
1 Look at Choices2 Consider Factors of Influence
(roots trunk)3 Suggest Appropriate Alternatives
(lg branches)4 Consider Risks of choosing alternatives
(sm branches)5 Choose Action to be taken6 Critique Action
32
Decision Making TreesDecision Making Trees
33
11 Decision Matrix11 Decision Matrix see activityA Decision Matrix is useful when faced with making a difficult decision The options or alternatives are listed in the left-hand column and the selection criteria is listed across the top row Each of the options are rated against the selection criteria to arrive at the best logical decision
34
Activity Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences Intervention Rating
36
Ex Leon wanted to know the age of a black bear at the zoo The zoo keeper told Leon that if he added 10 years to the age of the bear and then doubled it the bear would be 90 years old How old is the bear (Hint Using the facts given start with 90 years and work backwards)
Understanding the Problemmiddot Did the zoo keeper tell Leon the bears age (no)middot What was the last thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He doubled it)middot What was the first thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He added 10)
)
12 Working backwards12 Working backwardshellip see hellip see ex
37
Finding the Answer
Work Backwards
Start with 90 the final number given by zoo keeper
Divide by 2 to get the number that was doubledmdash90 divide 2 = 45
Subtract 10 to get the age of the bear before 10 years was addedmdash45 - 10 = 35
The bear was 35 years old
38
Practice problem- working backwardsRabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
Practice Problem Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
PRACTICE Name(s) ____________________________________________
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences
Intervention Rating
39
Practice problem
Rabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
40
Year No of Rabbits
7 3200
6 1600
5 8004 4003 2002 100
1 50
Make a table and work backward from year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits Since population doubles each year working backward means halving it
There were 50 rabbits in year one
Practice answer
Step 1 - State your position on the issue
Explain what yoursquove seen or learned that supports your thinking
Step 2 - Seek other views amp evidence
Briefly describe your findings including references to your sources of information
Step 3 - Decide which view is most reasonable If need be revise your position from Step 1
Explain any reasons for revising or not revising your original view
Activity Select one of the topics below then follow step 1-3
bullShould everyone applying for a marriage license be tested for AIDSbullDo you favor a mandatory drug test for high school students
Name __________________ Per ____ Date ___________
8
bull Objective 1 ndash Define critical thinking amp discuss reasons why this is an essential skill for all health professionals
Critical ThinkingThe process by which we detect amp
analyze assumptions underlying our actions decisions and judgments in our personal and professional roles It is an essential skill for all health professionals
9
bullObjective 3hellipchoose appropriate methods of inquiry and or problem solving for addressing the issue idea or phenomenon
bullObjective 2hellipIdentify and define underlying assumptions ampor problems regarding an issue idea or phenomenon
11
Features of Critical Thinking in Health CarePurposeful amp results-orientedBased on principles of
Health care practiceScientific method
Evidence-basedGuided by professional standards amp ethics codesSelf-correcting through constant reevaluation
12
When Critical Thinking Wehellip
bullDifferentiate between facts amp opinionshellipFacts are realities be able you can
providea source for your information
Opinions are beliefs amp judgments
bullForm opinions with great care amp are willing to revise even cherished
opinions whenever they prove to be in error
If you are unsure if it is fact or opinionhelliptreat it as opinion
13
Why is critical thinking importantWhy is critical thinking important
bullForces the development amp evaluation of your thinking skills
bullAllows you to probe beneath the surface
bullDiscovers the structure of your thoughts
bullDevelops critical listening skills
bullSuspends judgment until there is enough sufficient evidence is found
bullAllows you to explore opposing viewpoints
Listen before reaching a conclusionNo stereotypingConsider ideas before automatically rejecting or
accepting
Fair minded vs Unfair Minded
Think for yourselfAnalyze amp evaluate beliefs amp valuesKnow when to question and when to conformBeing open to necessary change or
compromise
Autonomy vs Conformity
Dedicated amp determined to find a solutionResearch as neededLook for the BEST not the quickest or easiest
solutionBe willing to ldquomonitor and adjustrdquo as
necessary
Perserverance vs Laziness
Consider new solutions and ideas
Creativity vs Not
bull Know the limits of your own knowledgebull Ask for help direction amp support
Have faith in yourselfhellipyour training your knowledgeyour abilities your strengthsyour self awareness your limitations
Confidence vs Distrust
bull Scrutinize your own knowledge amp beliefs as you would other
bull Research and be able to support your thinking
19
20
Problem Solving vs Decision MakingProblem Solving vs Decision Making
1048707 Problem solving is a set of activities designed to analyze a situation systematically and generate implement and evaluate solutions
1048707 Decision making is a mechanism for making choices at each step of the problem-solving process It is part of problem solving
21
5 Step Problem Solving5 Step Problem Solving
1Identify the problem2Gather information amp identify
possible solutions3Select the best option4Implement the solution5Evaluate the results
23
Similar idea Six steps to making an effective decisionSimilar idea Six steps to making an effective decision
1Create a constructive environment2Generate good alternatives3Explore these alternatives4Choose the best alternative 5Check your decision 6Communicate your decision and take action
24
Strategies for improving problem solving Strategies for improving problem solving amp decision makingamp decision making
11BrainstormingBrainstorming
This technique is used to encourage participation from each member of the team Brainstorming helps to break people out of the typical mode of approaching things to produce new and creative ideas It creates a climate of freedom and openness which encourages an increased quantity of ideas
25
2 2 Root Cause Analysis (AKA as the Five Root Cause Analysis (AKA as the Five Whys) Whys)
The objective of Root Cause Analysis is to find the fundamental cause for a problem
Simply ask Why five times or more to really get at the root of the problem
26
Using the 5 Whys you go through the following steps to get to the cause of the problem
bullWhy is our patient Mr Sick upset Because we did not provide the test results when we said we would bullWhy were we unable to meet the agreed-upon timeline One new test ordered required more time before the results were available bullWhy did it take so much longer This is new test and it had to be sent to an outside labbullWhy did we underestimate the time for the test results Because we were not aware of the new proceduresbullWhy didnt we know this Because we had not kept current with policies amp procedures for certain tests
ConclusionhellipWe clearly need to stay current and communicate accurately about timelines for important patient information
27
3 3 Cause and Effect Diagrams Cause and Effect Diagrams
This diagram is drawn to represent the relationship between an effect (the problem) and its potential causes The diagram helps to sort-out and relate the interactions among the factors affecting a process
28
44 Flowcharting Flowchartinga map that shows all the steps in a process
29
5 Think aloud5 Think aloudhellip talk it through
6 Trial amp Error6 Trial amp Errorhellip explain explain in a different way use a visual pamphlet interpreter videohellip ask open ended questions provide calm atmosphere change settinghellip
7 Use a problem solving grouphellip7 Use a problem solving grouphellipteams bring richness of thought an ownership of results and action when it comes to implementing solution
30
8 8 Scientific Problem SolvingScientific Problem SolvingProblem or questionResearchHypothesis formulationExperimentCollect amp analyse dataForm conclusion based on resultsCommunicate results
9 9 Intuitive Problem SolvingIntuitive Problem SolvingBased on inner prompting or instinctNo logical thinkingIdentifying a solution to a problem based on its similarity or dissimilarity to other problems
31
10 Decision Making Trees 10 Decision Making Trees see handout
1 Look at Choices2 Consider Factors of Influence
(roots trunk)3 Suggest Appropriate Alternatives
(lg branches)4 Consider Risks of choosing alternatives
(sm branches)5 Choose Action to be taken6 Critique Action
32
Decision Making TreesDecision Making Trees
33
11 Decision Matrix11 Decision Matrix see activityA Decision Matrix is useful when faced with making a difficult decision The options or alternatives are listed in the left-hand column and the selection criteria is listed across the top row Each of the options are rated against the selection criteria to arrive at the best logical decision
34
Activity Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences Intervention Rating
36
Ex Leon wanted to know the age of a black bear at the zoo The zoo keeper told Leon that if he added 10 years to the age of the bear and then doubled it the bear would be 90 years old How old is the bear (Hint Using the facts given start with 90 years and work backwards)
Understanding the Problemmiddot Did the zoo keeper tell Leon the bears age (no)middot What was the last thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He doubled it)middot What was the first thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He added 10)
)
12 Working backwards12 Working backwardshellip see hellip see ex
37
Finding the Answer
Work Backwards
Start with 90 the final number given by zoo keeper
Divide by 2 to get the number that was doubledmdash90 divide 2 = 45
Subtract 10 to get the age of the bear before 10 years was addedmdash45 - 10 = 35
The bear was 35 years old
38
Practice problem- working backwardsRabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
Practice Problem Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
PRACTICE Name(s) ____________________________________________
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences
Intervention Rating
39
Practice problem
Rabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
40
Year No of Rabbits
7 3200
6 1600
5 8004 4003 2002 100
1 50
Make a table and work backward from year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits Since population doubles each year working backward means halving it
There were 50 rabbits in year one
Practice answer
Step 1 - State your position on the issue
Explain what yoursquove seen or learned that supports your thinking
Step 2 - Seek other views amp evidence
Briefly describe your findings including references to your sources of information
Step 3 - Decide which view is most reasonable If need be revise your position from Step 1
Explain any reasons for revising or not revising your original view
Activity Select one of the topics below then follow step 1-3
bullShould everyone applying for a marriage license be tested for AIDSbullDo you favor a mandatory drug test for high school students
Name __________________ Per ____ Date ___________
9
bullObjective 3hellipchoose appropriate methods of inquiry and or problem solving for addressing the issue idea or phenomenon
bullObjective 2hellipIdentify and define underlying assumptions ampor problems regarding an issue idea or phenomenon
11
Features of Critical Thinking in Health CarePurposeful amp results-orientedBased on principles of
Health care practiceScientific method
Evidence-basedGuided by professional standards amp ethics codesSelf-correcting through constant reevaluation
12
When Critical Thinking Wehellip
bullDifferentiate between facts amp opinionshellipFacts are realities be able you can
providea source for your information
Opinions are beliefs amp judgments
bullForm opinions with great care amp are willing to revise even cherished
opinions whenever they prove to be in error
If you are unsure if it is fact or opinionhelliptreat it as opinion
13
Why is critical thinking importantWhy is critical thinking important
bullForces the development amp evaluation of your thinking skills
bullAllows you to probe beneath the surface
bullDiscovers the structure of your thoughts
bullDevelops critical listening skills
bullSuspends judgment until there is enough sufficient evidence is found
bullAllows you to explore opposing viewpoints
Listen before reaching a conclusionNo stereotypingConsider ideas before automatically rejecting or
accepting
Fair minded vs Unfair Minded
Think for yourselfAnalyze amp evaluate beliefs amp valuesKnow when to question and when to conformBeing open to necessary change or
compromise
Autonomy vs Conformity
Dedicated amp determined to find a solutionResearch as neededLook for the BEST not the quickest or easiest
solutionBe willing to ldquomonitor and adjustrdquo as
necessary
Perserverance vs Laziness
Consider new solutions and ideas
Creativity vs Not
bull Know the limits of your own knowledgebull Ask for help direction amp support
Have faith in yourselfhellipyour training your knowledgeyour abilities your strengthsyour self awareness your limitations
Confidence vs Distrust
bull Scrutinize your own knowledge amp beliefs as you would other
bull Research and be able to support your thinking
19
20
Problem Solving vs Decision MakingProblem Solving vs Decision Making
1048707 Problem solving is a set of activities designed to analyze a situation systematically and generate implement and evaluate solutions
1048707 Decision making is a mechanism for making choices at each step of the problem-solving process It is part of problem solving
21
5 Step Problem Solving5 Step Problem Solving
1Identify the problem2Gather information amp identify
possible solutions3Select the best option4Implement the solution5Evaluate the results
23
Similar idea Six steps to making an effective decisionSimilar idea Six steps to making an effective decision
1Create a constructive environment2Generate good alternatives3Explore these alternatives4Choose the best alternative 5Check your decision 6Communicate your decision and take action
24
Strategies for improving problem solving Strategies for improving problem solving amp decision makingamp decision making
11BrainstormingBrainstorming
This technique is used to encourage participation from each member of the team Brainstorming helps to break people out of the typical mode of approaching things to produce new and creative ideas It creates a climate of freedom and openness which encourages an increased quantity of ideas
25
2 2 Root Cause Analysis (AKA as the Five Root Cause Analysis (AKA as the Five Whys) Whys)
The objective of Root Cause Analysis is to find the fundamental cause for a problem
Simply ask Why five times or more to really get at the root of the problem
26
Using the 5 Whys you go through the following steps to get to the cause of the problem
bullWhy is our patient Mr Sick upset Because we did not provide the test results when we said we would bullWhy were we unable to meet the agreed-upon timeline One new test ordered required more time before the results were available bullWhy did it take so much longer This is new test and it had to be sent to an outside labbullWhy did we underestimate the time for the test results Because we were not aware of the new proceduresbullWhy didnt we know this Because we had not kept current with policies amp procedures for certain tests
ConclusionhellipWe clearly need to stay current and communicate accurately about timelines for important patient information
27
3 3 Cause and Effect Diagrams Cause and Effect Diagrams
This diagram is drawn to represent the relationship between an effect (the problem) and its potential causes The diagram helps to sort-out and relate the interactions among the factors affecting a process
28
44 Flowcharting Flowchartinga map that shows all the steps in a process
29
5 Think aloud5 Think aloudhellip talk it through
6 Trial amp Error6 Trial amp Errorhellip explain explain in a different way use a visual pamphlet interpreter videohellip ask open ended questions provide calm atmosphere change settinghellip
7 Use a problem solving grouphellip7 Use a problem solving grouphellipteams bring richness of thought an ownership of results and action when it comes to implementing solution
30
8 8 Scientific Problem SolvingScientific Problem SolvingProblem or questionResearchHypothesis formulationExperimentCollect amp analyse dataForm conclusion based on resultsCommunicate results
9 9 Intuitive Problem SolvingIntuitive Problem SolvingBased on inner prompting or instinctNo logical thinkingIdentifying a solution to a problem based on its similarity or dissimilarity to other problems
31
10 Decision Making Trees 10 Decision Making Trees see handout
1 Look at Choices2 Consider Factors of Influence
(roots trunk)3 Suggest Appropriate Alternatives
(lg branches)4 Consider Risks of choosing alternatives
(sm branches)5 Choose Action to be taken6 Critique Action
32
Decision Making TreesDecision Making Trees
33
11 Decision Matrix11 Decision Matrix see activityA Decision Matrix is useful when faced with making a difficult decision The options or alternatives are listed in the left-hand column and the selection criteria is listed across the top row Each of the options are rated against the selection criteria to arrive at the best logical decision
34
Activity Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences Intervention Rating
36
Ex Leon wanted to know the age of a black bear at the zoo The zoo keeper told Leon that if he added 10 years to the age of the bear and then doubled it the bear would be 90 years old How old is the bear (Hint Using the facts given start with 90 years and work backwards)
Understanding the Problemmiddot Did the zoo keeper tell Leon the bears age (no)middot What was the last thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He doubled it)middot What was the first thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He added 10)
)
12 Working backwards12 Working backwardshellip see hellip see ex
37
Finding the Answer
Work Backwards
Start with 90 the final number given by zoo keeper
Divide by 2 to get the number that was doubledmdash90 divide 2 = 45
Subtract 10 to get the age of the bear before 10 years was addedmdash45 - 10 = 35
The bear was 35 years old
38
Practice problem- working backwardsRabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
Practice Problem Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
