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Chemistry 111

Sections 10.1 – 10.4 Chemistry 111

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Chapter 10• Chapter 10 Topics

– Electromagnetic (Light) Spectrum

– Spectroscope– Bohr Model– Quantum Model

(Schrödinger)• Principle• Orbital Shape• Exclusion• Electron

Configuration• Noble Gas Cores

– Periodic Table Trends– Valence Electrons

• What we’ll do:– Light & Spectrometer

Demonstration– Bohr Model Animation– Quantum Model –

Beginning– Computerized Orbitals

(breath)

– Quantum Model Extension– Periodic Trends– Valence Electrons (ns2np5)

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Electromagnetic Spectrum (Light)

• Visible Light (400 – 700 nm)

Red700 nm

Yellow585 nm

Blue491 nm

Orange647 nm

Green575 nm

Violet400 nm

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Electromagnetic Spectrum (Light)

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Spectroscope / Spectrometer

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Bohr Model of the Atom

• View Animations Online

• View UV/Visible Spectrum of:– Hydrogen Lamp– Neon Lamp– Mercury Lamps (overhead lights)– Projector Lamp (Incandescent / W)– Fire works.

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Quantum Model

• Bohr Model works perfectly for Hydrogen

• Doesn’t work well for rest of the periodic table.

• Refined with the Schrodinger Equation– Still have Bohr Energy Levels– Add “sublevels” – shape of the orbital– Multiple orbitals per sublevel.– 2 Electrons per orbital

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Quantum Model - n

• Principle Quantum Number (n)– n can be {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}– Corresponds to the ROWS on the

periodic table

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Quantum Model - Sublevels

• Sublevels = Shape• Show Web Site with shapes.

http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/aos/1s.html

• Possible Sublevels:– s, p, d, f– # of possible sublevels is same as value of n:

• n = 1: s sublevel only• n = 2: s & p• n = 3: s, p & d• n = 4: s, p, d & f• We never need more than f – there aren’t enough

stable elements.

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Quantum Model – the One s Orbitals

• “s” sublevels are “spherical” (round)

• These are the Alkali Metal & Alkaline Earth Metals!

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Quantum Model – the Three p Orbitals

• “p” orbitals are sketched as pear-shapes (middle).• There is one along each axis – x, y, z for a total of 3.• These are the {Al, C, N, O} families, halogens, noble

gases.

Left: true shape Middle: sketch Right: All at once.

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Quantum Model – the Five d Orbitals

• 4 of the “d” are 4-petal flowers. The 5th is weird! These are the transition elements!

• These are thetransition metals.

B: True Shape

C & D: Sketch

E: The funny one.

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Quantum Model – the Seven f Orbitals

These are the Lanthanides & Actinides

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Summary

n Sublevels# of

Orbitals# of

ElectronsTotal

Electrons

1 s only 1 2 2

2 s 1 2 8

p 3 32=6

3s 1 2 18

p 3 6

d 5 52=10

4 s,p,d,f 1, 3, 5, 7 32

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Sublevels & the Periodic Table

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Team Exercise• This chapter is mainly qualitative

– We will use the team activity to actively review the topics.

– Discuss what you don’t fully understand.– Note topics that you want me to go over.

• Review your chapter notes. – Update them with good ideas from

teammates.

• GOAL / ASSIGNMENT: Spend time actively reviewing the material.

• Complete your active learning log.

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Orbitals / Energy Levels

• Bigger orbitals have higher energy, electrons want to fill in the bottom levels first.

• Filling Order:1s 1s 2s 2p 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 6h 6i 6s 6p 6d 6f 6h 6i 7s 7p 7d 7f 7h 7i 7j 7s 7p 7d 7f 7h 7i 7j

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Electron Configuration

• On Chalkboard:– Energy Level Diagrams– Shorthand #1: 1s22s23p6…– Shorthand #2: Noble Gas Core

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Periodic Trends – Atomic Radii

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Periodic Trends – Ionization Energy

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Team Exercise Time• This chapter is mainly qualitative

– We will use the team activity to actively review the topics.

– Discuss what you don’t fully understand.– Note topics that you want me to go over.

• Review your cheatsheets – Update them with good ideas from

teammates.

• GOAL / ASSIGNMENT: Spend time actively reviewing the material.

• Complete your active learning log.