Developmental theories (part one)

Presented by

Dr. Doria Hassan Abd Elrahim

Objectives:

At the end of this lecture the paramedic will be able to:

* Identify Freud's principle of developmental stages as they related to

nursing care.

* Describe five stages of development according to Freud theory.

* Identify Erikson's eight stages of development.

Outlines

- Introduction.

- Freud's theory (Psychoanalytical theory of development.

- Erikson's (Psychosocial developmental theory).

Human development and behavior have been studied

science the beginning of 20th century, and theories what

explain human responses expected at certain ages during

life have been developed.

Although a psychological approach is common to all

developmental theories, each theory has a different focus.

Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality

Sigmund Freud

1 -Levels of Awareness

2 -Structure of Personality

3 -Psychosexual stages

I- Three Levels of Awareness :ConsciousPreconscious Unconscious

1 -Conscious Current contents of your

mind that you actively

think of

What we call working

memory .

Easily accessed all the time.

2-Preconscious Contents of the mind you

are not currently aware of;

Thoughts ,memories,

knowledge, wishes,

feelings.

Available for easy access

when needed .

3 -UnconsciousContents kept out of

conscious awareness .

Not accessible at all .

Processes that actively keep

these thoughts from

awareness .

Freudian structure of Personality

The Id

The Ego

The Superego

Resides completely at the unconscious level

Acts under the pleasure principle

immediate satisfaction, not willing to cooperate

Generates all of the personality’s energy

2 -SuperegoThe moralist and idealistic part of the personality Resides in preconscious

Operates on “ideal principle” Begins forming at 4-5 years of age.initially formed form environment and others (society, family etc).Internalized conventions and morals.

Essentially your “conscience ”

3-EgoResides in all levels of awareness .

Operates under “reality principle”

Attempts negotiation (the mediator ) between Id and Superego to satisfy both realistically

Conflicts of Personality ComponentsConflicts between the Id, Superego and Ego arise in unconscious mind .Come out in various ways:

Slips of tongue (“Freudian slip”)DreamsAnxietyDefense Mechanism

Psychosexual Development Stages of development in which conflict over

Id’s impulses plays out.

Ego must control these impulses.

If not resolved, psychological issues can

emerge later in life .

Psychosexual StagesOral (0-18 months)

Anal (18months-3 years)

Phallic (3- 6 years of age)

Latency (6 years to puberty)

Genital (puberty and beyond)

Psychosexual Stages1 -Oral Stage (0-18 months)

Pleasure centering around the mouth (sucking, biting etc)

Focus: weaning- becoming less dependent.

Not resolved? aggression or dependency later in life-- fixation

with oral activities (smoking, drinking, nail biting etc.

2 -Anal (18months-3 years):

Fixation on bowel and bladder elimination

Focus: search for control

Not resolved? anal retentive (rigid and obsessive

personality) or anal expulsive (unclean and disorganized

personality) .

3 -Phallic (3-6 years)Focus: genital area and difference between males and females .

Electra Complex (girls)or Oedipus Complex (boys) .

Complexes in the Phallic StageOedipus Complex (boys):

Unconscious sexual desires towards mother, father is competition

منافسة

Electra Complex (girls)

Unconscious sexual desires towards father and mother is

completion .

Resolution? Kid identifies with same sex parent .

4-Latency (6 years to puberty)

Sexual interest is repressed

Kids play with same sex others-- until puberty .

5-Genital (puberty and beyond)

Sexual urges awaken شهوانى

If developed “properly” develop these urges

towards opposite sex members with fixation

on the genitals

-Erikson’s theory is based on the idea that development

through life is a series of stages which are each defined by a

crisis or challenge.

The early stages provide the foundations for later stages so

Erikson says that if a child does not resolve a crisis in a

particular stage, they will have problems in later stages.

1- Infancy: birth to 1 year basic conflict is trust vs. mistrust. the important event is feeding and the important relationship is with the mother. - The infant must develop a loving, trusting relationship with the mother/caregiver through feeding, teething and comforting.-Failure to resolve this conflict can lead to sensory distortion, and withdrawal.

2- Toddler: (age 1 to 3 years):Basic conflict is autonomy vs. shame/doubt- The important event is toilet training and the important relationship is with the parents.- The child’s energy is directed towards mastering physical skills such as walking, grasping and muscular control. The child learns self control but may develop shame, doubt, impulsivity or compulsion if not handled well.

3- Preschool: (age 3 to 6 years ):basic conflict is initiative vs. guilt.

- The important event is independence and the important relationship is family.the child continues to become more assertive in exploration, discovery, adventure and play. - The child may show too much force in this stage causing feelings of guilt. -Failure to resolve this conflict can lead to worthlessness and inhibition .

4-Latency:( age 6 to 12 years) (school age):

the basic conflict in this stage is industry vs. inferiority

The important event is school and the important

relationships are teachers, friends and neighborhood.

- The child must learn to deal with new skills and

develop a sense of achievement and accomplishment.

- Failure to do so can create a sense of inferiority,

failure and incompetence.

5- Adolescent: (age 12 to 20 years ): the basic conflict is identity vs. role confusion

-The important event is development of peer relationships and the important relationships are peers, groups and social influences.

*The teenager must achieve a sense of identity in occupation, sex roles, politics and religion. In addition, they must resolve their identity and direction.

*Failure to make these resolutions can lead to the repression of aspects of the individual for the sake of others (fanaticism).

6- Young Adulthood: (age 20 to 40 years): the basic conflict in young adulthood is intimacy vs. isolation- The important event is parenting and the important relationships are lovers, friends and work connections.-In this stage, the individual must develop intimate relationships through work and social life.

- Failure to make such connections can lead to exclusivity and isolation.

7- Middle Adulthood: (age 40 to 65 years):the basic conflict is generativity vs. stagnation. the important event is parenting and the important relationships are with children and the community.this stage is based on the idea that each adult must find a way to satisfy, support and contribute to the next generation; it is often thought of as giving back.

- Failure to resolve this stage can lead to overextension or rejectivity.

8-Maturity: (age 65 to death):

the basic conflict is ego integrity vs. despair

the important event is reflection on and acceptance

of the individual’s life

the individual is creating meaning and purpose of

one’s life and reflecting on life achievements.

- Failure to resolve this conflict can create feelings

of disdain