PRACTICE Name(s) ____________________________________________
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences
Intervention Rating
39
Practice problem
Rabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
40
Year No of Rabbits
7 3200
6 1600
5 8004 4003 2002 100
1 50
Make a table and work backward from year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits Since population doubles each year working backward means halving it
There were 50 rabbits in year one
Practice answer
Step 1 - State your position on the issue
Explain what yoursquove seen or learned that supports your thinking
Step 2 - Seek other views amp evidence
Briefly describe your findings including references to your sources of information
Step 3 - Decide which view is most reasonable If need be revise your position from Step 1
Explain any reasons for revising or not revising your original view
Activity Select one of the topics below then follow step 1-3
bullShould everyone applying for a marriage license be tested for AIDSbullDo you favor a mandatory drug test for high school students
Name __________________ Per ____ Date ___________
11
Features of Critical Thinking in Health CarePurposeful amp results-orientedBased on principles of
Health care practiceScientific method
Evidence-basedGuided by professional standards amp ethics codesSelf-correcting through constant reevaluation
12
When Critical Thinking Wehellip
bullDifferentiate between facts amp opinionshellipFacts are realities be able you can
providea source for your information
Opinions are beliefs amp judgments
bullForm opinions with great care amp are willing to revise even cherished
opinions whenever they prove to be in error
If you are unsure if it is fact or opinionhelliptreat it as opinion
13
Why is critical thinking importantWhy is critical thinking important
bullForces the development amp evaluation of your thinking skills
bullAllows you to probe beneath the surface
bullDiscovers the structure of your thoughts
bullDevelops critical listening skills
bullSuspends judgment until there is enough sufficient evidence is found
bullAllows you to explore opposing viewpoints
Listen before reaching a conclusionNo stereotypingConsider ideas before automatically rejecting or
accepting
Fair minded vs Unfair Minded
Think for yourselfAnalyze amp evaluate beliefs amp valuesKnow when to question and when to conformBeing open to necessary change or
compromise
Autonomy vs Conformity
Dedicated amp determined to find a solutionResearch as neededLook for the BEST not the quickest or easiest
solutionBe willing to ldquomonitor and adjustrdquo as
necessary
Perserverance vs Laziness
Consider new solutions and ideas
Creativity vs Not
bull Know the limits of your own knowledgebull Ask for help direction amp support
Have faith in yourselfhellipyour training your knowledgeyour abilities your strengthsyour self awareness your limitations
Confidence vs Distrust
bull Scrutinize your own knowledge amp beliefs as you would other
bull Research and be able to support your thinking
19
20
Problem Solving vs Decision MakingProblem Solving vs Decision Making
1048707 Problem solving is a set of activities designed to analyze a situation systematically and generate implement and evaluate solutions
1048707 Decision making is a mechanism for making choices at each step of the problem-solving process It is part of problem solving
21
5 Step Problem Solving5 Step Problem Solving
1Identify the problem2Gather information amp identify
possible solutions3Select the best option4Implement the solution5Evaluate the results
23
Similar idea Six steps to making an effective decisionSimilar idea Six steps to making an effective decision
1Create a constructive environment2Generate good alternatives3Explore these alternatives4Choose the best alternative 5Check your decision 6Communicate your decision and take action
24
Strategies for improving problem solving Strategies for improving problem solving amp decision makingamp decision making
11BrainstormingBrainstorming
This technique is used to encourage participation from each member of the team Brainstorming helps to break people out of the typical mode of approaching things to produce new and creative ideas It creates a climate of freedom and openness which encourages an increased quantity of ideas
25
2 2 Root Cause Analysis (AKA as the Five Root Cause Analysis (AKA as the Five Whys) Whys)
The objective of Root Cause Analysis is to find the fundamental cause for a problem
Simply ask Why five times or more to really get at the root of the problem
26
Using the 5 Whys you go through the following steps to get to the cause of the problem
bullWhy is our patient Mr Sick upset Because we did not provide the test results when we said we would bullWhy were we unable to meet the agreed-upon timeline One new test ordered required more time before the results were available bullWhy did it take so much longer This is new test and it had to be sent to an outside labbullWhy did we underestimate the time for the test results Because we were not aware of the new proceduresbullWhy didnt we know this Because we had not kept current with policies amp procedures for certain tests
ConclusionhellipWe clearly need to stay current and communicate accurately about timelines for important patient information
27
3 3 Cause and Effect Diagrams Cause and Effect Diagrams
This diagram is drawn to represent the relationship between an effect (the problem) and its potential causes The diagram helps to sort-out and relate the interactions among the factors affecting a process
28
44 Flowcharting Flowchartinga map that shows all the steps in a process
29
5 Think aloud5 Think aloudhellip talk it through
6 Trial amp Error6 Trial amp Errorhellip explain explain in a different way use a visual pamphlet interpreter videohellip ask open ended questions provide calm atmosphere change settinghellip
7 Use a problem solving grouphellip7 Use a problem solving grouphellipteams bring richness of thought an ownership of results and action when it comes to implementing solution
30
8 8 Scientific Problem SolvingScientific Problem SolvingProblem or questionResearchHypothesis formulationExperimentCollect amp analyse dataForm conclusion based on resultsCommunicate results
9 9 Intuitive Problem SolvingIntuitive Problem SolvingBased on inner prompting or instinctNo logical thinkingIdentifying a solution to a problem based on its similarity or dissimilarity to other problems
31
10 Decision Making Trees 10 Decision Making Trees see handout
1 Look at Choices2 Consider Factors of Influence
(roots trunk)3 Suggest Appropriate Alternatives
(lg branches)4 Consider Risks of choosing alternatives
(sm branches)5 Choose Action to be taken6 Critique Action
32
Decision Making TreesDecision Making Trees
33
11 Decision Matrix11 Decision Matrix see activityA Decision Matrix is useful when faced with making a difficult decision The options or alternatives are listed in the left-hand column and the selection criteria is listed across the top row Each of the options are rated against the selection criteria to arrive at the best logical decision
34
Activity Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences Intervention Rating
36
Ex Leon wanted to know the age of a black bear at the zoo The zoo keeper told Leon that if he added 10 years to the age of the bear and then doubled it the bear would be 90 years old How old is the bear (Hint Using the facts given start with 90 years and work backwards)
Understanding the Problemmiddot Did the zoo keeper tell Leon the bears age (no)middot What was the last thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He doubled it)middot What was the first thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He added 10)
)
12 Working backwards12 Working backwardshellip see hellip see ex
37
Finding the Answer
Work Backwards
Start with 90 the final number given by zoo keeper
Divide by 2 to get the number that was doubledmdash90 divide 2 = 45
Subtract 10 to get the age of the bear before 10 years was addedmdash45 - 10 = 35
The bear was 35 years old
38
Practice problem- working backwardsRabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
Practice Problem Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
PRACTICE Name(s) ____________________________________________
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences
Intervention Rating
39
Practice problem
Rabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
40
Year No of Rabbits
7 3200
6 1600
5 8004 4003 2002 100
1 50
Make a table and work backward from year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits Since population doubles each year working backward means halving it
There were 50 rabbits in year one
Practice answer
Step 1 - State your position on the issue
Explain what yoursquove seen or learned that supports your thinking
Step 2 - Seek other views amp evidence
Briefly describe your findings including references to your sources of information
Step 3 - Decide which view is most reasonable If need be revise your position from Step 1
Explain any reasons for revising or not revising your original view
Activity Select one of the topics below then follow step 1-3
bullShould everyone applying for a marriage license be tested for AIDSbullDo you favor a mandatory drug test for high school students
Name __________________ Per ____ Date ___________
12
When Critical Thinking Wehellip
bullDifferentiate between facts amp opinionshellipFacts are realities be able you can
providea source for your information
Opinions are beliefs amp judgments
bullForm opinions with great care amp are willing to revise even cherished
opinions whenever they prove to be in error
If you are unsure if it is fact or opinionhelliptreat it as opinion
13
Why is critical thinking importantWhy is critical thinking important
bullForces the development amp evaluation of your thinking skills
bullAllows you to probe beneath the surface
bullDiscovers the structure of your thoughts
bullDevelops critical listening skills
bullSuspends judgment until there is enough sufficient evidence is found
bullAllows you to explore opposing viewpoints
Listen before reaching a conclusionNo stereotypingConsider ideas before automatically rejecting or
accepting
Fair minded vs Unfair Minded
Think for yourselfAnalyze amp evaluate beliefs amp valuesKnow when to question and when to conformBeing open to necessary change or
compromise
Autonomy vs Conformity
Dedicated amp determined to find a solutionResearch as neededLook for the BEST not the quickest or easiest
solutionBe willing to ldquomonitor and adjustrdquo as
necessary
Perserverance vs Laziness
Consider new solutions and ideas
Creativity vs Not
bull Know the limits of your own knowledgebull Ask for help direction amp support
Have faith in yourselfhellipyour training your knowledgeyour abilities your strengthsyour self awareness your limitations
Confidence vs Distrust
bull Scrutinize your own knowledge amp beliefs as you would other
bull Research and be able to support your thinking
19
20
Problem Solving vs Decision MakingProblem Solving vs Decision Making
1048707 Problem solving is a set of activities designed to analyze a situation systematically and generate implement and evaluate solutions
1048707 Decision making is a mechanism for making choices at each step of the problem-solving process It is part of problem solving
21
5 Step Problem Solving5 Step Problem Solving
1Identify the problem2Gather information amp identify
possible solutions3Select the best option4Implement the solution5Evaluate the results
23
Similar idea Six steps to making an effective decisionSimilar idea Six steps to making an effective decision
1Create a constructive environment2Generate good alternatives3Explore these alternatives4Choose the best alternative 5Check your decision 6Communicate your decision and take action
24
Strategies for improving problem solving Strategies for improving problem solving amp decision makingamp decision making
11BrainstormingBrainstorming
This technique is used to encourage participation from each member of the team Brainstorming helps to break people out of the typical mode of approaching things to produce new and creative ideas It creates a climate of freedom and openness which encourages an increased quantity of ideas
25
2 2 Root Cause Analysis (AKA as the Five Root Cause Analysis (AKA as the Five Whys) Whys)
The objective of Root Cause Analysis is to find the fundamental cause for a problem
Simply ask Why five times or more to really get at the root of the problem
26
Using the 5 Whys you go through the following steps to get to the cause of the problem
bullWhy is our patient Mr Sick upset Because we did not provide the test results when we said we would bullWhy were we unable to meet the agreed-upon timeline One new test ordered required more time before the results were available bullWhy did it take so much longer This is new test and it had to be sent to an outside labbullWhy did we underestimate the time for the test results Because we were not aware of the new proceduresbullWhy didnt we know this Because we had not kept current with policies amp procedures for certain tests
ConclusionhellipWe clearly need to stay current and communicate accurately about timelines for important patient information
27
3 3 Cause and Effect Diagrams Cause and Effect Diagrams
This diagram is drawn to represent the relationship between an effect (the problem) and its potential causes The diagram helps to sort-out and relate the interactions among the factors affecting a process
28
44 Flowcharting Flowchartinga map that shows all the steps in a process
29
5 Think aloud5 Think aloudhellip talk it through
6 Trial amp Error6 Trial amp Errorhellip explain explain in a different way use a visual pamphlet interpreter videohellip ask open ended questions provide calm atmosphere change settinghellip
7 Use a problem solving grouphellip7 Use a problem solving grouphellipteams bring richness of thought an ownership of results and action when it comes to implementing solution
30
8 8 Scientific Problem SolvingScientific Problem SolvingProblem or questionResearchHypothesis formulationExperimentCollect amp analyse dataForm conclusion based on resultsCommunicate results
9 9 Intuitive Problem SolvingIntuitive Problem SolvingBased on inner prompting or instinctNo logical thinkingIdentifying a solution to a problem based on its similarity or dissimilarity to other problems
31
10 Decision Making Trees 10 Decision Making Trees see handout
1 Look at Choices2 Consider Factors of Influence
(roots trunk)3 Suggest Appropriate Alternatives
(lg branches)4 Consider Risks of choosing alternatives
(sm branches)5 Choose Action to be taken6 Critique Action
32
Decision Making TreesDecision Making Trees
33
11 Decision Matrix11 Decision Matrix see activityA Decision Matrix is useful when faced with making a difficult decision The options or alternatives are listed in the left-hand column and the selection criteria is listed across the top row Each of the options are rated against the selection criteria to arrive at the best logical decision
34
Activity Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences Intervention Rating
36
Ex Leon wanted to know the age of a black bear at the zoo The zoo keeper told Leon that if he added 10 years to the age of the bear and then doubled it the bear would be 90 years old How old is the bear (Hint Using the facts given start with 90 years and work backwards)
Understanding the Problemmiddot Did the zoo keeper tell Leon the bears age (no)middot What was the last thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He doubled it)middot What was the first thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He added 10)
)
12 Working backwards12 Working backwardshellip see hellip see ex
37
Finding the Answer
Work Backwards
Start with 90 the final number given by zoo keeper
Divide by 2 to get the number that was doubledmdash90 divide 2 = 45
Subtract 10 to get the age of the bear before 10 years was addedmdash45 - 10 = 35
The bear was 35 years old
38
Practice problem- working backwardsRabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
Practice Problem Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
PRACTICE Name(s) ____________________________________________
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences
Intervention Rating
39
Practice problem
Rabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
40
Year No of Rabbits
7 3200
6 1600
5 8004 4003 2002 100
1 50
Make a table and work backward from year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits Since population doubles each year working backward means halving it
There were 50 rabbits in year one
Practice answer
Step 1 - State your position on the issue
Explain what yoursquove seen or learned that supports your thinking
Step 2 - Seek other views amp evidence
Briefly describe your findings including references to your sources of information
Step 3 - Decide which view is most reasonable If need be revise your position from Step 1
Explain any reasons for revising or not revising your original view
Activity Select one of the topics below then follow step 1-3
bullShould everyone applying for a marriage license be tested for AIDSbullDo you favor a mandatory drug test for high school students
Name __________________ Per ____ Date ___________
13
Why is critical thinking importantWhy is critical thinking important
bullForces the development amp evaluation of your thinking skills
bullAllows you to probe beneath the surface
bullDiscovers the structure of your thoughts
bullDevelops critical listening skills
bullSuspends judgment until there is enough sufficient evidence is found
bullAllows you to explore opposing viewpoints
Listen before reaching a conclusionNo stereotypingConsider ideas before automatically rejecting or
accepting
Fair minded vs Unfair Minded
Think for yourselfAnalyze amp evaluate beliefs amp valuesKnow when to question and when to conformBeing open to necessary change or
compromise
Autonomy vs Conformity
Dedicated amp determined to find a solutionResearch as neededLook for the BEST not the quickest or easiest
solutionBe willing to ldquomonitor and adjustrdquo as
necessary
Perserverance vs Laziness
Consider new solutions and ideas
Creativity vs Not
bull Know the limits of your own knowledgebull Ask for help direction amp support
Have faith in yourselfhellipyour training your knowledgeyour abilities your strengthsyour self awareness your limitations
Confidence vs Distrust
bull Scrutinize your own knowledge amp beliefs as you would other
bull Research and be able to support your thinking
19
20
Problem Solving vs Decision MakingProblem Solving vs Decision Making
1048707 Problem solving is a set of activities designed to analyze a situation systematically and generate implement and evaluate solutions
1048707 Decision making is a mechanism for making choices at each step of the problem-solving process It is part of problem solving
