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IntroductionIntroduction
In 2001, over 15.8 million people were employed in different jobs in Canada.
Canada has an abundant amount of natural resources, which have to be gathered and harvested – therefore we have a broad manufacturing base.
In 2001, over 15.8 million people were employed in different jobs in Canada.
Canada has an abundant amount of natural resources, which have to be gathered and harvested – therefore we have a broad manufacturing base.
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Four Basic Types of IndustryFour Basic Types of Industry
1. Primary Industry – provide raw materials to be used by other industries. Includes farming, fishing, forestry and mining.
1. Primary Industry – provide raw materials to be used by other industries. Includes farming, fishing, forestry and mining.
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Four Basic Types of IndustryFour Basic Types of Industry
2. Secondary Industry – manufacturing the raw materials from primary industry.
2. Secondary Industry – manufacturing the raw materials from primary industry.
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Four Basic Types of IndustryFour Basic Types of Industry
3. Tertiary – Provides services instead of products. Includes banking, transportation and retails (shopping) services.
3. Tertiary – Provides services instead of products. Includes banking, transportation and retails (shopping) services.
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Four Basic Types of IndustryFour Basic Types of Industry
4. Quaternary – Involved in processing of information (research and computer technology).
4. Quaternary – Involved in processing of information (research and computer technology).
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Manufacturing involves TWO Processes
Manufacturing involves TWO Processes
1. Primary manufacturing – produces usable products from raw materials. Examples: takes wood and makes into pulp and paper.
1. Primary manufacturing – produces usable products from raw materials. Examples: takes wood and makes into pulp and paper.
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Manufacturing involves TWO Processes
Manufacturing involves TWO Processes
2. Secondary manufacturing – uses the products from primary manufacturing to make other products. Examples: paper is turned into newspapers and books.
2. Secondary manufacturing – uses the products from primary manufacturing to make other products. Examples: paper is turned into newspapers and books.
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Look at chart on page 370 Figure 18.3
Read section about the steel industry page 372 – 373.
Look at chart on page 370 Figure 18.3
Read section about the steel industry page 372 – 373.
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Primary IndustryPrimary Industry
Steel manufacturing: Steel is one of Canada’s most important manufacturing industries.
Steel manufacturing: Steel is one of Canada’s most important manufacturing industries.
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Primary IndustryPrimary Industry
The THREE largest steel manufacturing plants are: 1. Stelco 2. Dofasco 3. Algoma
The THREE largest steel manufacturing plants are: 1. Stelco 2. Dofasco 3. Algoma
Algoma Steel
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Negative impacts of steel manufacturing includes:Negative impacts of steel manufacturing includes:
Large amounts of gases such as nitrogen oxide and sulphur dioxide emitted into the atmosphere
These gases mix with water vapour which causes acid precipitation
Large amounts of gases such as nitrogen oxide and sulphur dioxide emitted into the atmosphere
These gases mix with water vapour which causes acid precipitation
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This precipitation increases the acid level in lakes – endangering aquatic life
It also contributes to the erosion of many buildings in towns and cities
This precipitation increases the acid level in lakes – endangering aquatic life
It also contributes to the erosion of many buildings in towns and cities
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New technology to help protect the environment:New technology to help
protect the environment:
Companies have switched to energy sources with lower carbon levels
Companies have invested money into advanced scrubbers, filtering systems and other devices
Companies have switched to energy sources with lower carbon levels
Companies have invested money into advanced scrubbers, filtering systems and other devices
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Read case study on Stelco Plant page 374 – 376
Answer # 10a and Jot note 7 steps in steel making
(page 373)
Read case study on Stelco Plant page 374 – 376
Answer # 10a and Jot note 7 steps in steel making
(page 373)
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Secondary ManufacturingSecondary Manufacturing
One of the most important uses of steel is to make cars
In 1994 there were 16.5 million vehicles in Canada
One of the most important uses of steel is to make cars
In 1994 there were 16.5 million vehicles in Canada
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Secondary ManufacturingSecondary Manufacturing
In 1994, 1.25 million cars were sold Automobile industry is one of the
biggest employers in Canada 130,000 are directly employed by “the big three” – Ford, General Motors, and Daimler Chrysler
Another 300,000 people depend indirectly on the auto industry for their jobs
In 1994, 1.25 million cars were sold Automobile industry is one of the
biggest employers in Canada 130,000 are directly employed by “the big three” – Ford, General Motors, and Daimler Chrysler
Another 300,000 people depend indirectly on the auto industry for their jobs
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Important points from the case study
Important points from the case study
Mass production – large scale manufacturing of a product at a faster rate and at a lower cost
See chart page 378
Just in time delivery and assembly system – the ordering and receiving of parts, as they are needed
Points of use delivery – the practice of having parts delivered directly to the site where they are needed rather than being stored in a warehouse
Mass production – large scale manufacturing of a product at a faster rate and at a lower cost
See chart page 378
Just in time delivery and assembly system – the ordering and receiving of parts, as they are needed
Points of use delivery – the practice of having parts delivered directly to the site where they are needed rather than being stored in a warehouse
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Tertiary IndustryTertiary Industry
Most people are employed in Canada work in the tertiary industry
Read Retailing Case Study page 381
Most people are employed in Canada work in the tertiary industry
Read Retailing Case Study page 381
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Tertiary IndustryTertiary Industry
In 1994, 2.5 million people worked full time in the retail (sell products or services) business
Hundreds of thousands more work part time
In 1994, 2.5 million people worked full time in the retail (sell products or services) business
Hundreds of thousands more work part time
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Tertiary IndustryTertiary Industry
Retail sector is a great indicator of how our economy is doing. If times are good people spend more money on items such as cars. If times are bad people stop spending and save instead. When it happens, manufactures slow down or stop producing cars (or other times).
