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MULTIPLE & MIXED METHOD APPROACHES
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Diunduh dari: http://blogpdf.com/mixed-methods-research---sample-heading-text-48913293…… 23/9/2013
PERBANDINGAN
Diunduh dari: http://blogpdf.com/mixed-methods-research---sample-heading-text-48913293 …… 23/9/2013
Diunduh dari: http://blogpdf.com/mixed-methods-research---sample-heading-text-48913293 …… 23/9/2012
PARADIGMA KE TIGA
Diunduh dari: http://blogpdf.com/mixed-methods-research---sample-heading-text-48913293 …… 23/9/2012
PRAGMATISME
Diunduh dari: http://blogpdf.com/mixed-methods-research---sample-heading-text-48913293 …… 23/9/2012
RISIKO DALAM MENGGUNAKAN MM
Diunduh dari: http://blogpdf.com/mixed-methods-research---sample-heading-text-48913293 …… 23/9/2012
TIPOLOGI RISET MM
..
Diunduh dari: http://blogpdf.com/mixed-methods-research---sample-heading-text-48913293 …… 23/9/2012
Diunduh dari: http://blogpdf.com/mixed-methods-research---sample-heading-text-48913293 …… 23/9/2012
PARADIGMA
Diunduh dari: http://blogpdf.com/mixed-methods-research---sample-heading-text-48913293 …… 23/9/2012
TIPOLOGI RISET MM
Diunduh dari: …… 23/9/2012
TUJUANNYATujuan integrasi
Tujuan desain MM
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Perkembangan selama 20 tahun terakhir
Increasing interest in and advocacy for mixed methods
Evolving understanding of what is mixed methods research
Developing designs and innovative techniques
“The emergence of mixed methods as a third methodological movement in the social and behavioral sciences began during the 1980’s.” (Tashakkori & Teddlie, 2003: 697)
Diunduh dari: faculty.unlv.edu/kfernandez/.../mixmethod.pp... 22/9/2912
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Perkembangan MMA
Mentioned severalapproaches for combining
qualitative and quantitative research
Advanced considerations for deciding what model to use (literature
available, prior studies, realistic design, expertise)
Suggested to describe each method thoroughly
“Combining qualitative and quantitative methods has gained broad appeal in
public health research.” (1999)
Diunduh dari: faculty.unlv.edu/kfernandez/.../mixmethod.pp... 22/9/2912
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BUKU-BUKU TENTANG MMR
Diunduh dari: faculty.unlv.edu/kfernandez/.../mixmethod.pp... 22/9/2912
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Editors: John W. Creswell and Abbas TashakkoriManaging Editor: Vicki L.Plano Clark
Email: [email protected]
JournalsDevoted to Mixed Methods:
Fieldwork Quality and Quantity Mixed Method
Approaches
A New Journal
Diunduh dari: faculty.unlv.edu/kfernandez/.../mixmethod.pp... 22/9/2912
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International Conferences
Mixed Methods Conference, Cambridge, England, July 21-24, 2008
Proposed mixed methods conference, Sydney, Australia, 2009
Discipline conferences with mixed methods papers
Diunduh dari: faculty.unlv.edu/kfernandez/.../mixmethod.pp... 22/9/2912
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Kritik Pakar (Creswell, 2007)
Is there a post-positivist leaning to mixed methods? Howe, K. R. (2004). A critique of experimentalism. Qualitative
Inquiry, 10, 42-61. Giddings, L. S. (2006). Mixed-methods research: Positivism
dressed in drag? Journal of Research in Nursing, 11(3), 195-2003.
Holmes, C. A. (2007). Mixed(up) methods, methodology and interpretive frameworks. Contributed paper for the Mixed Methods Conference, Cambridge, University, July 10-12, 2006.
What are the limits for mixed methods research? Sale, J. E. M., Lohfeld, L. H., Brazil, K. (2002). Revisiting the
quantitative-qualitative debate: Implications for mixed-methods research. Quality and Quantity, 36, 43-53.
Leahey, E. (2007). Convergence and confidentiality? Limits to the implementation of mixed methodology. Social Science Research, 36, 149-158.
Is there a dominant discourse in mixed methods research?• Freshwater, D. (2007). Reading mixed methods research:
Contexts for criticism. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(2), 134-146.