21
5 Step Problem Solving5 Step Problem Solving
1Identify the problem2Gather information amp identify
possible solutions3Select the best option4Implement the solution5Evaluate the results
23
Similar idea Six steps to making an effective decisionSimilar idea Six steps to making an effective decision
1Create a constructive environment2Generate good alternatives3Explore these alternatives4Choose the best alternative 5Check your decision 6Communicate your decision and take action
24
Strategies for improving problem solving Strategies for improving problem solving amp decision makingamp decision making
11BrainstormingBrainstorming
This technique is used to encourage participation from each member of the team Brainstorming helps to break people out of the typical mode of approaching things to produce new and creative ideas It creates a climate of freedom and openness which encourages an increased quantity of ideas
25
2 2 Root Cause Analysis (AKA as the Five Root Cause Analysis (AKA as the Five Whys) Whys)
The objective of Root Cause Analysis is to find the fundamental cause for a problem
Simply ask Why five times or more to really get at the root of the problem
26
Using the 5 Whys you go through the following steps to get to the cause of the problem
bullWhy is our patient Mr Sick upset Because we did not provide the test results when we said we would bullWhy were we unable to meet the agreed-upon timeline One new test ordered required more time before the results were available bullWhy did it take so much longer This is new test and it had to be sent to an outside labbullWhy did we underestimate the time for the test results Because we were not aware of the new proceduresbullWhy didnt we know this Because we had not kept current with policies amp procedures for certain tests
ConclusionhellipWe clearly need to stay current and communicate accurately about timelines for important patient information
27
3 3 Cause and Effect Diagrams Cause and Effect Diagrams
This diagram is drawn to represent the relationship between an effect (the problem) and its potential causes The diagram helps to sort-out and relate the interactions among the factors affecting a process
28
44 Flowcharting Flowchartinga map that shows all the steps in a process
29
5 Think aloud5 Think aloudhellip talk it through
6 Trial amp Error6 Trial amp Errorhellip explain explain in a different way use a visual pamphlet interpreter videohellip ask open ended questions provide calm atmosphere change settinghellip
7 Use a problem solving grouphellip7 Use a problem solving grouphellipteams bring richness of thought an ownership of results and action when it comes to implementing solution
30
8 8 Scientific Problem SolvingScientific Problem SolvingProblem or questionResearchHypothesis formulationExperimentCollect amp analyse dataForm conclusion based on resultsCommunicate results
9 9 Intuitive Problem SolvingIntuitive Problem SolvingBased on inner prompting or instinctNo logical thinkingIdentifying a solution to a problem based on its similarity or dissimilarity to other problems
31
10 Decision Making Trees 10 Decision Making Trees see handout
1 Look at Choices2 Consider Factors of Influence
(roots trunk)3 Suggest Appropriate Alternatives
(lg branches)4 Consider Risks of choosing alternatives
(sm branches)5 Choose Action to be taken6 Critique Action
32
Decision Making TreesDecision Making Trees
33
11 Decision Matrix11 Decision Matrix see activityA Decision Matrix is useful when faced with making a difficult decision The options or alternatives are listed in the left-hand column and the selection criteria is listed across the top row Each of the options are rated against the selection criteria to arrive at the best logical decision
34
Activity Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences Intervention Rating
36
Ex Leon wanted to know the age of a black bear at the zoo The zoo keeper told Leon that if he added 10 years to the age of the bear and then doubled it the bear would be 90 years old How old is the bear (Hint Using the facts given start with 90 years and work backwards)
Understanding the Problemmiddot Did the zoo keeper tell Leon the bears age (no)middot What was the last thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He doubled it)middot What was the first thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He added 10)
)
12 Working backwards12 Working backwardshellip see hellip see ex
37
Finding the Answer
Work Backwards
Start with 90 the final number given by zoo keeper
Divide by 2 to get the number that was doubledmdash90 divide 2 = 45
Subtract 10 to get the age of the bear before 10 years was addedmdash45 - 10 = 35
The bear was 35 years old
38
Practice problem- working backwardsRabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
Practice Problem Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
PRACTICE Name(s) ____________________________________________
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences
Intervention Rating
39
Practice problem
Rabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
40
Year No of Rabbits
7 3200
6 1600
5 8004 4003 2002 100
1 50
Make a table and work backward from year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits Since population doubles each year working backward means halving it
There were 50 rabbits in year one
Practice answer
Step 1 - State your position on the issue
Explain what yoursquove seen or learned that supports your thinking
Step 2 - Seek other views amp evidence
Briefly describe your findings including references to your sources of information
Step 3 - Decide which view is most reasonable If need be revise your position from Step 1
Explain any reasons for revising or not revising your original view
Activity Select one of the topics below then follow step 1-3
bullShould everyone applying for a marriage license be tested for AIDSbullDo you favor a mandatory drug test for high school students
Name __________________ Per ____ Date ___________
Listen before reaching a conclusionNo stereotypingConsider ideas before automatically rejecting or
accepting
Fair minded vs Unfair Minded
Think for yourselfAnalyze amp evaluate beliefs amp valuesKnow when to question and when to conformBeing open to necessary change or
compromise
Autonomy vs Conformity
Dedicated amp determined to find a solutionResearch as neededLook for the BEST not the quickest or easiest
solutionBe willing to ldquomonitor and adjustrdquo as
necessary
Perserverance vs Laziness
Consider new solutions and ideas
Creativity vs Not
bull Know the limits of your own knowledgebull Ask for help direction amp support
Have faith in yourselfhellipyour training your knowledgeyour abilities your strengthsyour self awareness your limitations
Confidence vs Distrust
bull Scrutinize your own knowledge amp beliefs as you would other
bull Research and be able to support your thinking
19
20
Problem Solving vs Decision MakingProblem Solving vs Decision Making
1048707 Problem solving is a set of activities designed to analyze a situation systematically and generate implement and evaluate solutions
1048707 Decision making is a mechanism for making choices at each step of the problem-solving process It is part of problem solving
21
5 Step Problem Solving5 Step Problem Solving
1Identify the problem2Gather information amp identify
possible solutions3Select the best option4Implement the solution5Evaluate the results
23
Similar idea Six steps to making an effective decisionSimilar idea Six steps to making an effective decision
1Create a constructive environment2Generate good alternatives3Explore these alternatives4Choose the best alternative 5Check your decision 6Communicate your decision and take action
24
Strategies for improving problem solving Strategies for improving problem solving amp decision makingamp decision making
11BrainstormingBrainstorming
This technique is used to encourage participation from each member of the team Brainstorming helps to break people out of the typical mode of approaching things to produce new and creative ideas It creates a climate of freedom and openness which encourages an increased quantity of ideas
25
2 2 Root Cause Analysis (AKA as the Five Root Cause Analysis (AKA as the Five Whys) Whys)
The objective of Root Cause Analysis is to find the fundamental cause for a problem
Simply ask Why five times or more to really get at the root of the problem
26
Using the 5 Whys you go through the following steps to get to the cause of the problem
bullWhy is our patient Mr Sick upset Because we did not provide the test results when we said we would bullWhy were we unable to meet the agreed-upon timeline One new test ordered required more time before the results were available bullWhy did it take so much longer This is new test and it had to be sent to an outside labbullWhy did we underestimate the time for the test results Because we were not aware of the new proceduresbullWhy didnt we know this Because we had not kept current with policies amp procedures for certain tests
ConclusionhellipWe clearly need to stay current and communicate accurately about timelines for important patient information
27
3 3 Cause and Effect Diagrams Cause and Effect Diagrams
This diagram is drawn to represent the relationship between an effect (the problem) and its potential causes The diagram helps to sort-out and relate the interactions among the factors affecting a process
28
44 Flowcharting Flowchartinga map that shows all the steps in a process
29
5 Think aloud5 Think aloudhellip talk it through
6 Trial amp Error6 Trial amp Errorhellip explain explain in a different way use a visual pamphlet interpreter videohellip ask open ended questions provide calm atmosphere change settinghellip
7 Use a problem solving grouphellip7 Use a problem solving grouphellipteams bring richness of thought an ownership of results and action when it comes to implementing solution
30
8 8 Scientific Problem SolvingScientific Problem SolvingProblem or questionResearchHypothesis formulationExperimentCollect amp analyse dataForm conclusion based on resultsCommunicate results
9 9 Intuitive Problem SolvingIntuitive Problem SolvingBased on inner prompting or instinctNo logical thinkingIdentifying a solution to a problem based on its similarity or dissimilarity to other problems
31
10 Decision Making Trees 10 Decision Making Trees see handout
1 Look at Choices2 Consider Factors of Influence
(roots trunk)3 Suggest Appropriate Alternatives
(lg branches)4 Consider Risks of choosing alternatives
(sm branches)5 Choose Action to be taken6 Critique Action
32
Decision Making TreesDecision Making Trees
33
11 Decision Matrix11 Decision Matrix see activityA Decision Matrix is useful when faced with making a difficult decision The options or alternatives are listed in the left-hand column and the selection criteria is listed across the top row Each of the options are rated against the selection criteria to arrive at the best logical decision
34
Activity Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences Intervention Rating
36
Ex Leon wanted to know the age of a black bear at the zoo The zoo keeper told Leon that if he added 10 years to the age of the bear and then doubled it the bear would be 90 years old How old is the bear (Hint Using the facts given start with 90 years and work backwards)
Understanding the Problemmiddot Did the zoo keeper tell Leon the bears age (no)middot What was the last thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He doubled it)middot What was the first thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He added 10)
)
12 Working backwards12 Working backwardshellip see hellip see ex
37
Finding the Answer
Work Backwards
Start with 90 the final number given by zoo keeper
Divide by 2 to get the number that was doubledmdash90 divide 2 = 45
Subtract 10 to get the age of the bear before 10 years was addedmdash45 - 10 = 35
The bear was 35 years old
38
Practice problem- working backwardsRabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
Practice Problem Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
PRACTICE Name(s) ____________________________________________
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences
Intervention Rating
39
Practice problem
Rabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
40
Year No of Rabbits
7 3200
6 1600
5 8004 4003 2002 100
1 50
Make a table and work backward from year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits Since population doubles each year working backward means halving it
There were 50 rabbits in year one
Practice answer
Step 1 - State your position on the issue
Explain what yoursquove seen or learned that supports your thinking
Step 2 - Seek other views amp evidence
Briefly describe your findings including references to your sources of information
Step 3 - Decide which view is most reasonable If need be revise your position from Step 1
Explain any reasons for revising or not revising your original view
Activity Select one of the topics below then follow step 1-3
bullShould everyone applying for a marriage license be tested for AIDSbullDo you favor a mandatory drug test for high school students
Name __________________ Per ____ Date ___________
Think for yourselfAnalyze amp evaluate beliefs amp valuesKnow when to question and when to conformBeing open to necessary change or
compromise
Autonomy vs Conformity
Dedicated amp determined to find a solutionResearch as neededLook for the BEST not the quickest or easiest
solutionBe willing to ldquomonitor and adjustrdquo as
necessary
Perserverance vs Laziness
Consider new solutions and ideas
Creativity vs Not
bull Know the limits of your own knowledgebull Ask for help direction amp support
Have faith in yourselfhellipyour training your knowledgeyour abilities your strengthsyour self awareness your limitations
Confidence vs Distrust
bull Scrutinize your own knowledge amp beliefs as you would other
bull Research and be able to support your thinking
19
20
Problem Solving vs Decision MakingProblem Solving vs Decision Making
1048707 Problem solving is a set of activities designed to analyze a situation systematically and generate implement and evaluate solutions
1048707 Decision making is a mechanism for making choices at each step of the problem-solving process It is part of problem solving
21
5 Step Problem Solving5 Step Problem Solving
1Identify the problem2Gather information amp identify
possible solutions3Select the best option4Implement the solution5Evaluate the results
23
Similar idea Six steps to making an effective decisionSimilar idea Six steps to making an effective decision
1Create a constructive environment2Generate good alternatives3Explore these alternatives4Choose the best alternative 5Check your decision 6Communicate your decision and take action
24
Strategies for improving problem solving Strategies for improving problem solving amp decision makingamp decision making
11BrainstormingBrainstorming
This technique is used to encourage participation from each member of the team Brainstorming helps to break people out of the typical mode of approaching things to produce new and creative ideas It creates a climate of freedom and openness which encourages an increased quantity of ideas
25
2 2 Root Cause Analysis (AKA as the Five Root Cause Analysis (AKA as the Five Whys) Whys)
The objective of Root Cause Analysis is to find the fundamental cause for a problem
Simply ask Why five times or more to really get at the root of the problem
26
Using the 5 Whys you go through the following steps to get to the cause of the problem
bullWhy is our patient Mr Sick upset Because we did not provide the test results when we said we would bullWhy were we unable to meet the agreed-upon timeline One new test ordered required more time before the results were available bullWhy did it take so much longer This is new test and it had to be sent to an outside labbullWhy did we underestimate the time for the test results Because we were not aware of the new proceduresbullWhy didnt we know this Because we had not kept current with policies amp procedures for certain tests
ConclusionhellipWe clearly need to stay current and communicate accurately about timelines for important patient information
27
3 3 Cause and Effect Diagrams Cause and Effect Diagrams
This diagram is drawn to represent the relationship between an effect (the problem) and its potential causes The diagram helps to sort-out and relate the interactions among the factors affecting a process
28
44 Flowcharting Flowchartinga map that shows all the steps in a process
29
5 Think aloud5 Think aloudhellip talk it through
6 Trial amp Error6 Trial amp Errorhellip explain explain in a different way use a visual pamphlet interpreter videohellip ask open ended questions provide calm atmosphere change settinghellip
7 Use a problem solving grouphellip7 Use a problem solving grouphellipteams bring richness of thought an ownership of results and action when it comes to implementing solution
30
8 8 Scientific Problem SolvingScientific Problem SolvingProblem or questionResearchHypothesis formulationExperimentCollect amp analyse dataForm conclusion based on resultsCommunicate results
9 9 Intuitive Problem SolvingIntuitive Problem SolvingBased on inner prompting or instinctNo logical thinkingIdentifying a solution to a problem based on its similarity or dissimilarity to other problems
31
10 Decision Making Trees 10 Decision Making Trees see handout
1 Look at Choices2 Consider Factors of Influence
(roots trunk)3 Suggest Appropriate Alternatives
(lg branches)4 Consider Risks of choosing alternatives
(sm branches)5 Choose Action to be taken6 Critique Action
32
Decision Making TreesDecision Making Trees
33
11 Decision Matrix11 Decision Matrix see activityA Decision Matrix is useful when faced with making a difficult decision The options or alternatives are listed in the left-hand column and the selection criteria is listed across the top row Each of the options are rated against the selection criteria to arrive at the best logical decision
34
Activity Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences Intervention Rating
36
Ex Leon wanted to know the age of a black bear at the zoo The zoo keeper told Leon that if he added 10 years to the age of the bear and then doubled it the bear would be 90 years old How old is the bear (Hint Using the facts given start with 90 years and work backwards)
Understanding the Problemmiddot Did the zoo keeper tell Leon the bears age (no)middot What was the last thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He doubled it)middot What was the first thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He added 10)
)
12 Working backwards12 Working backwardshellip see hellip see ex
37
Finding the Answer
Work Backwards
Start with 90 the final number given by zoo keeper
Divide by 2 to get the number that was doubledmdash90 divide 2 = 45
Subtract 10 to get the age of the bear before 10 years was addedmdash45 - 10 = 35