In Canada, most people’s money is spent on buying food and clothing
Retail sector is a great indicator of how our economy is doing. If times are good people spend more money on items such as cars. If times are bad people stop spending and save instead. When it happens, manufactures slow down or stop producing cars (or other times).
In Canada, most people’s money is spent on buying food and clothing
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Quaternary IndustryQuaternary Industry
A rapidly growing industry that has provided and will continue to provide some of the greatest employment opportunities in the future
Research and Development – called R and D
IT – Information Technology
A rapidly growing industry that has provided and will continue to provide some of the greatest employment opportunities in the future
Research and Development – called R and D
IT – Information Technology
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Quaternary IndustryQuaternary Industry
People who work in this industry look for ways to improve existing industries and to create new ones
Governments, universities and industry invest large amounts of money to this industry
People who work in this industry look for ways to improve existing industries and to create new ones
Governments, universities and industry invest large amounts of money to this industry
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Quaternary IndustryQuaternary Industry
In 1994, Canada’s major telephone companies committed to spending 9 billion dollars (called the Beacon Initiative) to upgrade national phone lines so people could have access to more information.
With this access people could do things such as: pay bills, renew drivers licenses and shop online.
In 1994, Canada’s major telephone companies committed to spending 9 billion dollars (called the Beacon Initiative) to upgrade national phone lines so people could have access to more information.
With this access people could do things such as: pay bills, renew drivers licenses and shop online.
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Read case study: Financial institutions page 384
Read case study: Financial institutions page 384
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Canada’s level of IndustrializationCanada’s level of Industrialization
Life expectancy – people live longer in countries with higher standards of living (better health care, etc)
Energy consumption – indicates level of wealth and industrialization
Percentage of food consumed – this indicates the ability to feed the population
Life expectancy – people live longer in countries with higher standards of living (better health care, etc)
Energy consumption – indicates level of wealth and industrialization
Percentage of food consumed – this indicates the ability to feed the population
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Canada’s level of IndustrializationCanada’s level of Industrialization
Road density – roads are busy in industrialized countries because people can afford to buy and operate cars
Televisions – prosperous populations can afford to buy TVs
Road density – roads are busy in industrialized countries because people can afford to buy and operate cars
Televisions – prosperous populations can afford to buy TVs
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Canada’s level of IndustrializationCanada’s level of Industrialization
Literacy Rates – countries that are well off have many schools and universities and can afford to educate the population
Infant mortality – affluent countries can afford efficient health and child care programs
Literacy Rates – countries that are well off have many schools and universities and can afford to educate the population
Infant mortality – affluent countries can afford efficient health and child care programs
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Location factors in IndustryLocation factors in Industry
Profit The amount of money remaining once
all bills and costs have been paid
The money left over is the profit
Profit The amount of money remaining once
all bills and costs have been paid
The money left over is the profit
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Location factors in IndustryLocation factors in Industry
Primary location factors:
1. Availability of materials
2. A supply of skilled workers
3. A source of power (electricity)
4. Access to transportation and roads
5. An accessible road
Primary location factors:
1. Availability of materials
2. A supply of skilled workers
3. A source of power (electricity)
4. Access to transportation and roads
5. An accessible road
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Location factors in IndustryLocation factors in Industry
Other location factors:1.Government assistance such as
grants, interest free loans, etc.2.Cost of land3.Quality of life and living conditions e.g.
Recreational facilities, housing developments, entertainment, etc.
4.Complementary business – forcing consumers to do comparison shopping
5.Tradition
Other location factors:1.Government assistance such as
grants, interest free loans, etc.2.Cost of land3.Quality of life and living conditions e.g.
Recreational facilities, housing developments, entertainment, etc.
