1

Do Now• Use this aerial photo of Greece to

connect the geography of Greece to the eventual development of Greek society and culture.

• Hint• Think about the ways in which we have

made these connections for other ancient civilizations.

2

Agriculture

Olive grove in rocky Greek soil

Agriculture

• Good climate but bad terrain (very mountainous)– Hilly ground: grapes– Rocky soil: olives

• Sea was very important– Homer describes various fishing methods

using hooks, nets, and harpoon in both the Iliad and the Odyssey

The “Bronze” Age Mediterranean Region

The “Bronze” Age Mediterranean Region

2000 - 1400 BCE2000 - 1400 BCE

TheMinoans

TheMinoans

The Minoan World: mid-2M B.C.E.

The Minoan World: mid-2M B.C.E.

MinoanTrade

MinoanTrade

““Bireme” shipBireme” ship

Coast of CreteCoast of Crete

Minoan Artistic “Motifs”

Minoan Artistic “Motifs”

Early Writing System:

“Linear A” (Undecipherable)

Early Writing System:

“Linear A” (Undecipherable)

CanonCanon??

Artist’s Recreation of Knossos

Artist’s Recreation of Knossos

Aerial View of Knossos

Aerial View of Knossos

Palace of King Minos – North Entrance

Palace of King Minos – North Entrance

Palace of King Minos - Interiors

Palace of King Minos - Interiors

Palace of King Minos – Throne Room

Palace of King Minos – Throne Room

Minoan Culture - Religion

Minoan Culture - Religion

Minoan PriestMinoan Priest Minoan Snake Minoan Snake GoddessGoddess

Bull CultBull Cult

Bull Jumping FrescoBull Jumping Fresco

1500 - 1100 BCE1500 - 1100 BCE

TheMycenaeans(Achaeans)

TheMycenaeans(Achaeans)

The Mycenaean World: mid-2M

B.C.E.

The Mycenaean World: mid-2M

B.C.E.

Mycenaean Society

• The Mycenaeans established a society on the Greek peninsula beginning with migrations in 2200 B.C.

• From 1500 to 1100 B.C., they expanded their influence beyond the Greek peninsula, overpowering Minoan society in Crete

Aerial View of Mycenae

Aerial View of Mycenae

Mycenae Citadel & Reconstuction

Mycenae Citadel & Reconstuction

mid-12c BCEmid-12c BCE

TheTrojanWar

TheTrojanWar

Bronze Age Enemies: The Trojan War

Bronze Age Enemies: The Trojan War

Plan of the City of Troy

Plan of the City of Troy

Trojan War• About 1200 B.C., the

Mycenaeans fought the Trojan War with the city of Troy in Anatolia

• At the same time, foreigners invaded the Mycenaean homeland

• From 1100 to 800 B.C., chaos reigned throughout the eastern Mediterranean

• In the absence of a centralized state or empire, local institutions took the lead in restoring political order to Greece– City-states The Trojan Horse

1100 - 750 BCE1100 - 750 BCE

TheGreek

"Dark Ages"

TheGreek

"Dark Ages"

Greek Culture

Declined

Greek Culture

Declined

Migrations in the Aegean Region

Migrations in the Aegean Region

Hellenikon

• Concept of Herodotus to reflect the Greeks’ being of “shared blood, shared language, shared religion, and shared customs”

• Establishes an ethnic identity that sets them apart from the “barbarians”

• However, Hellenikon lacked a common political component– In the absence of a centralized state or empire, local

institutions took the lead in restoring political order to Greece

• City-states (polis)

The Rise of the Greek Polis

The Rise of the Greek Polis

AthensAthens

NaxosNaxos CorinthCorinth

SyracuseSyracuse

LarissaLarissa

EboeaEboea

Cities: The Polis

• The city-state or polis was originally a fortified site that provided refuge in war or other emergencies– Gradually they attracted increasing

populations, took on an urban character, and began to exert authority over the surrounding regions

– They taxed rural areas and appropriated a portion of the agriculture surplus to support the urban population

Cities: The Polis

• Poleis were different because they developed independently of each other – Different economies and political systems