The bear was 35 years old
38
Practice problem- working backwardsRabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
Practice Problem Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
PRACTICE Name(s) ____________________________________________
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences
Intervention Rating
39
Practice problem
Rabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
40
Year No of Rabbits
7 3200
6 1600
5 8004 4003 2002 100
1 50
Make a table and work backward from year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits Since population doubles each year working backward means halving it
There were 50 rabbits in year one
Practice answer
Step 1 - State your position on the issue
Explain what yoursquove seen or learned that supports your thinking
Step 2 - Seek other views amp evidence
Briefly describe your findings including references to your sources of information
Step 3 - Decide which view is most reasonable If need be revise your position from Step 1
Explain any reasons for revising or not revising your original view
Activity Select one of the topics below then follow step 1-3
bullShould everyone applying for a marriage license be tested for AIDSbullDo you favor a mandatory drug test for high school students
Name __________________ Per ____ Date ___________
Dedicated amp determined to find a solutionResearch as neededLook for the BEST not the quickest or easiest
solutionBe willing to ldquomonitor and adjustrdquo as
necessary
Perserverance vs Laziness
Consider new solutions and ideas
Creativity vs Not
bull Know the limits of your own knowledgebull Ask for help direction amp support
Have faith in yourselfhellipyour training your knowledgeyour abilities your strengthsyour self awareness your limitations
Confidence vs Distrust
bull Scrutinize your own knowledge amp beliefs as you would other
bull Research and be able to support your thinking
19
20
Problem Solving vs Decision MakingProblem Solving vs Decision Making
1048707 Problem solving is a set of activities designed to analyze a situation systematically and generate implement and evaluate solutions
1048707 Decision making is a mechanism for making choices at each step of the problem-solving process It is part of problem solving
21
5 Step Problem Solving5 Step Problem Solving
1Identify the problem2Gather information amp identify
possible solutions3Select the best option4Implement the solution5Evaluate the results
23
Similar idea Six steps to making an effective decisionSimilar idea Six steps to making an effective decision
1Create a constructive environment2Generate good alternatives3Explore these alternatives4Choose the best alternative 5Check your decision 6Communicate your decision and take action
24
Strategies for improving problem solving Strategies for improving problem solving amp decision makingamp decision making
11BrainstormingBrainstorming
This technique is used to encourage participation from each member of the team Brainstorming helps to break people out of the typical mode of approaching things to produce new and creative ideas It creates a climate of freedom and openness which encourages an increased quantity of ideas
25
2 2 Root Cause Analysis (AKA as the Five Root Cause Analysis (AKA as the Five Whys) Whys)
The objective of Root Cause Analysis is to find the fundamental cause for a problem
Simply ask Why five times or more to really get at the root of the problem
26
Using the 5 Whys you go through the following steps to get to the cause of the problem
bullWhy is our patient Mr Sick upset Because we did not provide the test results when we said we would bullWhy were we unable to meet the agreed-upon timeline One new test ordered required more time before the results were available bullWhy did it take so much longer This is new test and it had to be sent to an outside labbullWhy did we underestimate the time for the test results Because we were not aware of the new proceduresbullWhy didnt we know this Because we had not kept current with policies amp procedures for certain tests
ConclusionhellipWe clearly need to stay current and communicate accurately about timelines for important patient information
27
3 3 Cause and Effect Diagrams Cause and Effect Diagrams
This diagram is drawn to represent the relationship between an effect (the problem) and its potential causes The diagram helps to sort-out and relate the interactions among the factors affecting a process
28
44 Flowcharting Flowchartinga map that shows all the steps in a process
29
5 Think aloud5 Think aloudhellip talk it through
6 Trial amp Error6 Trial amp Errorhellip explain explain in a different way use a visual pamphlet interpreter videohellip ask open ended questions provide calm atmosphere change settinghellip
7 Use a problem solving grouphellip7 Use a problem solving grouphellipteams bring richness of thought an ownership of results and action when it comes to implementing solution
30
8 8 Scientific Problem SolvingScientific Problem SolvingProblem or questionResearchHypothesis formulationExperimentCollect amp analyse dataForm conclusion based on resultsCommunicate results
9 9 Intuitive Problem SolvingIntuitive Problem SolvingBased on inner prompting or instinctNo logical thinkingIdentifying a solution to a problem based on its similarity or dissimilarity to other problems
31
10 Decision Making Trees 10 Decision Making Trees see handout
1 Look at Choices2 Consider Factors of Influence
(roots trunk)3 Suggest Appropriate Alternatives
(lg branches)4 Consider Risks of choosing alternatives
(sm branches)5 Choose Action to be taken6 Critique Action
32
Decision Making TreesDecision Making Trees
33
11 Decision Matrix11 Decision Matrix see activityA Decision Matrix is useful when faced with making a difficult decision The options or alternatives are listed in the left-hand column and the selection criteria is listed across the top row Each of the options are rated against the selection criteria to arrive at the best logical decision
34
Activity Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences Intervention Rating
36
Ex Leon wanted to know the age of a black bear at the zoo The zoo keeper told Leon that if he added 10 years to the age of the bear and then doubled it the bear would be 90 years old How old is the bear (Hint Using the facts given start with 90 years and work backwards)
Understanding the Problemmiddot Did the zoo keeper tell Leon the bears age (no)middot What was the last thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He doubled it)middot What was the first thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He added 10)
)
12 Working backwards12 Working backwardshellip see hellip see ex
37
Finding the Answer
Work Backwards
Start with 90 the final number given by zoo keeper
Divide by 2 to get the number that was doubledmdash90 divide 2 = 45
Subtract 10 to get the age of the bear before 10 years was addedmdash45 - 10 = 35
The bear was 35 years old
38
Practice problem- working backwardsRabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
Practice Problem Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
PRACTICE Name(s) ____________________________________________
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences
Intervention Rating
39
Practice problem
Rabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
40
Year No of Rabbits
7 3200
6 1600
5 8004 4003 2002 100
1 50
Make a table and work backward from year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits Since population doubles each year working backward means halving it
There were 50 rabbits in year one
Practice answer
Step 1 - State your position on the issue
Explain what yoursquove seen or learned that supports your thinking
Step 2 - Seek other views amp evidence
Briefly describe your findings including references to your sources of information
Step 3 - Decide which view is most reasonable If need be revise your position from Step 1
Explain any reasons for revising or not revising your original view
Activity Select one of the topics below then follow step 1-3
bullShould everyone applying for a marriage license be tested for AIDSbullDo you favor a mandatory drug test for high school students
Name __________________ Per ____ Date ___________
Consider new solutions and ideas
Creativity vs Not
bull Know the limits of your own knowledgebull Ask for help direction amp support
Have faith in yourselfhellipyour training your knowledgeyour abilities your strengthsyour self awareness your limitations
Confidence vs Distrust
bull Scrutinize your own knowledge amp beliefs as you would other
bull Research and be able to support your thinking
19
20
Problem Solving vs Decision MakingProblem Solving vs Decision Making
1048707 Problem solving is a set of activities designed to analyze a situation systematically and generate implement and evaluate solutions
1048707 Decision making is a mechanism for making choices at each step of the problem-solving process It is part of problem solving
21
5 Step Problem Solving5 Step Problem Solving
1Identify the problem2Gather information amp identify
possible solutions3Select the best option4Implement the solution5Evaluate the results
23
Similar idea Six steps to making an effective decisionSimilar idea Six steps to making an effective decision
1Create a constructive environment2Generate good alternatives3Explore these alternatives4Choose the best alternative 5Check your decision 6Communicate your decision and take action
24
Strategies for improving problem solving Strategies for improving problem solving amp decision makingamp decision making
11BrainstormingBrainstorming
This technique is used to encourage participation from each member of the team Brainstorming helps to break people out of the typical mode of approaching things to produce new and creative ideas It creates a climate of freedom and openness which encourages an increased quantity of ideas
25
2 2 Root Cause Analysis (AKA as the Five Root Cause Analysis (AKA as the Five Whys) Whys)
The objective of Root Cause Analysis is to find the fundamental cause for a problem
Simply ask Why five times or more to really get at the root of the problem
26
Using the 5 Whys you go through the following steps to get to the cause of the problem
bullWhy is our patient Mr Sick upset Because we did not provide the test results when we said we would bullWhy were we unable to meet the agreed-upon timeline One new test ordered required more time before the results were available bullWhy did it take so much longer This is new test and it had to be sent to an outside labbullWhy did we underestimate the time for the test results Because we were not aware of the new proceduresbullWhy didnt we know this Because we had not kept current with policies amp procedures for certain tests
ConclusionhellipWe clearly need to stay current and communicate accurately about timelines for important patient information
27
3 3 Cause and Effect Diagrams Cause and Effect Diagrams
This diagram is drawn to represent the relationship between an effect (the problem) and its potential causes The diagram helps to sort-out and relate the interactions among the factors affecting a process
28
44 Flowcharting Flowchartinga map that shows all the steps in a process
29
5 Think aloud5 Think aloudhellip talk it through
6 Trial amp Error6 Trial amp Errorhellip explain explain in a different way use a visual pamphlet interpreter videohellip ask open ended questions provide calm atmosphere change settinghellip
7 Use a problem solving grouphellip7 Use a problem solving grouphellipteams bring richness of thought an ownership of results and action when it comes to implementing solution
30
8 8 Scientific Problem SolvingScientific Problem SolvingProblem or questionResearchHypothesis formulationExperimentCollect amp analyse dataForm conclusion based on resultsCommunicate results
9 9 Intuitive Problem SolvingIntuitive Problem SolvingBased on inner prompting or instinctNo logical thinkingIdentifying a solution to a problem based on its similarity or dissimilarity to other problems
31
10 Decision Making Trees 10 Decision Making Trees see handout
1 Look at Choices2 Consider Factors of Influence
(roots trunk)3 Suggest Appropriate Alternatives
(lg branches)4 Consider Risks of choosing alternatives
(sm branches)5 Choose Action to be taken6 Critique Action
32
Decision Making TreesDecision Making Trees
33
11 Decision Matrix11 Decision Matrix see activityA Decision Matrix is useful when faced with making a difficult decision The options or alternatives are listed in the left-hand column and the selection criteria is listed across the top row Each of the options are rated against the selection criteria to arrive at the best logical decision
34
Activity Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences Intervention Rating
36
Ex Leon wanted to know the age of a black bear at the zoo The zoo keeper told Leon that if he added 10 years to the age of the bear and then doubled it the bear would be 90 years old How old is the bear (Hint Using the facts given start with 90 years and work backwards)
Understanding the Problemmiddot Did the zoo keeper tell Leon the bears age (no)middot What was the last thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He doubled it)middot What was the first thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He added 10)
)
12 Working backwards12 Working backwardshellip see hellip see ex
37
Finding the Answer
Work Backwards
Start with 90 the final number given by zoo keeper
Divide by 2 to get the number that was doubledmdash90 divide 2 = 45
Subtract 10 to get the age of the bear before 10 years was addedmdash45 - 10 = 35
The bear was 35 years old
38
Practice problem- working backwardsRabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
Practice Problem Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
PRACTICE Name(s) ____________________________________________
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences
Intervention Rating
39
Practice problem
Rabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
40
Year No of Rabbits
7 3200
6 1600
5 8004 4003 2002 100
1 50
Make a table and work backward from year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits Since population doubles each year working backward means halving it
There were 50 rabbits in year one
Practice answer
Step 1 - State your position on the issue
Explain what yoursquove seen or learned that supports your thinking
Step 2 - Seek other views amp evidence
Briefly describe your findings including references to your sources of information
Step 3 - Decide which view is most reasonable If need be revise your position from Step 1
Explain any reasons for revising or not revising your original view
Activity Select one of the topics below then follow step 1-3
bullShould everyone applying for a marriage license be tested for AIDSbullDo you favor a mandatory drug test for high school students
Name __________________ Per ____ Date ___________
Have faith in yourselfhellipyour training your knowledgeyour abilities your strengthsyour self awareness your limitations
Confidence vs Distrust
bull Scrutinize your own knowledge amp beliefs as you would other
bull Research and be able to support your thinking
19
20
Problem Solving vs Decision MakingProblem Solving vs Decision Making
1048707 Problem solving is a set of activities designed to analyze a situation systematically and generate implement and evaluate solutions
1048707 Decision making is a mechanism for making choices at each step of the problem-solving process It is part of problem solving
21
5 Step Problem Solving5 Step Problem Solving
1Identify the problem2Gather information amp identify
possible solutions3Select the best option4Implement the solution5Evaluate the results
23
Similar idea Six steps to making an effective decisionSimilar idea Six steps to making an effective decision
1Create a constructive environment2Generate good alternatives3Explore these alternatives4Choose the best alternative 5Check your decision 6Communicate your decision and take action
24
Strategies for improving problem solving Strategies for improving problem solving amp decision makingamp decision making
11BrainstormingBrainstorming
This technique is used to encourage participation from each member of the team Brainstorming helps to break people out of the typical mode of approaching things to produce new and creative ideas It creates a climate of freedom and openness which encourages an increased quantity of ideas
25
2 2 Root Cause Analysis (AKA as the Five Root Cause Analysis (AKA as the Five Whys) Whys)
The objective of Root Cause Analysis is to find the fundamental cause for a problem
Simply ask Why five times or more to really get at the root of the problem
26
Using the 5 Whys you go through the following steps to get to the cause of the problem
bullWhy is our patient Mr Sick upset Because we did not provide the test results when we said we would bullWhy were we unable to meet the agreed-upon timeline One new test ordered required more time before the results were available bullWhy did it take so much longer This is new test and it had to be sent to an outside labbullWhy did we underestimate the time for the test results Because we were not aware of the new proceduresbullWhy didnt we know this Because we had not kept current with policies amp procedures for certain tests
ConclusionhellipWe clearly need to stay current and communicate accurately about timelines for important patient information
27
3 3 Cause and Effect Diagrams Cause and Effect Diagrams
This diagram is drawn to represent the relationship between an effect (the problem) and its potential causes The diagram helps to sort-out and relate the interactions among the factors affecting a process
28
44 Flowcharting Flowchartinga map that shows all the steps in a process
29
5 Think aloud5 Think aloudhellip talk it through
6 Trial amp Error6 Trial amp Errorhellip explain explain in a different way use a visual pamphlet interpreter videohellip ask open ended questions provide calm atmosphere change settinghellip
7 Use a problem solving grouphellip7 Use a problem solving grouphellipteams bring richness of thought an ownership of results and action when it comes to implementing solution
30
8 8 Scientific Problem SolvingScientific Problem SolvingProblem or questionResearchHypothesis formulationExperimentCollect amp analyse dataForm conclusion based on resultsCommunicate results
9 9 Intuitive Problem SolvingIntuitive Problem SolvingBased on inner prompting or instinctNo logical thinkingIdentifying a solution to a problem based on its similarity or dissimilarity to other problems
31
10 Decision Making Trees 10 Decision Making Trees see handout
1 Look at Choices2 Consider Factors of Influence
(roots trunk)3 Suggest Appropriate Alternatives
(lg branches)4 Consider Risks of choosing alternatives
(sm branches)5 Choose Action to be taken6 Critique Action
32
Decision Making TreesDecision Making Trees
33
