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1
China
Before the Common Era - Dynasties
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Geographical Influences
Mountains, sea, and desert provide some protection and isolation
Vulnerable to northwest River valleys
– 1. Yellow (Huang Ho) earliest civilization - damaging floods
– 2. Yangtze- very important in unification- transportation- irrigation
3
Yellow River Civilization
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Earliest Civilizations- most isolated
Earliest- Neolithic- Ban Po- similar to other parts of the world/ one of the oldest
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The 4 Old-World River Valley Cultures
The 4 Old-World River Valley Cultures
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Shang Dynasty 1500-1027 BCE
in N. China along the Huang Ho raised silk worms- silk part of lure and
fascination of China famous for bronze sculpture, daggers, jade
jewelry paid homage to ancestors- family important
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Shang: 1523-1028 BCE
Shang: 1523-1028 BCE
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Shang BronzesShang
Bronzes
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Axe Scepter – 1100 BCE - jade
Axe Scepter – 1100 BCE - jade
Ceremonial Dagger – 1028 BCE
Ceremonial Dagger – 1028 BCE
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Zhou (Chou) Dynasty1027 – 256 BCE
Feudal society- emperor gave out fiefs Shang thought they had a divine right-
Chou rulers had responsibility Zhou did take title “Son of Heaven” compared to medieval Europe- had a code
for dress, fighting etc. longest-developed foundations for Chinese
society Iron Age
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Western Zhou: 1027-771 BCE
Western Zhou: 1027-771 BCE
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Eastern Zhou: 771-256 BCE
Eastern Zhou: 771-256 BCE
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Period of Ancient Philosophies
About 500BCE Buddha, Confucius, Greek Philosophers and Chinese - Lao Tzu
Called a flowering period India more concerned with cosmos and soul China more concerned with ethical life on
earth
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Way of Life- Confucianism
Moral and ethical code highly developed treat everyone with consideration
Advocated paternalistic government Value on family head- ancestor respect Values- loyalty, righteousness, wisdom,
sincerity very practical and humanistic
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Daoism (Taoism)LaoTzu (Lao Zi)
contemporary of Confucius Tao= the road way Absolute=sum of existence Goal to bring people into harmony very introspective not as influential as Confucius
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“T’ien Ming”“T’ien Ming”The Mandate of
HeavenThe Mandate of
HeavenPrinciples in Action1. The leader must lead by
ability and virtue. 2. The dynasty's
leadership must be justified by succeeding generations.
3. The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse; the will of the people was important.
4 Main Principles The right to rule is granted
by Heaven. There is only one Heaven
therefore there can be only one ruler.
The right to rule is based on the virtue of the ruler.
The right to rule is not limited to one dynasty.
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TheDynastic
Cycle
TheDynastic
Cycle
A new dynasty
comes to power.
A new dynasty
comes to power.
Lives of common people improved;
taxes reduced;farming encouraged.
Lives of common people improved;
taxes reduced;farming encouraged.
Problems begin(extensive wars,invasions, etc.)
Problems begin(extensive wars,invasions, etc.)
Taxes increase;men forced towork for army.
Farming neglected.
Taxes increase;men forced towork for army.
Farming neglected.
Govt. increasesspending; corruption.
Govt. increasesspending; corruption.
Droughts,floods,
famines occur.
Droughts,floods,
famines occur.
Poor loserespect for govt.They join rebels
& attack landlords.
Poor loserespect for govt.They join rebels
& attack landlords.
Rebel bands findstrong leader who
unites them.Attack the emperor.
Rebel bands findstrong leader who
unites them.Attack the emperor.
Emperor isdefeated !!Emperor isdefeated !!
The emperorreforms the govt.& makes it more
efficient.
The emperorreforms the govt.& makes it more
efficient.
Start here
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Qin (Ch’in) Dynasty 221-206 BCE
dominated by “The First Emperor” Qin Shi Huangdi (Chin Shi Huang Ti) ambitious= understatement centralized the government- rid of feudal
lords constructed roads and canals An amazing tomb found in 20th Cen
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Qin [Ch’in] Dynasty, 221-206 B.C.E. Established China’s first empire Shi Huangdi (221-206 B.C.E) Legalist rule
– Bureaucratic administration– Centralized control– Military expansion– Book burnings targeted
Confucianists Buried protestors alive!
Built large section of the Great Wall
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Shi Huangdi’s Terra Cotta Army
Shi Huangdi’s Terra Cotta Army
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The Details of an Individual SoldierThe Details of an Individual Soldier
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The Great Wall with Towers
The Great Wall with Towers
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The Eastern terminus of the Great Wall, Shanhai Pass
The Eastern terminus of the Great Wall, Shanhai Pass
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Han Dynasty 202BCE-220 CE(Roman Times) Similar: built cities, officials to carry out edicts,
heavy taxes collapsed under invasions and internal revolts
contact along the Silk Road combination of Confucius and legalism advanced in science and literature invented rudder, paper, magnetic compass,
acupuncture
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27
Han Dynasty, 206 B.C.E.-220 C.E.