4.Complementary business – forcing consumers to do comparison shopping
5.Tradition
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Footloose IndustriesFootloose Industries
A company free to locate anywhere without being restricted by specific location factors
They do not need to be near large markets or have access to vast amounts of energy
A company free to locate anywhere without being restricted by specific location factors
They do not need to be near large markets or have access to vast amounts of energy
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Footloose IndustriesFootloose Industries
The raw materials and finished products are so small and of such high value that transportation costs are of little value
Examples include computer software companies and jewelery manufactures
The raw materials and finished products are so small and of such high value that transportation costs are of little value
Examples include computer software companies and jewelery manufactures
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Manufacturing Distribution across Canada
Manufacturing Distribution across Canada
Manufacturing Index: Indicates the distribution of
manufacturing across the country
Determined by dividing the percentage of manufacturing value by the percentage of population
% of manufacturing ÷ % of population
Manufacturing Index: Indicates the distribution of
manufacturing across the country
Determined by dividing the percentage of manufacturing value by the percentage of population
% of manufacturing ÷ % of population
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Destination of Manufactured Goods
Destination of Manufactured Goods
Goods that are manufactured within a province may be sold within the province or outside of the province (exported)
Exported goods may be sold to other provinces or to other countries
Goods that are manufactured within a province may be sold within the province or outside of the province (exported)
Exported goods may be sold to other provinces or to other countries
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When products are sold outside the province (exported), there are many benefits:
Provinces receive revenue (money) from the products sold
Revenue helps maintain economic prosperity (good economic times)
Money helps pay wages and keep jobs secure People spend their money in other areas, e.g.
restaurants, clothing stores, etc. and this creates spin-off benefits
When products are sold outside the province (exported), there are many benefits:
Provinces receive revenue (money) from the products sold
Revenue helps maintain economic prosperity (good economic times)
Money helps pay wages and keep jobs secure People spend their money in other areas, e.g.
restaurants, clothing stores, etc. and this creates spin-off benefits
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When a province buys products from another province or country (imports) there are some disadvantages:
If a country buys more products from another place than it sells to other places, they loose money. More money leaves the province to pay for the imported goods. This is called a Trade Deficit.
This means there is less money available for the province to spend on their people such as education, recreation facilities, etc.
When a province buys products from another province or country (imports) there are some disadvantages:
If a country buys more products from another place than it sells to other places, they loose money. More money leaves the province to pay for the imported goods. This is called a Trade Deficit.
This means there is less money available for the province to spend on their people such as education, recreation facilities, etc.
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Regional Economic Differences
Regional Economic Differences
Regional economic differences imply the difference between provinces in their employment level, and their wages (e.g. minimum wages, their prosperity)
Regional economic differences imply the difference between provinces in their employment level, and their wages (e.g. minimum wages, their prosperity)
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Regional Economic Differences
Regional Economic Differences
Reasons for regional economic differences:
1. Climate: Dictates the agriculture in the region, e.g.
soil type
2. Distribution of natural resource: Some provinces have more natural
resources such as the metallic minerals in British Columbia, which can be sold and used in manufacturing
Reasons for regional economic differences:
1. Climate: Dictates the agriculture in the region, e.g.
soil type
2. Distribution of natural resource: Some provinces have more natural
resources such as the metallic minerals in British Columbia, which can be sold and used in manufacturing
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Regional Economic Differences
Regional Economic Differences
3. Distance from manufacturing base: Customers on provinces far away from
southern Ontario and Quebec may have to pay more for produces because of the transportation costs
4. Population concentration: When population concentration in specific
areas, more services are available to these people then those in less populated regions
3. Distance from manufacturing base: Customers on provinces far away from
southern Ontario and Quebec may have to pay more for produces because of the transportation costs
4. Population concentration: When population concentration in specific
areas, more services are available to these people then those in less populated regions
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Vicious CirclesVicious Circles
Vicious Circle – The cycle of poverty created through the migration of skilled workers from a region and thereby discouraging new investments from other provinces and countries
Vicious Circle – The cycle of poverty created through the migration of skilled workers from a region and thereby discouraging new investments from other provinces and countries
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Slow economic growthLow wages, and high unemployment
Hard to attract highly trained peopleCan be paid higher wages elsewhere
Companies are less likely to move to A province with less people and therefore
Less skilled people
Less people means lessTax money for governmentAnd therefore lack funding
For education and other social services
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Equalization PaymentsEqualization Payments
The federal government helps all provincial governments pay for their social services
Less prosperous provinces receive a greater amount of money towards these costs
These funds are called equalized payments
This system helps ensure all regions receive adequate social services
The federal government helps all provincial governments pay for their social services
Less prosperous provinces receive a greater amount of money towards these costs
These funds are called equalized payments
This system helps ensure all regions receive adequate social services
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Vicious Circle of Economic GrowthVicious Circle of Economic Growth
Slow economic growth.High unemployment rates. Low wages.
Difficult to attract well-trained people.
Many skilled workers more elsewhere
Companies seeking skilled workers do not move here.
Fewer people mean lower tax revenue.
Cannot build new schools, universities, etc.