11 Decision Matrix11 Decision Matrix see activityA Decision Matrix is useful when faced with making a difficult decision The options or alternatives are listed in the left-hand column and the selection criteria is listed across the top row Each of the options are rated against the selection criteria to arrive at the best logical decision
34
Activity Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences Intervention Rating
36
Ex Leon wanted to know the age of a black bear at the zoo The zoo keeper told Leon that if he added 10 years to the age of the bear and then doubled it the bear would be 90 years old How old is the bear (Hint Using the facts given start with 90 years and work backwards)
Understanding the Problemmiddot Did the zoo keeper tell Leon the bears age (no)middot What was the last thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He doubled it)middot What was the first thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He added 10)
)
12 Working backwards12 Working backwardshellip see hellip see ex
37
Finding the Answer
Work Backwards
Start with 90 the final number given by zoo keeper
Divide by 2 to get the number that was doubledmdash90 divide 2 = 45
Subtract 10 to get the age of the bear before 10 years was addedmdash45 - 10 = 35
The bear was 35 years old
38
Practice problem- working backwardsRabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
Practice Problem Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
PRACTICE Name(s) ____________________________________________
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences
Intervention Rating
39
Practice problem
Rabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
40
Year No of Rabbits
7 3200
6 1600
5 8004 4003 2002 100
1 50
Make a table and work backward from year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits Since population doubles each year working backward means halving it
There were 50 rabbits in year one
Practice answer
Step 1 - State your position on the issue
Explain what yoursquove seen or learned that supports your thinking
Step 2 - Seek other views amp evidence
Briefly describe your findings including references to your sources of information
Step 3 - Decide which view is most reasonable If need be revise your position from Step 1
Explain any reasons for revising or not revising your original view
Activity Select one of the topics below then follow step 1-3
bullShould everyone applying for a marriage license be tested for AIDSbullDo you favor a mandatory drug test for high school students
Name __________________ Per ____ Date ___________
19
20
Problem Solving vs Decision MakingProblem Solving vs Decision Making
1048707 Problem solving is a set of activities designed to analyze a situation systematically and generate implement and evaluate solutions
1048707 Decision making is a mechanism for making choices at each step of the problem-solving process It is part of problem solving
21
5 Step Problem Solving5 Step Problem Solving
1Identify the problem2Gather information amp identify
possible solutions3Select the best option4Implement the solution5Evaluate the results
23
Similar idea Six steps to making an effective decisionSimilar idea Six steps to making an effective decision
1Create a constructive environment2Generate good alternatives3Explore these alternatives4Choose the best alternative 5Check your decision 6Communicate your decision and take action
24
Strategies for improving problem solving Strategies for improving problem solving amp decision makingamp decision making
11BrainstormingBrainstorming
This technique is used to encourage participation from each member of the team Brainstorming helps to break people out of the typical mode of approaching things to produce new and creative ideas It creates a climate of freedom and openness which encourages an increased quantity of ideas
25
2 2 Root Cause Analysis (AKA as the Five Root Cause Analysis (AKA as the Five Whys) Whys)
The objective of Root Cause Analysis is to find the fundamental cause for a problem
Simply ask Why five times or more to really get at the root of the problem
26
Using the 5 Whys you go through the following steps to get to the cause of the problem
bullWhy is our patient Mr Sick upset Because we did not provide the test results when we said we would bullWhy were we unable to meet the agreed-upon timeline One new test ordered required more time before the results were available bullWhy did it take so much longer This is new test and it had to be sent to an outside labbullWhy did we underestimate the time for the test results Because we were not aware of the new proceduresbullWhy didnt we know this Because we had not kept current with policies amp procedures for certain tests
ConclusionhellipWe clearly need to stay current and communicate accurately about timelines for important patient information
27
3 3 Cause and Effect Diagrams Cause and Effect Diagrams
This diagram is drawn to represent the relationship between an effect (the problem) and its potential causes The diagram helps to sort-out and relate the interactions among the factors affecting a process
28
44 Flowcharting Flowchartinga map that shows all the steps in a process
29
5 Think aloud5 Think aloudhellip talk it through
6 Trial amp Error6 Trial amp Errorhellip explain explain in a different way use a visual pamphlet interpreter videohellip ask open ended questions provide calm atmosphere change settinghellip
7 Use a problem solving grouphellip7 Use a problem solving grouphellipteams bring richness of thought an ownership of results and action when it comes to implementing solution
30
8 8 Scientific Problem SolvingScientific Problem SolvingProblem or questionResearchHypothesis formulationExperimentCollect amp analyse dataForm conclusion based on resultsCommunicate results
9 9 Intuitive Problem SolvingIntuitive Problem SolvingBased on inner prompting or instinctNo logical thinkingIdentifying a solution to a problem based on its similarity or dissimilarity to other problems
31
10 Decision Making Trees 10 Decision Making Trees see handout
1 Look at Choices2 Consider Factors of Influence
(roots trunk)3 Suggest Appropriate Alternatives
(lg branches)4 Consider Risks of choosing alternatives
(sm branches)5 Choose Action to be taken6 Critique Action
32
Decision Making TreesDecision Making Trees
33
11 Decision Matrix11 Decision Matrix see activityA Decision Matrix is useful when faced with making a difficult decision The options or alternatives are listed in the left-hand column and the selection criteria is listed across the top row Each of the options are rated against the selection criteria to arrive at the best logical decision
34
Activity Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences Intervention Rating
36
Ex Leon wanted to know the age of a black bear at the zoo The zoo keeper told Leon that if he added 10 years to the age of the bear and then doubled it the bear would be 90 years old How old is the bear (Hint Using the facts given start with 90 years and work backwards)
Understanding the Problemmiddot Did the zoo keeper tell Leon the bears age (no)middot What was the last thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He doubled it)middot What was the first thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He added 10)
)
12 Working backwards12 Working backwardshellip see hellip see ex
37
Finding the Answer
Work Backwards
Start with 90 the final number given by zoo keeper
Divide by 2 to get the number that was doubledmdash90 divide 2 = 45
Subtract 10 to get the age of the bear before 10 years was addedmdash45 - 10 = 35
The bear was 35 years old
38
Practice problem- working backwardsRabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
Practice Problem Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
PRACTICE Name(s) ____________________________________________
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences
Intervention Rating
39
Practice problem
Rabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
40
Year No of Rabbits
7 3200
6 1600
5 8004 4003 2002 100
1 50
Make a table and work backward from year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits Since population doubles each year working backward means halving it
There were 50 rabbits in year one
Practice answer
Step 1 - State your position on the issue
Explain what yoursquove seen or learned that supports your thinking
Step 2 - Seek other views amp evidence
Briefly describe your findings including references to your sources of information
Step 3 - Decide which view is most reasonable If need be revise your position from Step 1
Explain any reasons for revising or not revising your original view
Activity Select one of the topics below then follow step 1-3
bullShould everyone applying for a marriage license be tested for AIDSbullDo you favor a mandatory drug test for high school students
Name __________________ Per ____ Date ___________
20
Problem Solving vs Decision MakingProblem Solving vs Decision Making
1048707 Problem solving is a set of activities designed to analyze a situation systematically and generate implement and evaluate solutions
1048707 Decision making is a mechanism for making choices at each step of the problem-solving process It is part of problem solving
21
5 Step Problem Solving5 Step Problem Solving
1Identify the problem2Gather information amp identify
possible solutions3Select the best option4Implement the solution5Evaluate the results
23
Similar idea Six steps to making an effective decisionSimilar idea Six steps to making an effective decision
1Create a constructive environment2Generate good alternatives3Explore these alternatives4Choose the best alternative 5Check your decision 6Communicate your decision and take action
24
Strategies for improving problem solving Strategies for improving problem solving amp decision makingamp decision making
11BrainstormingBrainstorming
This technique is used to encourage participation from each member of the team Brainstorming helps to break people out of the typical mode of approaching things to produce new and creative ideas It creates a climate of freedom and openness which encourages an increased quantity of ideas
25
2 2 Root Cause Analysis (AKA as the Five Root Cause Analysis (AKA as the Five Whys) Whys)
The objective of Root Cause Analysis is to find the fundamental cause for a problem
Simply ask Why five times or more to really get at the root of the problem
26
Using the 5 Whys you go through the following steps to get to the cause of the problem
bullWhy is our patient Mr Sick upset Because we did not provide the test results when we said we would bullWhy were we unable to meet the agreed-upon timeline One new test ordered required more time before the results were available bullWhy did it take so much longer This is new test and it had to be sent to an outside labbullWhy did we underestimate the time for the test results Because we were not aware of the new proceduresbullWhy didnt we know this Because we had not kept current with policies amp procedures for certain tests
ConclusionhellipWe clearly need to stay current and communicate accurately about timelines for important patient information
27
3 3 Cause and Effect Diagrams Cause and Effect Diagrams
This diagram is drawn to represent the relationship between an effect (the problem) and its potential causes The diagram helps to sort-out and relate the interactions among the factors affecting a process
28
44 Flowcharting Flowchartinga map that shows all the steps in a process
29
5 Think aloud5 Think aloudhellip talk it through
6 Trial amp Error6 Trial amp Errorhellip explain explain in a different way use a visual pamphlet interpreter videohellip ask open ended questions provide calm atmosphere change settinghellip
7 Use a problem solving grouphellip7 Use a problem solving grouphellipteams bring richness of thought an ownership of results and action when it comes to implementing solution
30
8 8 Scientific Problem SolvingScientific Problem SolvingProblem or questionResearchHypothesis formulationExperimentCollect amp analyse dataForm conclusion based on resultsCommunicate results
9 9 Intuitive Problem SolvingIntuitive Problem SolvingBased on inner prompting or instinctNo logical thinkingIdentifying a solution to a problem based on its similarity or dissimilarity to other problems
31
10 Decision Making Trees 10 Decision Making Trees see handout
1 Look at Choices2 Consider Factors of Influence
(roots trunk)3 Suggest Appropriate Alternatives
(lg branches)4 Consider Risks of choosing alternatives
(sm branches)5 Choose Action to be taken6 Critique Action
32
Decision Making TreesDecision Making Trees
33
11 Decision Matrix11 Decision Matrix see activityA Decision Matrix is useful when faced with making a difficult decision The options or alternatives are listed in the left-hand column and the selection criteria is listed across the top row Each of the options are rated against the selection criteria to arrive at the best logical decision
34
Activity Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences Intervention Rating
36
Ex Leon wanted to know the age of a black bear at the zoo The zoo keeper told Leon that if he added 10 years to the age of the bear and then doubled it the bear would be 90 years old How old is the bear (Hint Using the facts given start with 90 years and work backwards)
Understanding the Problemmiddot Did the zoo keeper tell Leon the bears age (no)middot What was the last thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He doubled it)middot What was the first thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He added 10)
)
12 Working backwards12 Working backwardshellip see hellip see ex
37
Finding the Answer
Work Backwards
Start with 90 the final number given by zoo keeper
Divide by 2 to get the number that was doubledmdash90 divide 2 = 45
Subtract 10 to get the age of the bear before 10 years was addedmdash45 - 10 = 35
The bear was 35 years old
38
Practice problem- working backwardsRabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
Practice Problem Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
PRACTICE Name(s) ____________________________________________
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences
Intervention Rating
39
Practice problem
Rabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
40
Year No of Rabbits
7 3200
6 1600
5 8004 4003 2002 100
1 50
Make a table and work backward from year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits Since population doubles each year working backward means halving it
There were 50 rabbits in year one
Practice answer
Step 1 - State your position on the issue
Explain what yoursquove seen or learned that supports your thinking
Step 2 - Seek other views amp evidence
Briefly describe your findings including references to your sources of information
Step 3 - Decide which view is most reasonable If need be revise your position from Step 1
Explain any reasons for revising or not revising your original view
Activity Select one of the topics below then follow step 1-3
bullShould everyone applying for a marriage license be tested for AIDSbullDo you favor a mandatory drug test for high school students
Name __________________ Per ____ Date ___________
21
5 Step Problem Solving5 Step Problem Solving
1Identify the problem2Gather information amp identify
possible solutions3Select the best option4Implement the solution5Evaluate the results
23
Similar idea Six steps to making an effective decisionSimilar idea Six steps to making an effective decision
1Create a constructive environment2Generate good alternatives3Explore these alternatives4Choose the best alternative 5Check your decision 6Communicate your decision and take action
24
Strategies for improving problem solving Strategies for improving problem solving amp decision makingamp decision making
11BrainstormingBrainstorming
This technique is used to encourage participation from each member of the team Brainstorming helps to break people out of the typical mode of approaching things to produce new and creative ideas It creates a climate of freedom and openness which encourages an increased quantity of ideas
25
2 2 Root Cause Analysis (AKA as the Five Root Cause Analysis (AKA as the Five Whys) Whys)
The objective of Root Cause Analysis is to find the fundamental cause for a problem
Simply ask Why five times or more to really get at the root of the problem
26
Using the 5 Whys you go through the following steps to get to the cause of the problem
bullWhy is our patient Mr Sick upset Because we did not provide the test results when we said we would bullWhy were we unable to meet the agreed-upon timeline One new test ordered required more time before the results were available bullWhy did it take so much longer This is new test and it had to be sent to an outside labbullWhy did we underestimate the time for the test results Because we were not aware of the new proceduresbullWhy didnt we know this Because we had not kept current with policies amp procedures for certain tests
ConclusionhellipWe clearly need to stay current and communicate accurately about timelines for important patient information
27
3 3 Cause and Effect Diagrams Cause and Effect Diagrams
This diagram is drawn to represent the relationship between an effect (the problem) and its potential causes The diagram helps to sort-out and relate the interactions among the factors affecting a process
28
44 Flowcharting Flowchartinga map that shows all the steps in a process
29
5 Think aloud5 Think aloudhellip talk it through
6 Trial amp Error6 Trial amp Errorhellip explain explain in a different way use a visual pamphlet interpreter videohellip ask open ended questions provide calm atmosphere change settinghellip
7 Use a problem solving grouphellip7 Use a problem solving grouphellipteams bring richness of thought an ownership of results and action when it comes to implementing solution
30
8 8 Scientific Problem SolvingScientific Problem SolvingProblem or questionResearchHypothesis formulationExperimentCollect amp analyse dataForm conclusion based on resultsCommunicate results
9 9 Intuitive Problem SolvingIntuitive Problem SolvingBased on inner prompting or instinctNo logical thinkingIdentifying a solution to a problem based on its similarity or dissimilarity to other problems
31
10 Decision Making Trees 10 Decision Making Trees see handout
1 Look at Choices2 Consider Factors of Influence
(roots trunk)3 Suggest Appropriate Alternatives
(lg branches)4 Consider Risks of choosing alternatives
(sm branches)5 Choose Action to be taken6 Critique Action
32
Decision Making TreesDecision Making Trees
33
11 Decision Matrix11 Decision Matrix see activityA Decision Matrix is useful when faced with making a difficult decision The options or alternatives are listed in the left-hand column and the selection criteria is listed across the top row Each of the options are rated against the selection criteria to arrive at the best logical decision
34
