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CELLS

HISTORY OF CELL

• STARTED WITH DISCOVERING THE FIRST MICROSCOPE

• Hans and Zacharias Janssen • Dutch lens grinders, father and son • produced first compound microscope

(2 lenses)

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HISTORY OF CELL• Robert Hooke (1665)• English scientist • looked at a thin slice of cork (oak cork)

through a compound microscope • observed tiny, hollow, room like structures • called these structures 'cells' because they

reminded him of the rooms that monks lived in • only saw the outer walls (cell walls) because

cork cells are not alive

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HISTORY OF CELL

• Anton van Leeuwenhoek (around the same time as Hooke 1680?)

• Dutch fabric merchant and amateur scientist • looked at blood, rainwater, scrapings from

teeth through a simple microscope (1 lens) • observed living cells; called some

'animalcules' • some of the small 'animalcules' are now

called bacteria

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HISTORY OF CELL• Matthias Schleiden (1838)• German botanist • viewed plant parts under a microscope • discovered that plant parts are made of cells

• Theodor Schwann (1839) • German zoologist • viewed animal parts under a microscope • discovered that animal parts are made of

cells

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HISTORY OF CELL• Rudolph Virchow (1855)• German physician • stated that all living cells come only from

other living cells • Credited with completing the CELL THEORY

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Basic Structure of a Cell

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Introduction to CellsIntroduction to CellsCells are the basic units of organismsCells can only be observed under

microscopeBasic types of cells:

Animal Cell Plant CellBacterial

Cell

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Number of CellsOrganisms may be:• Unicellular – composed of one cell• Multicellular- composed of many cells that may organize

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Prokaryotes include bacteria & lack a nucleus or membrane-bound structures called organelles

Eukaryotes include most other cells & have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (plants, fungi, & animals)

Cells May be Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic

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ProkaryotesNucleoid region contains the DNA

•Cell membrane & cell wall

• Contain ribosomes (no membrane) to make proteins in their cytoplasm

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Eukaryotic Cell

Contain 3 basic cell structures:

•Nucleus•Cell Membrane•Cytoplasm with

organelles

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Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells

Plant Cell

Animal Cell

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OrganelleOrganelless

Very small size

Can only be observed under a microscope

Have specific functions

Found throughout cytoplasm

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Organelles Found in Cells

Examples of Organelles include:Endoplasmic reticulum (rough & smooth) – canals for movement

Golgi Bodies – wrap & export proteins

Nucleolus – makes ribosomes

Lysosomes – digests & gets rid of wastes

Ribosomes – makes proteins

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Golgi Bodies• Stacks of Stacks of flattened flattened

sacssacs• Have a shipping side Have a shipping side

& a receiving side& a receiving side• Receive & Receive & modify modify

proteinsproteins made by ER made by ER• Transport vesiclesTransport vesicles

with modified with modified proteins pinch off proteins pinch off the endsthe ends

Transport

vesicle

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Lysosome• Contain digestive Contain digestive

enzymesenzymes• Break down food and Break down food and

worn out cell parts worn out cell parts for cells for cells

• Programmed for cell Programmed for cell death (lyse & release death (lyse & release enzymes to break enzymes to break down & recycle cell down & recycle cell parts)parts)

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Nucleolus• Cell may have Cell may have 1 1

to 3to 3 nucleoli nucleoli• Inside nucleusInside nucleus• DisappearsDisappears when when

cell dividescell divides• Makes ribosomesMakes ribosomes

that make that make proteinsproteins

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Smooth & Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Smooth ER lacks ribosomes & makes proteins USED In the cell

Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface & makes proteins to EXPORT

Structure of Plant Cells• Smooth Endoplasmic

Reticulum- Portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that has no ribosomes and thus appears smooth

• Produces steroids and other lipids

• Also called Smooth ER

Structure of Plant Cells•Rough Endoplasmic

Reticulum- Major portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that has ribosomes and thus appears rough

•Produces proteins•Also called Rough ER

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Rod shapeSite of Cellular respiration

Cell PowerhouseCell Powerhouse

Mitochondrion( mitochondria )

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Active cells like muscles have more mitochondriaBurn sugars to produce energy ATP

In Animal Cells:In Animal Cells:

Mitochondria

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Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells

Made of protein and phospholipids

Selectively permeable

Cell membrane

Surrounding the Surrounding the CellCell

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Controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell

Selectively permeable

Cell membrane

Cell or Plasma Cell or Plasma MembraneMembrane

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Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane

Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place

Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm of a Cytoplasm of a Cell Cell

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Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs

Examples: chloroplast & mitochondrion

Cytoplasm

More on More on CytoplasmCytoplasm

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Controls the normal activities of the cell

Bounded by a nuclear membrane

Contains chromosomes

Control Organelle

Nucleus

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Each cell has fixed number of chromosomes that carry genes

Genes control cell characteristics

Nucleus

More on the More on the NucleusNucleus

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Contain the green pigment chlorophyll

Traps sunlight to make to make sugars (food)

Process called photosynthesis

Plant Cell OrganellesPlant Cell Organelles

Chloroplast

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Large empty spaces present between cellulose fibers

Cell wall

Plant CellPlant Cell

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Plant CellPlant Cell

Made of cellulose which forms very thin fibers

Strong and rigidFound in plant cells

Cell wall

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Protect and support the enclosed substances

Resist entry of excess water into the cell

Give shape to the cell

Cell wall

Plant CellPlant Cell

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Have a large central vacuole

Surrounded by tonoplast

Contains cell sapSugars, proteins,

minerals, wastes, & pigments

Plant Cell OrganellesPlant Cell Organelles

Vacuole

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Different kinds of Different kinds of plant cellsplant cells

Onion Epidermal Cells

Root Hair Cell

root hair

Guard Cells

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mitochondrion

nucleus

glycogen granule

cell membrane

cytoplasm Animal cellAnimal cell

No cell wall or chloroplastStores glycogen in the cytoplasm for food energy

vacuole

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Animal Cell OrganellesAnimal Cell Organelles

•Near the nucleus•Paired structures•Help cell divide

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Different kinds of Different kinds of animal cellsanimal cells

white blood cell

red blood cell

cheek cells

sperm

nerve cell

muscle cell

Amoeba

Paramecium

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Similarities between Similarities between plant cells and animal plant cells and animal

cellscellsBoth have a cell membrane surrounding the cytoplasm

Both have a nucleus

Both contain mitochondria

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Differences between Differences between plant cells and animal plant cells and animal

cellscellsAnimal cells Plant cells

Relatively smaller in

sizeIrregular shape

No cell wall

Relatively larger in size

Regular shapeCell wall present

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Animal cells Plant cells

Vacuole small or absent

Glycogen as food storage

Nucleus at the center

Large central vacuole

Starch as food storage

Nucleus near cell wall

Differences between Plant Differences between Plant Cells and Animal CellsCells and Animal Cells

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The cell is the Basic The cell is the Basic Unit of LifeUnit of Life

• Cell is the smallest unit of living organisms

• Unicellular organisms are made of one cell only

• The cells of multicellular organisms are specialized to perform different functions

– e.g. mesophyll cells for photosynthesis and root hair cells for water absorption

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Levels of organizationLevels of organization

• Cells are grouped together and work as a whole to perform special functions

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TissueTissue

•A group of similar cells to perform a particular function–Animals : epithelial tissue, muscular tissue

–Plants : vascular tissue, mesophyll

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OrganOrgan

• Different tissues group together to carry out specialized functions– Heart : consists of muscles,

nervous tissue and blood vessels

– Leaf : consists of epidermis, mesophyll and vascular tissue

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Stoma

Air Space

Spongy Mesophyll Cell

Chloroplast

The Structures of a Leaf (Plant Organ)

Palisade Mesophyll Cell

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The Structures of a Heart (Animal Organ)

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SystemSystem• Several organs and tissues work together

to carry out a particular set of functions in a co-ordinated way– Human : digestive, respiratory, excretory,

circulatory and reproductive systems– Plant : root and shoot systems

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Human Body SystemsHuman Body Systems Examples of systems : Digestive System Respiratory System Circulatory System Nervous System Reproductive System

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Examples of a Human Body System

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Examples of a Human Body System

The Respiratory System

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Examples of a Human Body System

Circulatory System

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Examples of a Human Body System

Nervous System

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Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

CELLS (muscle cells,nerve cells)TISSUES (muscle, epithelium)ORGANS (heart, lungs, stomach)

SYSTEMS (circulatory system)ORGANISM (human)

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It’s You!