• Athens, Sparta, Corinth, Thebes are examples

Prostelitizye

35

Athens Vs. Sparta

Sparta: Society

• In theory, all Spartans citizens were equal– To discourage economic and social distinctions,

Spartans observed an extraordinarily austere lifestyle as a matter of policy

• No jewelry, elaborate clothes, luxuries, or accumulation of great private wealth

– Even today, “spartan” means• Practicing great self-denial• Unsparing and uncompromising in discipline or

judgment • Resolute in the face of pain or danger or adversity

Sparta: Society

• What distinctions did exist in Spartan society were based not on wealth or social status, but on prowess, discipline, and military talent

• Spartan educational system cultivated such attributes from an early age– Boys left their homes at age seven to live in

military barracks under a rigorous regime of physical training

– At age 20 they went into the military where they served until retirement

Sparta: Helots

• Expanded their control from Sparta throughout the Peloponnesus

• Reduced neighboring people to helots– Helots were servants of the Sparta state– Not chattel slaves, but not free either– Could form families, but could not leave the land– By the 6th Century B.C., helots probably

outnumbered Sparta citizens by 10 to 1– The large number of helots allowed the Spartans to

cultivate their region efficiently, but also posed the threat of constant rebellion

39

40

Athens• In the ancient Greek city-state of Athens all citizens

participated in Athenian governmental activities.

• All citizens were equal before the law and participated in the government. Slaves and women, however, were not allowed citizenship.

• Athenians eventually abolished slavery and developed a direct democracy where citizens chose the members of the powerful Assembly.

Athens in the Age of Pericles

The wise and skillful leadership of Pericles brought about a Golden age

in Athens.

This was from about 460 to 429 B.C. and is often called the Age of

Pericles.

Pericles rebuilt the Acropolis and turned

Athens into the cultural center of Greece.

42

Pericles stated, “We alone, regard a man who takes no interest in public affairs, not as harmless, but as a

useless character.”

Cities

The Acropolis of Athens

44

Pericles believed that all male citizens, regardless of wealth or social class, should take

part in government.

He paid salaries to men who held public office. This enabled

the poor to serve in the government.

The assembly met several times a month and needed at least 6,000 members present to take

a vote. This was direct democracy, a large number of citizens took part in the day to day

affairs of the government.

45

Do Now

• What should be the goal of high school? What should every student be able to do when they graduate from high school?

Direct Democracy High School Group Assignment

• Groups of three will determine how the ideal high school would function in order to achieve our larger goal.

• Each member of every group will create a table listing the proposed design and making an argument in favor of this approach.

• Remember the larger goals we established to create an ideal High School. For example, we should all be able to listen to music or talk on our phones is probably not consistent with our larger goal.

47

Category Proposed Design DetailsRationale (WHY is this the BEST way to design it?)

subjects 6 hours of history should be taught each day; followed by 1 hour of rotating subjects (changing each day – ie, math, science, English, music/art, physical education)

Clearly history is the most important – how can we possibly evaluate the world that we live in today without understanding the complex history that made it what it is? I suppose we should also learn the “other stuff” so we can design computers, write coherently, and entertain ourselves. I guess.

Sparta: Society

• Women married at age 18 or 20 but did not live with their husbands– The men stayed in the

barracks until about age 30 when they began to set up households with their wives and children

– Women maintained strict physical regimes in the hopes of bearing strong children

Patriarchal Society

• Male family heads ruled their households– Greek women fell under the control of their fathers,

husbands, or sons

• In most poleis, women could not own landed property

• The only public position open to Greek women was priestess of a religious cult

• In Sparta, men were still the family authorities, but women had more opportunities

Advantages of Women in Sparta over Women in Athens

• Girls were given a good education in both the arts and athletics.

• Women were encouraged to develop their intellect. • Women owned more than a third of the land. • There was less difference in age between husbands and

wives, and girls in Sparta married at a later age than their sisters in Athens.

• Husbands spent most of their time with other men in the military barracks; since the men were rarely home, the women were free to take charge of almost everything outside of the army.

• Mothers reared their sons until age 7 and then society took over. Fathers played little or no role in child care.

Results of the Persian Wars

The Greek sense of uniqueness was increased.

Athens emerged as the most powerful city-state in Greece.