Activity Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences Intervention Rating
36
Ex Leon wanted to know the age of a black bear at the zoo The zoo keeper told Leon that if he added 10 years to the age of the bear and then doubled it the bear would be 90 years old How old is the bear (Hint Using the facts given start with 90 years and work backwards)
Understanding the Problemmiddot Did the zoo keeper tell Leon the bears age (no)middot What was the last thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He doubled it)middot What was the first thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He added 10)
)
12 Working backwards12 Working backwardshellip see hellip see ex
37
Finding the Answer
Work Backwards
Start with 90 the final number given by zoo keeper
Divide by 2 to get the number that was doubledmdash90 divide 2 = 45
Subtract 10 to get the age of the bear before 10 years was addedmdash45 - 10 = 35
The bear was 35 years old
38
Practice problem- working backwardsRabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
Practice Problem Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
PRACTICE Name(s) ____________________________________________
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences
Intervention Rating
39
Practice problem
Rabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
40
Year No of Rabbits
7 3200
6 1600
5 8004 4003 2002 100
1 50
Make a table and work backward from year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits Since population doubles each year working backward means halving it
There were 50 rabbits in year one
Practice answer
Step 1 - State your position on the issue
Explain what yoursquove seen or learned that supports your thinking
Step 2 - Seek other views amp evidence
Briefly describe your findings including references to your sources of information
Step 3 - Decide which view is most reasonable If need be revise your position from Step 1
Explain any reasons for revising or not revising your original view
Activity Select one of the topics below then follow step 1-3
bullShould everyone applying for a marriage license be tested for AIDSbullDo you favor a mandatory drug test for high school students
Name __________________ Per ____ Date ___________
23
Similar idea Six steps to making an effective decisionSimilar idea Six steps to making an effective decision
1Create a constructive environment2Generate good alternatives3Explore these alternatives4Choose the best alternative 5Check your decision 6Communicate your decision and take action
24
Strategies for improving problem solving Strategies for improving problem solving amp decision makingamp decision making
11BrainstormingBrainstorming
This technique is used to encourage participation from each member of the team Brainstorming helps to break people out of the typical mode of approaching things to produce new and creative ideas It creates a climate of freedom and openness which encourages an increased quantity of ideas
25
2 2 Root Cause Analysis (AKA as the Five Root Cause Analysis (AKA as the Five Whys) Whys)
The objective of Root Cause Analysis is to find the fundamental cause for a problem
Simply ask Why five times or more to really get at the root of the problem
26
Using the 5 Whys you go through the following steps to get to the cause of the problem
bullWhy is our patient Mr Sick upset Because we did not provide the test results when we said we would bullWhy were we unable to meet the agreed-upon timeline One new test ordered required more time before the results were available bullWhy did it take so much longer This is new test and it had to be sent to an outside labbullWhy did we underestimate the time for the test results Because we were not aware of the new proceduresbullWhy didnt we know this Because we had not kept current with policies amp procedures for certain tests
ConclusionhellipWe clearly need to stay current and communicate accurately about timelines for important patient information
27
3 3 Cause and Effect Diagrams Cause and Effect Diagrams
This diagram is drawn to represent the relationship between an effect (the problem) and its potential causes The diagram helps to sort-out and relate the interactions among the factors affecting a process
28
44 Flowcharting Flowchartinga map that shows all the steps in a process
29
5 Think aloud5 Think aloudhellip talk it through
6 Trial amp Error6 Trial amp Errorhellip explain explain in a different way use a visual pamphlet interpreter videohellip ask open ended questions provide calm atmosphere change settinghellip
7 Use a problem solving grouphellip7 Use a problem solving grouphellipteams bring richness of thought an ownership of results and action when it comes to implementing solution
30
8 8 Scientific Problem SolvingScientific Problem SolvingProblem or questionResearchHypothesis formulationExperimentCollect amp analyse dataForm conclusion based on resultsCommunicate results
9 9 Intuitive Problem SolvingIntuitive Problem SolvingBased on inner prompting or instinctNo logical thinkingIdentifying a solution to a problem based on its similarity or dissimilarity to other problems
31
10 Decision Making Trees 10 Decision Making Trees see handout
1 Look at Choices2 Consider Factors of Influence
(roots trunk)3 Suggest Appropriate Alternatives
(lg branches)4 Consider Risks of choosing alternatives
(sm branches)5 Choose Action to be taken6 Critique Action
32
Decision Making TreesDecision Making Trees
33
11 Decision Matrix11 Decision Matrix see activityA Decision Matrix is useful when faced with making a difficult decision The options or alternatives are listed in the left-hand column and the selection criteria is listed across the top row Each of the options are rated against the selection criteria to arrive at the best logical decision
34
Activity Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences Intervention Rating
36
Ex Leon wanted to know the age of a black bear at the zoo The zoo keeper told Leon that if he added 10 years to the age of the bear and then doubled it the bear would be 90 years old How old is the bear (Hint Using the facts given start with 90 years and work backwards)
Understanding the Problemmiddot Did the zoo keeper tell Leon the bears age (no)middot What was the last thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He doubled it)middot What was the first thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He added 10)
)
12 Working backwards12 Working backwardshellip see hellip see ex
37
Finding the Answer
Work Backwards
Start with 90 the final number given by zoo keeper
Divide by 2 to get the number that was doubledmdash90 divide 2 = 45
Subtract 10 to get the age of the bear before 10 years was addedmdash45 - 10 = 35
The bear was 35 years old
38
Practice problem- working backwardsRabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
Practice Problem Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
PRACTICE Name(s) ____________________________________________
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences
Intervention Rating
39
Practice problem
Rabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
40
Year No of Rabbits
7 3200
6 1600
5 8004 4003 2002 100
1 50
Make a table and work backward from year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits Since population doubles each year working backward means halving it
There were 50 rabbits in year one
Practice answer
Step 1 - State your position on the issue
Explain what yoursquove seen or learned that supports your thinking
Step 2 - Seek other views amp evidence
Briefly describe your findings including references to your sources of information
Step 3 - Decide which view is most reasonable If need be revise your position from Step 1
Explain any reasons for revising or not revising your original view
Activity Select one of the topics below then follow step 1-3
bullShould everyone applying for a marriage license be tested for AIDSbullDo you favor a mandatory drug test for high school students
Name __________________ Per ____ Date ___________
24
Strategies for improving problem solving Strategies for improving problem solving amp decision makingamp decision making
11BrainstormingBrainstorming
This technique is used to encourage participation from each member of the team Brainstorming helps to break people out of the typical mode of approaching things to produce new and creative ideas It creates a climate of freedom and openness which encourages an increased quantity of ideas
25
2 2 Root Cause Analysis (AKA as the Five Root Cause Analysis (AKA as the Five Whys) Whys)
The objective of Root Cause Analysis is to find the fundamental cause for a problem
Simply ask Why five times or more to really get at the root of the problem
26
Using the 5 Whys you go through the following steps to get to the cause of the problem
bullWhy is our patient Mr Sick upset Because we did not provide the test results when we said we would bullWhy were we unable to meet the agreed-upon timeline One new test ordered required more time before the results were available bullWhy did it take so much longer This is new test and it had to be sent to an outside labbullWhy did we underestimate the time for the test results Because we were not aware of the new proceduresbullWhy didnt we know this Because we had not kept current with policies amp procedures for certain tests
ConclusionhellipWe clearly need to stay current and communicate accurately about timelines for important patient information
27
3 3 Cause and Effect Diagrams Cause and Effect Diagrams
This diagram is drawn to represent the relationship between an effect (the problem) and its potential causes The diagram helps to sort-out and relate the interactions among the factors affecting a process
28
44 Flowcharting Flowchartinga map that shows all the steps in a process
29
5 Think aloud5 Think aloudhellip talk it through
6 Trial amp Error6 Trial amp Errorhellip explain explain in a different way use a visual pamphlet interpreter videohellip ask open ended questions provide calm atmosphere change settinghellip
7 Use a problem solving grouphellip7 Use a problem solving grouphellipteams bring richness of thought an ownership of results and action when it comes to implementing solution
30
8 8 Scientific Problem SolvingScientific Problem SolvingProblem or questionResearchHypothesis formulationExperimentCollect amp analyse dataForm conclusion based on resultsCommunicate results
9 9 Intuitive Problem SolvingIntuitive Problem SolvingBased on inner prompting or instinctNo logical thinkingIdentifying a solution to a problem based on its similarity or dissimilarity to other problems
31
10 Decision Making Trees 10 Decision Making Trees see handout
1 Look at Choices2 Consider Factors of Influence
(roots trunk)3 Suggest Appropriate Alternatives
(lg branches)4 Consider Risks of choosing alternatives
(sm branches)5 Choose Action to be taken6 Critique Action
32
Decision Making TreesDecision Making Trees
33
11 Decision Matrix11 Decision Matrix see activityA Decision Matrix is useful when faced with making a difficult decision The options or alternatives are listed in the left-hand column and the selection criteria is listed across the top row Each of the options are rated against the selection criteria to arrive at the best logical decision
34
Activity Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences Intervention Rating
36
Ex Leon wanted to know the age of a black bear at the zoo The zoo keeper told Leon that if he added 10 years to the age of the bear and then doubled it the bear would be 90 years old How old is the bear (Hint Using the facts given start with 90 years and work backwards)
Understanding the Problemmiddot Did the zoo keeper tell Leon the bears age (no)middot What was the last thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He doubled it)middot What was the first thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He added 10)
)
12 Working backwards12 Working backwardshellip see hellip see ex
37
Finding the Answer
Work Backwards
Start with 90 the final number given by zoo keeper
Divide by 2 to get the number that was doubledmdash90 divide 2 = 45
Subtract 10 to get the age of the bear before 10 years was addedmdash45 - 10 = 35
The bear was 35 years old
38
Practice problem- working backwardsRabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
Practice Problem Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
PRACTICE Name(s) ____________________________________________
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences
Intervention Rating
39
Practice problem
Rabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
40
Year No of Rabbits
7 3200
6 1600
5 8004 4003 2002 100
1 50
Make a table and work backward from year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits Since population doubles each year working backward means halving it
There were 50 rabbits in year one
Practice answer
Step 1 - State your position on the issue
Explain what yoursquove seen or learned that supports your thinking
Step 2 - Seek other views amp evidence
Briefly describe your findings including references to your sources of information
Step 3 - Decide which view is most reasonable If need be revise your position from Step 1
Explain any reasons for revising or not revising your original view
Activity Select one of the topics below then follow step 1-3
bullShould everyone applying for a marriage license be tested for AIDSbullDo you favor a mandatory drug test for high school students
Name __________________ Per ____ Date ___________
25
2 2 Root Cause Analysis (AKA as the Five Root Cause Analysis (AKA as the Five Whys) Whys)
The objective of Root Cause Analysis is to find the fundamental cause for a problem
Simply ask Why five times or more to really get at the root of the problem
26
Using the 5 Whys you go through the following steps to get to the cause of the problem
bullWhy is our patient Mr Sick upset Because we did not provide the test results when we said we would bullWhy were we unable to meet the agreed-upon timeline One new test ordered required more time before the results were available bullWhy did it take so much longer This is new test and it had to be sent to an outside labbullWhy did we underestimate the time for the test results Because we were not aware of the new proceduresbullWhy didnt we know this Because we had not kept current with policies amp procedures for certain tests
ConclusionhellipWe clearly need to stay current and communicate accurately about timelines for important patient information
27
3 3 Cause and Effect Diagrams Cause and Effect Diagrams
This diagram is drawn to represent the relationship between an effect (the problem) and its potential causes The diagram helps to sort-out and relate the interactions among the factors affecting a process
28
44 Flowcharting Flowchartinga map that shows all the steps in a process
29
5 Think aloud5 Think aloudhellip talk it through
6 Trial amp Error6 Trial amp Errorhellip explain explain in a different way use a visual pamphlet interpreter videohellip ask open ended questions provide calm atmosphere change settinghellip
7 Use a problem solving grouphellip7 Use a problem solving grouphellipteams bring richness of thought an ownership of results and action when it comes to implementing solution
30
8 8 Scientific Problem SolvingScientific Problem SolvingProblem or questionResearchHypothesis formulationExperimentCollect amp analyse dataForm conclusion based on resultsCommunicate results
9 9 Intuitive Problem SolvingIntuitive Problem SolvingBased on inner prompting or instinctNo logical thinkingIdentifying a solution to a problem based on its similarity or dissimilarity to other problems
31
10 Decision Making Trees 10 Decision Making Trees see handout
1 Look at Choices2 Consider Factors of Influence
(roots trunk)3 Suggest Appropriate Alternatives
(lg branches)4 Consider Risks of choosing alternatives
(sm branches)5 Choose Action to be taken6 Critique Action
32
Decision Making TreesDecision Making Trees
33
11 Decision Matrix11 Decision Matrix see activityA Decision Matrix is useful when faced with making a difficult decision The options or alternatives are listed in the left-hand column and the selection criteria is listed across the top row Each of the options are rated against the selection criteria to arrive at the best logical decision
34
Activity Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences Intervention Rating
36
Ex Leon wanted to know the age of a black bear at the zoo The zoo keeper told Leon that if he added 10 years to the age of the bear and then doubled it the bear would be 90 years old How old is the bear (Hint Using the facts given start with 90 years and work backwards)
Understanding the Problemmiddot Did the zoo keeper tell Leon the bears age (no)middot What was the last thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He doubled it)middot What was the first thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He added 10)
)
12 Working backwards12 Working backwardshellip see hellip see ex
37
Finding the Answer
Work Backwards
Start with 90 the final number given by zoo keeper
Divide by 2 to get the number that was doubledmdash90 divide 2 = 45
Subtract 10 to get the age of the bear before 10 years was addedmdash45 - 10 = 35
The bear was 35 years old
38
Practice problem- working backwardsRabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
Practice Problem Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
PRACTICE Name(s) ____________________________________________
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences
Intervention Rating
39
Practice problem
Rabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
40
Year No of Rabbits
7 3200
6 1600
5 8004 4003 2002 100
1 50
Make a table and work backward from year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits Since population doubles each year working backward means halving it
There were 50 rabbits in year one
Practice answer
Step 1 - State your position on the issue
Explain what yoursquove seen or learned that supports your thinking
Step 2 - Seek other views amp evidence
Briefly describe your findings including references to your sources of information
Step 3 - Decide which view is most reasonable If need be revise your position from Step 1
Explain any reasons for revising or not revising your original view
Activity Select one of the topics below then follow step 1-3
bullShould everyone applying for a marriage license be tested for AIDSbullDo you favor a mandatory drug test for high school students
Name __________________ Per ____ Date ___________
26
Using the 5 Whys you go through the following steps to get to the cause of the problem
bullWhy is our patient Mr Sick upset Because we did not provide the test results when we said we would bullWhy were we unable to meet the agreed-upon timeline One new test ordered required more time before the results were available bullWhy did it take so much longer This is new test and it had to be sent to an outside labbullWhy did we underestimate the time for the test results Because we were not aware of the new proceduresbullWhy didnt we know this Because we had not kept current with policies amp procedures for certain tests
