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DAY 1 CH 10

“I think therefore I am” Rene Descarte

EQ: What is the Heliocentric theory? Geocentric Who were Galileo, Copernicus, and Aristotle?

Where in the World? Handout

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THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION, THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION1500- 1800

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SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

A new way of thinking about the natural world, based on observation and a questioning of accepted beliefs

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EARLY WAY OF THINKING

Geocentric Theory A theory that said

the Earth was the center of the Universe

Aristotle A Greek

philosopher who proposed the Geocentric theory (100 A.D)

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TIES TO THE CHURCH

PtolemyAstronomer who

expanded Aristotle’s theory an said the Earth was the center of the universe b/c it was special and God deliberately placed it there. (Added a religious context)

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A NEW THEORY Copernicus 1473-1543

“Father of Modern Astronomy”

His theory - The sun is at the center of the universe;

the earth and other planets revolve around the sun.

He wrote a book explaining his theory “ On the revolution of the heavenly spheres”

Copernicus could not prove his theory.

Heliocentric Theory Theory that said the Sun

is the center of the universe

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OTHER HELIOCENTRIC SCIENTISTS

Galileo* 1564-1642 “Father of Modern Experimental Science” An astronomer and mathematician. Using the newly-invented

telescope, he found evidence to prove the Copernican theory. Because the Copernican theory contradicted the teachings of the

Catholic Church, Galileo was persecuted by the Inquisition. But Galileo could not explain: Do planets made a circle around

the sun? If Earth moves, then why don’t objects go flying into outer space?

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OTHER HELIOCENTRIC SCIENTISTS

Kepler 1571-1630 The universe operates according to regular laws A mathematician. Using math calculations, he explained

Copernicus was right: The Earth and other planets could revolve around the sun - if they did so in an elliptical orbit. (Oval, not a circle.) But if the

Earth is moving, then why don’t objects go flying out into outer space?

Newton 1642-1727 Law of Universal Gravitation A mathematician. He discovered gravity! He then used gravity to

explain why Copernicus was right. Every planet follows the laws of gravity: On Earth, gravity makes

objects fall to the ground. (Not go flying into outer space.) In the Universe, gravity makes planets stay in their orbits.

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NEWTON AND HIS FAMOUS TREE

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OTHER HELIOCENTRIC SCIENTISTS Francis Bacon 1561-1625

“Father of the Scientific Method” A statesman and philosopher. Scientists must conduct

experiments in the laboratory! Systematic experimentation can reveal all the laws of nature. He

inspired the Royal Society in London and the Academy of Sciences in Paris.

Descartes 1596-1650 “Father of Modern Philosophy” A mathematician. Scientists must act like

mathematicians! A mathematician uses pure reason. He follows the numbers and is never influenced by prejudice. Famous quotation: “I think, therefore I am.”

(Only human beings have the power to use reason and logic.)

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IMAGES OF BACON AND DESCARTE

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DAY 2 How fast is the earth revolving around the

Sun?? How fast is it spinning on its axis?? Why is this important? Brain Teaser/ DQ

EQ: Why did the Catholic Church persecute Galileo

and oppose the new ideas by scientists? What are the steps of the Scientific Method?

Adam Smith Handout Thinker/ Idea visual

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CONFLICTS BETWEEN THE CHURCH AND SCIENCE In 1633 the Catholic church attacked Galileo for teaching

doctrines against the church. Galileo was put on trial by the Inquisition and found guilty. Fearing torture Galileo recanted (took back) his

heliocentric ideas and vowed allegiance to the Church’s teachings about the world. Why did the church feel so threatened by science/

Galileo? Do churches still disagree with science?

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THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

One of the essential elements of the Scientific revolution was evidence.

Being able to present evidence to prove theories and ideas gave them logical and rational reliability

A systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence Developed by Francis Bacon Used by scientist to test theories

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THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

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TRUTH VS. TRADITION

Rationalism – relying on logical and step by step thought to prove information, rather than tradition and hear say.

Empiricism – All knowledge starts from experience; the practice of relying on direct observation of events and experience to determine reality

Scientific rev. thinkers might ask: How do you know information is true? What are the universal truths?

Some even supported questioning or challenging every thought.

So, how do we know this information that we are learning in accurate?

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DAY 3

“ The sign of an intelligent person is their ability to control their emotions by the application of reason” M. Mannes

EQ’s: What was the enlightenment? How did it change politics?? What was its relationship to the American

Revolution Section 1 & 2 Quiz 1st Amendment Expressive writing

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THE ENLIGHTENMENT

The age of reason. Mid 1700. Characterized by

logical and analytical thinking.

Influenced by the Scientific Revolution.

Two enlightenment political thinkers were Locke and Hobbes

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LOCKE AND HOBBES John Locke & Natural Rights

Philosopher who criticized absolute monarchies in return for self government. He said people are born with natural rights.

Natural Rights – Life liberty and property

Thomas Hobbes & the Social Contract Philosopher who wrote Leviathan and supported

absolute Monarchies in his social contract theory.

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PHILOSOPHES Philosophes -

French word for philosophers. They believed in the following

Reason Nature Happiness Progress Liberty

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OTHER ENLIGHTENED THINKERS

Montesquieu & Separation of powersFrench writer who

said the best type of government is one that has a separation of powers

Separation of powers – division of governments powers into branches.

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OTHER ENLIGHTENED THINKERS Voltaire- Controversial

French philosopher who criticized the Catholic Church & advocated religious tolerance

Jean Jacques Rousseau - Social Contract idea that said people give up their individual rights to a strong ruler in return they gain law and order. = General or public good.

Adam Smith (Lassiez Faire)- Father of Capitalism. Wrote Wealth of Nations in 1776.