Athens organized the Delian League, an alliance with other Greek city-states.

Athens used the league to assert power and build an Athenian Empire.

They moved the treasury to Athens, and forced people to stay in the league against

their will.

The Delian LeagueThe Delian League

Thasos

Naxos

Delos

Lesbos

Melos

Greek against Greek

Many Greeks resented the Athenian domination.

The Greek world split into rival camps.To counter the Delian League,

Sparta and other enemies of Athens formed the Peloponnesian League.

Sparta encouraged an Oligarchy (government run by business) in the states of the Peloponnesian League, and Athens supported democracy.

A 27 year war broke out in 431 B.C. engulfing all of Greece

Athens in the Age of Pericles

The wise and skillful leadership of Pericles brought about a Golden age in Athens.

This was from about 460 to 429 B.C. and is often called the Age of Pericles.

Pericles believed that all male citizens, regardless of wealth or social class, should take part in government.

He paid salaries to men who held public office. This enabled the poor to serve in the government.

The assembly met several times a month and needed at least 6,000 members present to take a vote. This was direct democracy, a large

number of citizens took part in the day to day affairs of the government.

Pericles stated, “We alone, regard a man who takes no interest in public affairs, not as harmless, but as a useless character.

Pericles rebuilt the Acropolis and turned Athens into the cultural center of Greece.

Peloponnesian WarAthens faced a serious geographic disadvantage from the

start.

Sparta was located inland, the Athenian navy was no good against them.

When Sparta invaded Athens, Pericles allowed people from the countryside to move inside the city.

Overcrowding led to a plague that killed a third of the people.

Internal struggles undermined the Democratic government of Athens.

Sparta even allied with Persia, their old enemy, against the Delian League.

Finally, in 404 B.C., with the help of the Persian navy, the Spartans captured Athens and stripped it of its fleet and

empire.

The Aftermath of War

The Peloponnesian war ended Athenian greatness.

In Athens Democratic government suffered: Corruption and selfish interests replaced order.

Fighting continued to disrupt the Greek world.

Sparta itself suffered defeat at the hands of Thebes, another Greek city-state.

Greece was left vulnerable to invasion.

Cultural development was arrested.

58

Question

• Explain the fall Athens took from the heights of the funeral oration to the lows of the plague. Who is responsible for this fall?

58

750-500 BCE750-500 BCE

GreekColonization

GreekColonization

Greek & Phoenician Colonization: 750-500 BCE

Greek & Phoenician Colonization: 750-500 BCE

Trade Resumes:6c BCE

Amphoras

Trade Resumes:6c BCE

Amphoras

“Iron Age” Trade Routes

“Iron Age” Trade Routes

Evolution of Our Alphabet:

From Phoenician to Latin

Evolution of Our Alphabet:

From Phoenician to Latin

http://www.cedarland.org/alpha.html

"Hellenistic"Greece:

324 - 100 B.C.E.

"Hellenistic"Greece:

324 - 100 B.C.E.

Alexander the Great

356-323 B.C.E.

Alexander the Great

356-323 B.C.E.

Alexander the Great’s EmpireAlexander the Great’s Empire

Alexander the Great in Persia

Alexander the Great in Persia

Building Greek Cities in the East

Building Greek Cities in the East

Trade in the Hellenistic World

Trade in the Hellenistic World

Library at Alexandria (333 B.C.E.)

Library at Alexandria (333 B.C.E.)

Hellenistic PhilosophersHellenistic

Philosophers$ Cynics Diogenes ignore social conventions & avoid

luxuries.

citizens of the world.

live a humble, simple life.

$ Epicurians Epicurus avoid pain & seek pleasure.

all excess leads to pain!

politics should be avoided.

Hellenistic PhilosophersHellenistic

Philosophers$ Stoics Zeno nature is the expansion of

divine will.

concept of natural law.

get involved in politics, not for personal gain, but to perform virtuous acts for the good of all.

true happiness is found in great achievements.

The “Known” World – 3c B.C.E.

The “Known” World – 3c B.C.E.

The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire

The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire

The Incursion of Rome into the

Hellenistic World

The Incursion of Rome into the

Hellenistic World