ConclusionhellipWe clearly need to stay current and communicate accurately about timelines for important patient information
27
3 3 Cause and Effect Diagrams Cause and Effect Diagrams
This diagram is drawn to represent the relationship between an effect (the problem) and its potential causes The diagram helps to sort-out and relate the interactions among the factors affecting a process
28
44 Flowcharting Flowchartinga map that shows all the steps in a process
29
5 Think aloud5 Think aloudhellip talk it through
6 Trial amp Error6 Trial amp Errorhellip explain explain in a different way use a visual pamphlet interpreter videohellip ask open ended questions provide calm atmosphere change settinghellip
7 Use a problem solving grouphellip7 Use a problem solving grouphellipteams bring richness of thought an ownership of results and action when it comes to implementing solution
30
8 8 Scientific Problem SolvingScientific Problem SolvingProblem or questionResearchHypothesis formulationExperimentCollect amp analyse dataForm conclusion based on resultsCommunicate results
9 9 Intuitive Problem SolvingIntuitive Problem SolvingBased on inner prompting or instinctNo logical thinkingIdentifying a solution to a problem based on its similarity or dissimilarity to other problems
31
10 Decision Making Trees 10 Decision Making Trees see handout
1 Look at Choices2 Consider Factors of Influence
(roots trunk)3 Suggest Appropriate Alternatives
(lg branches)4 Consider Risks of choosing alternatives
(sm branches)5 Choose Action to be taken6 Critique Action
32
Decision Making TreesDecision Making Trees
33
11 Decision Matrix11 Decision Matrix see activityA Decision Matrix is useful when faced with making a difficult decision The options or alternatives are listed in the left-hand column and the selection criteria is listed across the top row Each of the options are rated against the selection criteria to arrive at the best logical decision
34
Activity Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences Intervention Rating
36
Ex Leon wanted to know the age of a black bear at the zoo The zoo keeper told Leon that if he added 10 years to the age of the bear and then doubled it the bear would be 90 years old How old is the bear (Hint Using the facts given start with 90 years and work backwards)
Understanding the Problemmiddot Did the zoo keeper tell Leon the bears age (no)middot What was the last thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He doubled it)middot What was the first thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He added 10)
)
12 Working backwards12 Working backwardshellip see hellip see ex
37
Finding the Answer
Work Backwards
Start with 90 the final number given by zoo keeper
Divide by 2 to get the number that was doubledmdash90 divide 2 = 45
Subtract 10 to get the age of the bear before 10 years was addedmdash45 - 10 = 35
The bear was 35 years old
38
Practice problem- working backwardsRabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
Practice Problem Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
PRACTICE Name(s) ____________________________________________
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences
Intervention Rating
39
Practice problem
Rabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
40
Year No of Rabbits
7 3200
6 1600
5 8004 4003 2002 100
1 50
Make a table and work backward from year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits Since population doubles each year working backward means halving it
There were 50 rabbits in year one
Practice answer
Step 1 - State your position on the issue
Explain what yoursquove seen or learned that supports your thinking
Step 2 - Seek other views amp evidence
Briefly describe your findings including references to your sources of information
Step 3 - Decide which view is most reasonable If need be revise your position from Step 1
Explain any reasons for revising or not revising your original view
Activity Select one of the topics below then follow step 1-3
bullShould everyone applying for a marriage license be tested for AIDSbullDo you favor a mandatory drug test for high school students
Name __________________ Per ____ Date ___________
27
3 3 Cause and Effect Diagrams Cause and Effect Diagrams
This diagram is drawn to represent the relationship between an effect (the problem) and its potential causes The diagram helps to sort-out and relate the interactions among the factors affecting a process
28
44 Flowcharting Flowchartinga map that shows all the steps in a process
29
5 Think aloud5 Think aloudhellip talk it through
6 Trial amp Error6 Trial amp Errorhellip explain explain in a different way use a visual pamphlet interpreter videohellip ask open ended questions provide calm atmosphere change settinghellip
7 Use a problem solving grouphellip7 Use a problem solving grouphellipteams bring richness of thought an ownership of results and action when it comes to implementing solution
30
8 8 Scientific Problem SolvingScientific Problem SolvingProblem or questionResearchHypothesis formulationExperimentCollect amp analyse dataForm conclusion based on resultsCommunicate results
9 9 Intuitive Problem SolvingIntuitive Problem SolvingBased on inner prompting or instinctNo logical thinkingIdentifying a solution to a problem based on its similarity or dissimilarity to other problems
31
10 Decision Making Trees 10 Decision Making Trees see handout
1 Look at Choices2 Consider Factors of Influence
(roots trunk)3 Suggest Appropriate Alternatives
(lg branches)4 Consider Risks of choosing alternatives
(sm branches)5 Choose Action to be taken6 Critique Action
32
Decision Making TreesDecision Making Trees
33
11 Decision Matrix11 Decision Matrix see activityA Decision Matrix is useful when faced with making a difficult decision The options or alternatives are listed in the left-hand column and the selection criteria is listed across the top row Each of the options are rated against the selection criteria to arrive at the best logical decision
34
Activity Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences Intervention Rating
36
Ex Leon wanted to know the age of a black bear at the zoo The zoo keeper told Leon that if he added 10 years to the age of the bear and then doubled it the bear would be 90 years old How old is the bear (Hint Using the facts given start with 90 years and work backwards)
Understanding the Problemmiddot Did the zoo keeper tell Leon the bears age (no)middot What was the last thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He doubled it)middot What was the first thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He added 10)
)
12 Working backwards12 Working backwardshellip see hellip see ex
37
Finding the Answer
Work Backwards
Start with 90 the final number given by zoo keeper
Divide by 2 to get the number that was doubledmdash90 divide 2 = 45
Subtract 10 to get the age of the bear before 10 years was addedmdash45 - 10 = 35
The bear was 35 years old
38
Practice problem- working backwardsRabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
Practice Problem Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
PRACTICE Name(s) ____________________________________________
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences
Intervention Rating
39
Practice problem
Rabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
40
Year No of Rabbits
7 3200
6 1600
5 8004 4003 2002 100
1 50
Make a table and work backward from year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits Since population doubles each year working backward means halving it
There were 50 rabbits in year one
Practice answer
Step 1 - State your position on the issue
Explain what yoursquove seen or learned that supports your thinking
Step 2 - Seek other views amp evidence
Briefly describe your findings including references to your sources of information
Step 3 - Decide which view is most reasonable If need be revise your position from Step 1
Explain any reasons for revising or not revising your original view
Activity Select one of the topics below then follow step 1-3
bullShould everyone applying for a marriage license be tested for AIDSbullDo you favor a mandatory drug test for high school students
Name __________________ Per ____ Date ___________
28
44 Flowcharting Flowchartinga map that shows all the steps in a process
29
5 Think aloud5 Think aloudhellip talk it through
6 Trial amp Error6 Trial amp Errorhellip explain explain in a different way use a visual pamphlet interpreter videohellip ask open ended questions provide calm atmosphere change settinghellip
7 Use a problem solving grouphellip7 Use a problem solving grouphellipteams bring richness of thought an ownership of results and action when it comes to implementing solution
30
8 8 Scientific Problem SolvingScientific Problem SolvingProblem or questionResearchHypothesis formulationExperimentCollect amp analyse dataForm conclusion based on resultsCommunicate results
9 9 Intuitive Problem SolvingIntuitive Problem SolvingBased on inner prompting or instinctNo logical thinkingIdentifying a solution to a problem based on its similarity or dissimilarity to other problems
31
10 Decision Making Trees 10 Decision Making Trees see handout
1 Look at Choices2 Consider Factors of Influence
(roots trunk)3 Suggest Appropriate Alternatives
(lg branches)4 Consider Risks of choosing alternatives
(sm branches)5 Choose Action to be taken6 Critique Action
32
Decision Making TreesDecision Making Trees
33
11 Decision Matrix11 Decision Matrix see activityA Decision Matrix is useful when faced with making a difficult decision The options or alternatives are listed in the left-hand column and the selection criteria is listed across the top row Each of the options are rated against the selection criteria to arrive at the best logical decision
34
Activity Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences Intervention Rating
36
Ex Leon wanted to know the age of a black bear at the zoo The zoo keeper told Leon that if he added 10 years to the age of the bear and then doubled it the bear would be 90 years old How old is the bear (Hint Using the facts given start with 90 years and work backwards)
Understanding the Problemmiddot Did the zoo keeper tell Leon the bears age (no)middot What was the last thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He doubled it)middot What was the first thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He added 10)
)
12 Working backwards12 Working backwardshellip see hellip see ex
37
Finding the Answer
Work Backwards
Start with 90 the final number given by zoo keeper
Divide by 2 to get the number that was doubledmdash90 divide 2 = 45
Subtract 10 to get the age of the bear before 10 years was addedmdash45 - 10 = 35
The bear was 35 years old
38
Practice problem- working backwardsRabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
Practice Problem Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
PRACTICE Name(s) ____________________________________________
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences
Intervention Rating
39
Practice problem
Rabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
40
Year No of Rabbits
7 3200
6 1600
5 8004 4003 2002 100
1 50
Make a table and work backward from year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits Since population doubles each year working backward means halving it
There were 50 rabbits in year one
Practice answer
Step 1 - State your position on the issue
Explain what yoursquove seen or learned that supports your thinking
Step 2 - Seek other views amp evidence
Briefly describe your findings including references to your sources of information
Step 3 - Decide which view is most reasonable If need be revise your position from Step 1
Explain any reasons for revising or not revising your original view
Activity Select one of the topics below then follow step 1-3
bullShould everyone applying for a marriage license be tested for AIDSbullDo you favor a mandatory drug test for high school students
Name __________________ Per ____ Date ___________
29
5 Think aloud5 Think aloudhellip talk it through
6 Trial amp Error6 Trial amp Errorhellip explain explain in a different way use a visual pamphlet interpreter videohellip ask open ended questions provide calm atmosphere change settinghellip
7 Use a problem solving grouphellip7 Use a problem solving grouphellipteams bring richness of thought an ownership of results and action when it comes to implementing solution
30
8 8 Scientific Problem SolvingScientific Problem SolvingProblem or questionResearchHypothesis formulationExperimentCollect amp analyse dataForm conclusion based on resultsCommunicate results
9 9 Intuitive Problem SolvingIntuitive Problem SolvingBased on inner prompting or instinctNo logical thinkingIdentifying a solution to a problem based on its similarity or dissimilarity to other problems
31
10 Decision Making Trees 10 Decision Making Trees see handout
1 Look at Choices2 Consider Factors of Influence
(roots trunk)3 Suggest Appropriate Alternatives
(lg branches)4 Consider Risks of choosing alternatives
(sm branches)5 Choose Action to be taken6 Critique Action
32
Decision Making TreesDecision Making Trees
33
11 Decision Matrix11 Decision Matrix see activityA Decision Matrix is useful when faced with making a difficult decision The options or alternatives are listed in the left-hand column and the selection criteria is listed across the top row Each of the options are rated against the selection criteria to arrive at the best logical decision
34
Activity Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences Intervention Rating
36
Ex Leon wanted to know the age of a black bear at the zoo The zoo keeper told Leon that if he added 10 years to the age of the bear and then doubled it the bear would be 90 years old How old is the bear (Hint Using the facts given start with 90 years and work backwards)
Understanding the Problemmiddot Did the zoo keeper tell Leon the bears age (no)middot What was the last thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He doubled it)middot What was the first thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He added 10)
)
12 Working backwards12 Working backwardshellip see hellip see ex
37
Finding the Answer
Work Backwards
Start with 90 the final number given by zoo keeper
Divide by 2 to get the number that was doubledmdash90 divide 2 = 45
Subtract 10 to get the age of the bear before 10 years was addedmdash45 - 10 = 35
The bear was 35 years old
38
Practice problem- working backwardsRabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
Practice Problem Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
PRACTICE Name(s) ____________________________________________
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences
Intervention Rating
39
Practice problem
Rabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
40
Year No of Rabbits
7 3200
6 1600
5 8004 4003 2002 100
1 50
Make a table and work backward from year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits Since population doubles each year working backward means halving it
There were 50 rabbits in year one
Practice answer
Step 1 - State your position on the issue
Explain what yoursquove seen or learned that supports your thinking
Step 2 - Seek other views amp evidence
Briefly describe your findings including references to your sources of information
Step 3 - Decide which view is most reasonable If need be revise your position from Step 1
Explain any reasons for revising or not revising your original view
Activity Select one of the topics below then follow step 1-3
bullShould everyone applying for a marriage license be tested for AIDSbullDo you favor a mandatory drug test for high school students
Name __________________ Per ____ Date ___________
30
8 8 Scientific Problem SolvingScientific Problem SolvingProblem or questionResearchHypothesis formulationExperimentCollect amp analyse dataForm conclusion based on resultsCommunicate results
9 9 Intuitive Problem SolvingIntuitive Problem SolvingBased on inner prompting or instinctNo logical thinkingIdentifying a solution to a problem based on its similarity or dissimilarity to other problems
31
10 Decision Making Trees 10 Decision Making Trees see handout
1 Look at Choices2 Consider Factors of Influence
(roots trunk)3 Suggest Appropriate Alternatives
(lg branches)4 Consider Risks of choosing alternatives
(sm branches)5 Choose Action to be taken6 Critique Action
32
Decision Making TreesDecision Making Trees
33
11 Decision Matrix11 Decision Matrix see activityA Decision Matrix is useful when faced with making a difficult decision The options or alternatives are listed in the left-hand column and the selection criteria is listed across the top row Each of the options are rated against the selection criteria to arrive at the best logical decision
34
Activity Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences Intervention Rating
36
Ex Leon wanted to know the age of a black bear at the zoo The zoo keeper told Leon that if he added 10 years to the age of the bear and then doubled it the bear would be 90 years old How old is the bear (Hint Using the facts given start with 90 years and work backwards)
Understanding the Problemmiddot Did the zoo keeper tell Leon the bears age (no)middot What was the last thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He doubled it)middot What was the first thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He added 10)
)
12 Working backwards12 Working backwardshellip see hellip see ex
37
Finding the Answer
Work Backwards
Start with 90 the final number given by zoo keeper
Divide by 2 to get the number that was doubledmdash90 divide 2 = 45
Subtract 10 to get the age of the bear before 10 years was addedmdash45 - 10 = 35
The bear was 35 years old
38
Practice problem- working backwardsRabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
Practice Problem Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
PRACTICE Name(s) ____________________________________________
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences
Intervention Rating
39
Practice problem
Rabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
40
Year No of Rabbits
7 3200
6 1600
5 8004 4003 2002 100
1 50
Make a table and work backward from year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits Since population doubles each year working backward means halving it
There were 50 rabbits in year one
Practice answer
Step 1 - State your position on the issue
Explain what yoursquove seen or learned that supports your thinking
Step 2 - Seek other views amp evidence
Briefly describe your findings including references to your sources of information
Step 3 - Decide which view is most reasonable If need be revise your position from Step 1