Diunduh dari: faculty.unlv.edu/kfernandez/.../mixmethod.pp... 22/9/2912
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MMR TIDAK BERBEDA DENGAN METODE LAINNYA
Collecting data
Analyzing and interpreting data
Identifying a purpose and stating questions
Reporting and evaluating the study
Identifying a research problem
Reviewing the literature
Diunduh dari: faculty.unlv.edu/kfernandez/.../mixmethod.pp... 22/9/2912
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Mixed Methods di dalam Designs
Ethnography Case Study Research Narrative research Experimental research
Qual ----- Quan Qual----- Quan Qual-----Quan Qual---- Quan
Diunduh dari: faculty.unlv.edu/kfernandez/.../mixmethod.pp... 22/9/2912
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Istilah-istilah yang Populer
Multi-methodTriangulation IntegratedCombinedQuantitative and qualitative
methodsMulti-methodologyMixed methodologyMixed-methodMixed researchMixed methods
Diunduh dari: faculty.unlv.edu/kfernandez/.../mixmethod.pp... 22/9/2912
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BAGAIMANA MENCAMPUR-NYA
Results
Connect data:
Results
Data Konvergen:
Embed the data:
Quan data
Qual data
Qual Quan
Qual Quan
Diunduh dari: faculty.unlv.edu/kfernandez/.../mixmethod.pp... 22/9/2912
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MENGAPA MENCAMPUR ?
Validity – to corroborate quan and qual data Offset – offset weaknesses of quan and qual
and draw on strengths Completeness – more comprehensive account
that qual or quan alone Process – quan provides outcomes; qual, the
processes Explanation – qual can explain quan results
or vice-versa Unexpected results – surprising results from
one, other explains Instrument development – qual employed to
design instrument Credibility – both approaches enhance
integrity of findings Context – qual provides context; quan
provides general. Utility – more useful to practitioners
Diunduh dari: faculty.unlv.edu/kfernandez/.../mixmethod.pp... 22/9/2912
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“Single” Paradigm Ke -3
Pragmatism (Tashakkori & Teddlie, 2003) Focus on research question What “works,” consequences Multiple methods – large toolkit
Transformative (Mertens, 2003) Transform lives of under represented,
marginalized groups Incorporate this focus into all phases
of researchDiunduh dari: faculty.unlv.edu/kfernandez/.../mixmethod.pp... 22/9/2912
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Perkembangan Designs dan Teknik-teknik Inovatif
Notation Typologies Diagrams of procedures Complex evaluation models Reconceptualizing designs Emergence of innovations in
procedures Unusual blendsMethodological issuesData analysis techniquesPresentation techniques
Key Developments
Diunduh dari: faculty.unlv.edu/kfernandez/.../mixmethod.pp... 22/9/2912
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Preliminary Design Considerations (Morse, 1991)
Approach Type Purpose Limitations Resolutions
QUAL + quan Simultaneous Enrich description of sample
Qualitative sample Utilize normative data for comparison of results
QUAL Sequential Test emerging H, determine distribution of phenomenon in population
Qualitative sample Draw adequate random sample from same population
QUAN + qual Simultaneous To describe part of phenomena that cannot be quantified
Quantitative sample Select appropriate theoretical sample from random sample
QUAN Sequential To examine unexpected results
Quantitative sample Select appropriate theoretical sample from random sample
quan
qual
Diunduh dari: faculty.unlv.edu/kfernandez/.../mixmethod.pp... 22/9/2912
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QUANData & Results
QUANData & Results InterpretationInterpretation
QUALData & Results
QUALData & Results
QUANPre-test Data & Results
QUANPre-test Data & Results
QUANPost-test
Data & Results
QUANPost-test
Data & Results
Intervention
qualProcess
qualProcess
Interpretation
Interpretation
Triangulation Design
Embedded Design
Concurrent Mixed Methods Designs
Parsimonious Designs (Creswell & Plano Clark, 2007)
Diunduh dari: faculty.unlv.edu/kfernandez/.../mixmethod.pp... 22/9/2912
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Sequential Designs - Mixed Methods Designs
QUANData & Results
QUANData & Results
Interpretation
Interpretation
qualData & Results
qualData & Results
Following up
QUALData & Results
QUALData & Results
quanData & Results
quanData & Results
Interpretation
Interpretation
Building to
Before-intervention
qual
Before-intervention
qual
QUANIntervention
Trial
QUANIntervention
Trial
After-
intervention qual
After-
intervention qual Interpreta
tion
Interpretation
Exploratory Design
Explanatory Design
Sequential Embedded Design
Diunduh dari: faculty.unlv.edu/kfernandez/.../mixmethod.pp... 22/9/2912
Pemikiran pentingnya ... MM..
Combinations of methods that could be chosen
The epistemological and ontological implications of what is chosen
The practicalities of carrying out the research
How the data are going to be brought together (lack of theory?)
