1

Chapter 1 Chemistry in Our Lives

1.2 Some Fundamental Ideas of Chemistry

Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

2

Matter

Matter • Is what all materials are made of• Has mass• Occupies space• Has characteristics called physical and chemical

properties

3

Physical Properties

Physical properties are:

• Characteristics observed or measured without changing the identify of a substance.

• Shape, physical state, odor, boiling and freezing points, density, and color of that substance.

4

Physical Properties of Copper

Copper has physical properties:

• Reddish-orange

• Very shiny

• Excellent conductor of heat and electricity

• Solid at 25C

• Melting point 1083C

• Boiling point 2567CCopyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

5

States of Matter

All substances known as matter exist in

one of three forms or states:• Solids

Have definite volumes and shapes• Liquids

Have definite volumes, but take the shapes of containers

• Gases

Have no definite volumes or shapesCopyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

6

Examples of States of Matter

Solids• Rocks, shells, baseballs, tennis racquets, books

Liquids• Lakes, rain, melted gold, mercury in a

thermometer

Gases • Air, helium in a balloon, neon in a neon tube

7

Learning Check

Identify the state of matter for each of the following:

A. Vitamin tablets in a bottle

B. Eye drops

C. Vegetable oil

D. A candle

E. Air in a tire

8

Solution

Identify the state of matter for each of the following:

A. Vitamin tablets in a bottle solid

B. Eye drops liquid

C. Vegetable oil liquid

D. A candle solid

E. Air in a tire gas

9

A physical change occurs in a substance if • There is a change in the state• There is a change in the physical shape

But there is no change in • The identity and composition of the substance

Physical Change

10

Examples of Changes of State

Some changes of state for water: • Solid water (ice) melts to form liquid

water• Liquid water changes to gaseous

water (steam)

Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

11

Examples of Physical Changes

Examples of physical changes: • Paper torn into little pieces

(change of size)• Copper hammered into thin sheets• Water poured into a glass (change

of shape)

Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

12

Learning Check

Classify each of the following as a

1) change of state 2) change of shape

A. Chopping a log into kindling

B. Water boiling in a pot

C. Ice cream melting

D. Ice forming in a freezer

E. Cutting dough into strips

13

Solution

Classify each of the following changes as a

1) change of state 2) change of shape

A. Chopping a log into kindling (2)

B. Water boiling in a pot (1)

C. Ice cream melting (1)

D. Ice forming in a freezer (1)

E. Cutting dough into strips (2)

14

Chemical Properties

Chemical properties describe the ability of a substance• To interact with other substances• To change into a new substance

Example:

Iron has the ability to form rust

when exposed to oxygen.

Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

15

Learning Check

Classify each of the following properties as physical

or chemical:

A. Ice melts in the sun

B. Copper is a shiny metal

C. Paper can burn

D. A silver knife can tarnish

E. A magnet removes particles of iron from a mixture

of sugar and iron

16

Solution

Classify each of the following properties as physical

or chemical:

A. Ice melts in the sun physical

B. Copper is a shiny metal physical

C. Paper can burn chemical

D. A silver knife can tarnish chemical

E. A magnet removes particles physical

of iron from a mixture

of sugar and iron

17

Chemical Change

In a chemical change or chemical

reaction, a new substance forms

that has• A new composition• New chemical properties• New physical properties

Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

18

Some Chemical Changes

Silver tarnishes

Shiny metal reacts to form black, grainy coating

Wood burns

A piece of wood burns with a bright flame to form ash, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and heat.

Iron rusts

A shiny nail combines with oxygen to form orange-red rust.

19

Classify each of the following changes as physical or

chemical:

A. Burning a candle

B. Ice melting on the street

C. Toasting a marshmallow

D. Cutting a pizza

E. Iron rusting on an old car

Learning Check

20

Classify each of the following changes as physical or

chemical:

A. Burning a candle chemical

B. Ice melting on the street physical

C. Toasting a marshmallow chemical

D. Cutting a pizza physical

E. Iron rusting on an old car chemical

Solution