“People of the Han” original Chinese Paper invented [105 B.C.E.]
Silk Road trade develops; improves life for many Buddhism introduced into China Expanded into Central Asia
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Han – Roman Empire Connection
Han – Roman Empire Connection
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Chang’an
The Han Capital
Chang’an
The Han Capital
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Liu Sheng Tomb (d. 113 BCE)
Liu Sheng Tomb (d. 113 BCE)
His jade suit has 2498 pieces!
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Emperor Wudi, 141-87 B.C.E. Started public schools.
Colonized Manchuria, Korea, & Vietnam.
Civil service system – bureaucrats– Confucian scholar-gentry
Revival of Chinese landscape painting.
32
Han ArtifactsHan Artifacts
Imperial Seal
Han Ceramic House
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Three Kingdoms 220 CE – 581 CE
China’s Dark Ages 1. Wei
– Capital in Loyang, maintains imperial seals, country’s wealth, 30 million people
– How are the above ideas advantageous? 2. Wu 3. Shu Chaotic times, war and violence 581 – Yang Chien assassinates ruling family in N and
establishes Sui Dynasty
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Sui Dynasty 581 CE-618 CE Yang Chien Wen-ti
– Devoted to Buddhism; built temples, trained clergy– Centralized govt: controlled appointments, inspectors
to assess and report back 3 times a year– Banned weapons, forced labor– Repaired Great Wall
Yang-ti: takes over in 604– Spends on construction projects– Rebellion in 617
35
Tang Dynasty 618-907 CE Contributions
Internal renewal(improved lives of people) and external expansion
Used formal civil service exam to recruit-set up university
Tried to equalize land holdings- fought corruption literature and art flourished Inventions- paper during Han- used for clothes and
tp- used for writing
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37
Empress Wu Chao, 624-705
The only female Empress in China’s history who ruled alone.
Searched for outstanding individuals to attract to her court.
Construction of new irrigation systems.
Buddhism was the favored statereligion.
Financed the building of many Buddhist temples.
BUT… She appointed cruel and sadistic ministers to seek out her enemies.
38
Tang Dynasty, 618-907 C.E.
Imperial examination system perfected.
Liberal attitude towards all religions. Spread of Buddhism in China
Golden Age of foreign relations with
other countries. Japan, Korea, Persia
39
Tang Government Organization
40
Tang Dynasty, 618-907 C.E.
New technologies:– Printing moveable print (Encyclopedia)– Porcelain– Gunpowder– Mechanical clocks
More cosmopolitan culture.
Reestablished the safety of the Silk Road.
Tea comes into China from Southeast Asia.
41
Foot-Binding in Tang China
Broken toes by 3 years of age.
Size 5 ½ shoe on the right
42
Foot-Binding in Tang China
Mothers bound their daughters’ feet.
43
Foot-Binding in Tang China
For upper-class girls, it became a new custom.
44
Song(Sung) Dynasty 960-1279
moved the capitol east economic expansion - used paper money used abacus Silk Road traffic at height
– when dangerous went to sea routes– first period of great oceanic commerce– trades tea, silk and porcelain for exotic woods
and precious stones
45
46
Song [Sung] Dynasty, 960-1279 C.E.
Creation of an urban, merchant, middle class.
Increased emphasis on education & cheaper availability of printed books.
Magnetic compass makes China a great
sea power!
47
Song Peasant FamilySong Peasant Family
48
Song Rice CultivationSong Rice Cultivation
49
The MongolsNomadic peoples
Loosely organized clans in a state of stress Genghis Kahn- son of impoverished noble
with army of less than 130,000 conquered Asia
mastered military tactics on horseback- pursue and ambush, firelance, took China
Kublai Kahn- grandson Yuan dynasty at Peking- adopted Chinese ways- lasted 100 years- gave way to Ming dynasty
50
Mongol InvasionsMongol Invasions
51
The MONGOLS [“Golden Horde”]
Temujin --> Genghis Khan [“Universal Ruler”]– 1162 - 1227 – from the steppe [dry, grass-covered plains of Central
Asia]
52
The MONGOLS [“Golden Horde”]
Genghis Khan’s Tax Laws:– If you do not pay homage,
we will take your prosperity.– If you do not have prosperity,
we will take your children.– If you do not have children,
we will take your wife.– If you do not have a wife,
we will take your head. Used cruelty as a weapon some areas never recovered
from Mongol destruction!
53
Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty, 1279-1368 C.E.
Kublai Khan [r. 1260-1294]– Pax Mongolica [“Mongol Peace”]
Tolerated Chinese culturebut lived apart from them.
No Chinese in top govt. posts.Believed foreigner were more
trustworthy.Encouraged foreign trade & foreign
merchants to live and work in China. Marco Polo
54
Yuan Dynasty, 1279-1368 C.E.
The Black Plague was spread by the Mongols in the mid-14c.
Sent fleets against Japan.– 1281 150,000 warriors– Defeated by kamikazi [“winds of the gods”]
Kublai Khan experienced several humiliating defeats in Southeast Asia late in his life.