Tensions between approaches and methods
Apakah kita memahami? Multiple Method Research Designs (MMRD)
▪ Multi-method designs -1+ method within paradigms
▪ Mixed methods designs -1+ method mixed paradigms
▪ Combining methods – 1+ method, one subsumed to other?
▪ Integrating methods – 1+ method of equal weight?
▪ Triangulation – outcome of MMRD?* ▪ Data transformation
Quantitized data Qualitized data
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Mengapa kita lakukan?
Emic and etic understandings?
Multiple research questions?
Multiple facets or contexts
Multiple of singular reality?
Mixed phenomena?
Bagaimana kita melakukannya?
Sequential or parallel?Linked or independent?Respondent enrolmentDevelopment of research
instrumentsTime requiredCosts – value for money?Necessary expertise?Team organisation and
communication 31
Penanganan Data
Where’s your theory? How does that help?
Assumptions and presumptions – negotiating a path through/round them
Integration; triangulation; combination?
When are you going to integrate? Have you missed the moment?
Will your audience understand?
Possible tensions?
Methodological▪ Differing findings▪ Unit of analysis
Political▪ Preference/requirements of ‘audiences’
Practical▪ Time▪ Money▪ Age of data
Arguing for....... MMR
Is it the ideal approach?
Memperkuat pemahaman tentang:
Multi-faceted nature of all phenomena
ContextualityMicro-meso-macro dimensions / relationships
Agency and structure
Topik “Kerentanan” = VULNERABILITY
Essentialist approachesConstructionist approachesFixed state/statusContextual and fluidAn inherent weakness or
something managed and negotiated?
Children and vulnerability
Pendekatan Metoda Tunggal?
Which one and why that?
Insufficient for some purposes eg Policy development
Cannot elaborate micro-meso-macro interfaces and relationships
Structure and agency
Some presumptions are problematic37
MM: Multiple / Mixed Methods
Multi-dimensional phenomenon Access via different methods derived
from an interpretivist stance Can explore contingency and dynamic
aspects Draw on emic and etic
conceptualisations to plan a strong design for mixed methods
Can explore structural relationships and agency/structure interfaces
Etika Data Sekunder dan Pertanyaan Riset
Census data National data sets (eg GHS) National statistical returns (eg Crime
statistics for HO) Published research findings Local surveys (primary data) Local statistics (secondary/primary data) Limited data about children
Pertanyaan Penelitian Specific (hypotheses) Determined at start by outside
‘experts’/prior research Limited by what is available eg area;
analysis unit
Contoh : Etika Pertanyaan tentang “Kerentanan”
The example of children and non-domestic violence
Area level: ‘risky’ areas?▪ Deprived areas (IMD measurements): are high crime rates against children associated with neighbourhood levels of deprivation?
Individual level: vulnerable people?▪ Are children more or less vulnerable to non-domestic violence than other age groups?
▪ How does this vary by (eg) age, ethnicity, gender, imputed social class, household income?
Relevansi MM ?
Children are often seen as inherently vulnerable
Particularly the case in policy terms
Indirect challenge from sociology of childhood Agency ; social actors But ambivalence about children as
vulnerable members of society
Pendekatan MM
Interested in the different ways in which children might construct, explain and experience vulnerability
Theoretical integration with macro level understandings of children as vulnerable
Children aged between 10 and 18, living at home with at least one parent
MM TERINTEGRASI
No predetermined definition of vulnerability
Interviews to explore how they conceptualised vulnerability and how they responded to it
Photo-elicitation and video-journey interviews in addition
Focus here on integrated findings for non-domestic safety and vulnerability
Theorising the integrated findings
Vulnerability emerges as contextual to the social worlds of the participants
Reflects the ways in which children/young people are positioned between structures which constrain their actions on the basis of their age, and their own desires, opportunities, and abilities to be (relatively) autonomous social actors
Vulnerability is a site around which the relationship between their structural position in their families, and in society more generally, and their status as social actors is played out
PERKEMBANGAN LANJUT
Using a mixed methods approach Interface between micro and macro dimensions of physical safety, distributions of risk, violence
Would need primary data to capture distributions of management strategies
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Proses Integrasi:
Mengkombinasikan metode/data/analysis sedemikian rupa sehingga: Mereka membentuk satu kesatuan
Menjaga sifat0sifat paradigmatiknya masing-masing (tidak mencampur-adukkan satu-sama lain)
Menghasilkan kontribusi yang sama nilainya
Alternatif Integrasi
▪ Integrasi sejak awal riset
▪Selama pengumpulan data
▪Melalui Analisis Data
▪Melalui Interpretasi
▪ Sebagai hasil Presentasi
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