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ENLIGHTENMENT THINKERS CONT. Becarria – wrote book On

Crimes and Punishments and was strongly opposed to capital murder

He said «Is it not absurd, that the laws, which punish murder, should, in order to prevent murder publicly commit murder themselves.»

Mary Wollstonecraft – founder of the womens rights movement

John Wesley- Founder of the Methodist denomination

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ENLIGHTENMENT MUSIC

Mozart, Beethoven and Handel?

Famous musical composers who lived during the Enlightenment.

They are some of the most famous in history.

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ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM Enlightened rulers who tried to govern by

enlightenment principles.

3 Enlightened Rulers Frederick the Great – King of Prussia who was

educated and cultured and tried to make enlightened reforms in his country

Maria Theresa- Queen of Austria who tried to improve the living conditions of serfs

She also tried to apply the principles of motherhood to ruling a country by being loving and caring to her subjects.

Catherine the Great- Queen of Russia from 1762 to 1796 who was open to enlightenment ideas. She tried to strengthen and expand Russia while using Enlightenment ideas to reform it

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ENLIGHTENED DESPOTS

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DAY 4 If you could meet any person in history, who

would it be and why? What would you ask them? DQ

EQ: Why did colonists want Independence from

Britain What events led to the American Revolution?

Taxation – then and now handout Franklin/ Enlightenment handout

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THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION Events that brought about change The Seven Years War.

War between European countries from 1756 to 1763 over power and land (colonies)

The French and Indian War. British and its colonists fought against the

French and Native Americans over North American land. Also from 1756 to 1763.

Proclamation of 1763 British banned all settlement west of the

Appalachian Mountains.

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The Stamp Act was passed in 1765 and required colonists to buy a stamp for every legal document including newspapers, licenses, pamphlets, play cards and dice.

The colonists also had to pay the tax with British currency, not the commonly used colonial money.

Main purpose was to raise money for the British.

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PROTESTS OF THE STAMP ACT CONT. Sons of Liberty- a group founded by Sam Adams

to protest and resist British taxes and policies. Stamp Act Congress – Nine of the colonies came

together to disapprove of the Stamp Act. In order to show express their thoughts to the king they issued the Declaration of rights and grievances.

Declaration of rights and grievances- denounced every revenue raising or power limiting step taken by Britain since 1763 as a violation of the colonial charter and the rights as British citizens

The colonists’ actions worked and Parliament repealed the Stamp Act in 1766.

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March 5, 1770 Colonists were taunting British soldiers, Some one threw a snowball at them and a British soldier fell.

His gun went off and the other Brits fired thinking they were fired upon. The “Massacre” killed five men and others were wounded.

Crispus Attucks black colonist who was killed in the conflict.

Sam Adams and other Patriots (agitators) were eager to call the event a massacre and stir up public outrage afterwards

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Boston Tea Party – 1773 Members of the Sons of Liberty, dressed as Mohawk Indians, boarded British tea ships in the Boston Harbor and threw 342 chests of tea into the harbor. They were expressing anger Parliament allowing a British tea company to sell tea without paying the taxes that colonists had to.

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Determined to punish the colonists and force them to submit to British authority, the Intolerable Acts were passed

The Intolerable Acts- (Coercive Acts)- 1. Closed the port of Boston

until payment was made for tea

2. British officials would be tried in England rather than America

3. (Quartering Act) British troops to be quartered in any town in Mass. Including private homes

Uniting of the Colonists- First Continental Congress

meets in Philadelphia in Sept. 1774

They defended colonial rights and supported protests

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DAY 5 “Stupidity is an elemental force for which no

earthquake is a match” Karl Kraus

EQ: Why was the Dec. Of Independence an important

document in World History? Why was the Colonists able to defeat the British?

Am. Revolution Timeline

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In April 1775 British General Gage sent a detachment to Concord to find and destroy hidden colonial weapons.

On the night of April 18 Paul Revere rode to warn that “The British are Coming”

April 19 When the British troops marched through Lexington going to Concord, a colonial militia was waiting for them. The fighting was short with 8 minutemen and British were killed.

The British then marched on to Concord, where 3 to 4,000 waited for them behind trees and stone walls.

Several British soldiers were killed and wounded as they limped back to Boston.

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July 4, 1776 The Second Continental Congress adopted the document and a new nation was formed

The Document stated “ We hold these truths to be self evident that all men are created equal, they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness” and in order to preserve these rights the colonies had to create their own nation.

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British Strengths Strong well trained army and

Navy Strong central govt. with a lot

of resources Support of loyalists and

Natives

British Weaknesses Soldiers fighting far from

Britain Troops unfamiliar with land Weak military leaders Sympathy of some British

politicians for the American cause

Colonial Strengths Familiarity of home ground Leadership of George

Washington Inspiring cause of

independence

Colonial Weaknesses Untrained and undisciplined

soldiers Shortage of Food and ammo Almost no Navy No central govt. to raise

money, etc.

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In 1782 Britain, France, Spain and America started peace talks

John Adams, Ben Franklin, and John Jay negotiated the American cause.

In 1783 the Treaty of Paris officially confirmed

American Independence set the boundaries of the

new nation from the Atlantic to the Mississippi River

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THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION Important Revolutionary

people George Washington –

Member of the Virginia house of Burgess, who was elected as commander of the Continental Army

Thomas Jefferson – primary drafter of the Declaration of Independence

John Hancock – Wealthy Bostonian who was a ardent Patriot and president of the 2nd Cont. Congress (signature on the DOI)

Sam Adams – Leader of the Sons Of Liberty

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DAY 6

“Winning isn’t everything, but wanting to win is” Vince Lombardi

Ch 10 Test