Explain any reasons for revising or not revising your original view
Activity Select one of the topics below then follow step 1-3
bullShould everyone applying for a marriage license be tested for AIDSbullDo you favor a mandatory drug test for high school students
Name __________________ Per ____ Date ___________
31
10 Decision Making Trees 10 Decision Making Trees see handout
1 Look at Choices2 Consider Factors of Influence
(roots trunk)3 Suggest Appropriate Alternatives
(lg branches)4 Consider Risks of choosing alternatives
(sm branches)5 Choose Action to be taken6 Critique Action
32
Decision Making TreesDecision Making Trees
33
11 Decision Matrix11 Decision Matrix see activityA Decision Matrix is useful when faced with making a difficult decision The options or alternatives are listed in the left-hand column and the selection criteria is listed across the top row Each of the options are rated against the selection criteria to arrive at the best logical decision
34
Activity Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences Intervention Rating
36
Ex Leon wanted to know the age of a black bear at the zoo The zoo keeper told Leon that if he added 10 years to the age of the bear and then doubled it the bear would be 90 years old How old is the bear (Hint Using the facts given start with 90 years and work backwards)
Understanding the Problemmiddot Did the zoo keeper tell Leon the bears age (no)middot What was the last thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He doubled it)middot What was the first thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He added 10)
)
12 Working backwards12 Working backwardshellip see hellip see ex
37
Finding the Answer
Work Backwards
Start with 90 the final number given by zoo keeper
Divide by 2 to get the number that was doubledmdash90 divide 2 = 45
Subtract 10 to get the age of the bear before 10 years was addedmdash45 - 10 = 35
The bear was 35 years old
38
Practice problem- working backwardsRabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
Practice Problem Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
PRACTICE Name(s) ____________________________________________
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences
Intervention Rating
39
Practice problem
Rabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
40
Year No of Rabbits
7 3200
6 1600
5 8004 4003 2002 100
1 50
Make a table and work backward from year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits Since population doubles each year working backward means halving it
There were 50 rabbits in year one
Practice answer
Step 1 - State your position on the issue
Explain what yoursquove seen or learned that supports your thinking
Step 2 - Seek other views amp evidence
Briefly describe your findings including references to your sources of information
Step 3 - Decide which view is most reasonable If need be revise your position from Step 1
Explain any reasons for revising or not revising your original view
Activity Select one of the topics below then follow step 1-3
bullShould everyone applying for a marriage license be tested for AIDSbullDo you favor a mandatory drug test for high school students
Name __________________ Per ____ Date ___________
32
Decision Making TreesDecision Making Trees
33
11 Decision Matrix11 Decision Matrix see activityA Decision Matrix is useful when faced with making a difficult decision The options or alternatives are listed in the left-hand column and the selection criteria is listed across the top row Each of the options are rated against the selection criteria to arrive at the best logical decision
34
Activity Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences Intervention Rating
36
Ex Leon wanted to know the age of a black bear at the zoo The zoo keeper told Leon that if he added 10 years to the age of the bear and then doubled it the bear would be 90 years old How old is the bear (Hint Using the facts given start with 90 years and work backwards)
Understanding the Problemmiddot Did the zoo keeper tell Leon the bears age (no)middot What was the last thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He doubled it)middot What was the first thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He added 10)
)
12 Working backwards12 Working backwardshellip see hellip see ex
37
Finding the Answer
Work Backwards
Start with 90 the final number given by zoo keeper
Divide by 2 to get the number that was doubledmdash90 divide 2 = 45
Subtract 10 to get the age of the bear before 10 years was addedmdash45 - 10 = 35
The bear was 35 years old
38
Practice problem- working backwardsRabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
Practice Problem Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
PRACTICE Name(s) ____________________________________________
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences
Intervention Rating
39
Practice problem
Rabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
40
Year No of Rabbits
7 3200
6 1600
5 8004 4003 2002 100
1 50
Make a table and work backward from year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits Since population doubles each year working backward means halving it
There were 50 rabbits in year one
Practice answer
Step 1 - State your position on the issue
Explain what yoursquove seen or learned that supports your thinking
Step 2 - Seek other views amp evidence
Briefly describe your findings including references to your sources of information
Step 3 - Decide which view is most reasonable If need be revise your position from Step 1
Explain any reasons for revising or not revising your original view
Activity Select one of the topics below then follow step 1-3
bullShould everyone applying for a marriage license be tested for AIDSbullDo you favor a mandatory drug test for high school students
Name __________________ Per ____ Date ___________
33
11 Decision Matrix11 Decision Matrix see activityA Decision Matrix is useful when faced with making a difficult decision The options or alternatives are listed in the left-hand column and the selection criteria is listed across the top row Each of the options are rated against the selection criteria to arrive at the best logical decision
34
Activity Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences Intervention Rating
36
Ex Leon wanted to know the age of a black bear at the zoo The zoo keeper told Leon that if he added 10 years to the age of the bear and then doubled it the bear would be 90 years old How old is the bear (Hint Using the facts given start with 90 years and work backwards)
Understanding the Problemmiddot Did the zoo keeper tell Leon the bears age (no)middot What was the last thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He doubled it)middot What was the first thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He added 10)
)
12 Working backwards12 Working backwardshellip see hellip see ex
37
Finding the Answer
Work Backwards
Start with 90 the final number given by zoo keeper
Divide by 2 to get the number that was doubledmdash90 divide 2 = 45
Subtract 10 to get the age of the bear before 10 years was addedmdash45 - 10 = 35
The bear was 35 years old
38
Practice problem- working backwardsRabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
Practice Problem Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
PRACTICE Name(s) ____________________________________________
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences
Intervention Rating
39
Practice problem
Rabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
40
Year No of Rabbits
7 3200
6 1600
5 8004 4003 2002 100
1 50
Make a table and work backward from year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits Since population doubles each year working backward means halving it
There were 50 rabbits in year one
Practice answer
Step 1 - State your position on the issue
Explain what yoursquove seen or learned that supports your thinking
Step 2 - Seek other views amp evidence
Briefly describe your findings including references to your sources of information
Step 3 - Decide which view is most reasonable If need be revise your position from Step 1
Explain any reasons for revising or not revising your original view
Activity Select one of the topics below then follow step 1-3
bullShould everyone applying for a marriage license be tested for AIDSbullDo you favor a mandatory drug test for high school students
Name __________________ Per ____ Date ___________
34
Activity Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences Intervention Rating
36
Ex Leon wanted to know the age of a black bear at the zoo The zoo keeper told Leon that if he added 10 years to the age of the bear and then doubled it the bear would be 90 years old How old is the bear (Hint Using the facts given start with 90 years and work backwards)
Understanding the Problemmiddot Did the zoo keeper tell Leon the bears age (no)middot What was the last thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He doubled it)middot What was the first thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He added 10)
)
12 Working backwards12 Working backwardshellip see hellip see ex
37
Finding the Answer
Work Backwards
Start with 90 the final number given by zoo keeper
Divide by 2 to get the number that was doubledmdash90 divide 2 = 45
Subtract 10 to get the age of the bear before 10 years was addedmdash45 - 10 = 35
The bear was 35 years old
38
Practice problem- working backwardsRabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
Practice Problem Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
PRACTICE Name(s) ____________________________________________
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences
Intervention Rating
39
Practice problem
Rabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
40
Year No of Rabbits
7 3200
6 1600
5 8004 4003 2002 100
1 50
Make a table and work backward from year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits Since population doubles each year working backward means halving it
There were 50 rabbits in year one
Practice answer
Step 1 - State your position on the issue
Explain what yoursquove seen or learned that supports your thinking
Step 2 - Seek other views amp evidence
Briefly describe your findings including references to your sources of information
Step 3 - Decide which view is most reasonable If need be revise your position from Step 1
Explain any reasons for revising or not revising your original view
Activity Select one of the topics below then follow step 1-3
bullShould everyone applying for a marriage license be tested for AIDSbullDo you favor a mandatory drug test for high school students
Name __________________ Per ____ Date ___________
36
Ex Leon wanted to know the age of a black bear at the zoo The zoo keeper told Leon that if he added 10 years to the age of the bear and then doubled it the bear would be 90 years old How old is the bear (Hint Using the facts given start with 90 years and work backwards)
Understanding the Problemmiddot Did the zoo keeper tell Leon the bears age (no)middot What was the last thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He doubled it)middot What was the first thing the zoo keeper did to the bears age (He added 10)
)
12 Working backwards12 Working backwardshellip see hellip see ex
37
Finding the Answer
Work Backwards
Start with 90 the final number given by zoo keeper
Divide by 2 to get the number that was doubledmdash90 divide 2 = 45
Subtract 10 to get the age of the bear before 10 years was addedmdash45 - 10 = 35
The bear was 35 years old
38
Practice problem- working backwardsRabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
Practice Problem Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
PRACTICE Name(s) ____________________________________________
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences
Intervention Rating
39
Practice problem
Rabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
40
Year No of Rabbits
7 3200
6 1600
5 8004 4003 2002 100
1 50
Make a table and work backward from year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits Since population doubles each year working backward means halving it
There were 50 rabbits in year one
Practice answer
Step 1 - State your position on the issue
Explain what yoursquove seen or learned that supports your thinking
Step 2 - Seek other views amp evidence
Briefly describe your findings including references to your sources of information
Step 3 - Decide which view is most reasonable If need be revise your position from Step 1
Explain any reasons for revising or not revising your original view
Activity Select one of the topics below then follow step 1-3
bullShould everyone applying for a marriage license be tested for AIDSbullDo you favor a mandatory drug test for high school students
Name __________________ Per ____ Date ___________
37
Finding the Answer
Work Backwards
Start with 90 the final number given by zoo keeper
Divide by 2 to get the number that was doubledmdash90 divide 2 = 45
Subtract 10 to get the age of the bear before 10 years was addedmdash45 - 10 = 35
The bear was 35 years old
38
Practice problem- working backwardsRabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
Practice Problem Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
PRACTICE Name(s) ____________________________________________
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences
Intervention Rating
39
Practice problem
Rabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
40
Year No of Rabbits
7 3200
6 1600
5 8004 4003 2002 100
1 50
Make a table and work backward from year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits Since population doubles each year working backward means halving it
There were 50 rabbits in year one
Practice answer
Step 1 - State your position on the issue
Explain what yoursquove seen or learned that supports your thinking
Step 2 - Seek other views amp evidence
Briefly describe your findings including references to your sources of information
Step 3 - Decide which view is most reasonable If need be revise your position from Step 1
Explain any reasons for revising or not revising your original view
Activity Select one of the topics below then follow step 1-3
bullShould everyone applying for a marriage license be tested for AIDSbullDo you favor a mandatory drug test for high school students
Name __________________ Per ____ Date ___________
38
Practice problem- working backwardsRabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
Practice Problem Decision Matrix Example ndash Dog Bite Intervention Suppose that these four interventions have been brainstormed to address the high incidence of dog bites occurring in your tribal community Using the decision criteria in the first column how would you rate each intervention Rating is low moderate or high Answers will be different for each program and community You should be able to justify each rating you give
PRACTICE Name(s) ____________________________________________
Decision Criteria Passage of Getting rid of all dogs Electronic fencing Animal Control a Leash Law (home) to pick up strays
Effectiveness Feasibility Cost Feasibility Sustainability Political Acceptability Social Will Unintended consequences
Intervention Rating
39
Practice problem
Rabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
40
Year No of Rabbits
7 3200
6 1600
5 8004 4003 2002 100
1 50
Make a table and work backward from year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits Since population doubles each year working backward means halving it
There were 50 rabbits in year one
Practice answer
Step 1 - State your position on the issue
Explain what yoursquove seen or learned that supports your thinking
Step 2 - Seek other views amp evidence
Briefly describe your findings including references to your sources of information
Step 3 - Decide which view is most reasonable If need be revise your position from Step 1
Explain any reasons for revising or not revising your original view
Activity Select one of the topics below then follow step 1-3
bullShould everyone applying for a marriage license be tested for AIDSbullDo you favor a mandatory drug test for high school students
Name __________________ Per ____ Date ___________
39
Practice problem
Rabbits multiply at an amazing rate In year 1 there are X rabbits The rabbit population doubles each year The forest is crowded in year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits How many rabbits were there in year one if the population doubles each year
40
Year No of Rabbits
7 3200
6 1600
5 8004 4003 2002 100
1 50
Make a table and work backward from year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits Since population doubles each year working backward means halving it
There were 50 rabbits in year one
Practice answer
Step 1 - State your position on the issue
Explain what yoursquove seen or learned that supports your thinking
Step 2 - Seek other views amp evidence
Briefly describe your findings including references to your sources of information
Step 3 - Decide which view is most reasonable If need be revise your position from Step 1
Explain any reasons for revising or not revising your original view
Activity Select one of the topics below then follow step 1-3
bullShould everyone applying for a marriage license be tested for AIDSbullDo you favor a mandatory drug test for high school students
Name __________________ Per ____ Date ___________
40
Year No of Rabbits
7 3200
6 1600
5 8004 4003 2002 100
1 50
Make a table and work backward from year 7 when there are 3200 rabbits Since population doubles each year working backward means halving it
There were 50 rabbits in year one
Practice answer
Step 1 - State your position on the issue
Explain what yoursquove seen or learned that supports your thinking
Step 2 - Seek other views amp evidence
Briefly describe your findings including references to your sources of information
Step 3 - Decide which view is most reasonable If need be revise your position from Step 1
Explain any reasons for revising or not revising your original view
Activity Select one of the topics below then follow step 1-3
bullShould everyone applying for a marriage license be tested for AIDSbullDo you favor a mandatory drug test for high school students
Name __________________ Per ____ Date ___________
Step 1 - State your position on the issue
Explain what yoursquove seen or learned that supports your thinking
Step 2 - Seek other views amp evidence
Briefly describe your findings including references to your sources of information
Step 3 - Decide which view is most reasonable If need be revise your position from Step 1
Explain any reasons for revising or not revising your original view
Activity Select one of the topics below then follow step 1-3
bullShould everyone applying for a marriage license be tested for AIDSbullDo you favor a mandatory drug test for high school students
Name __________________ Per ____ Date ___________
