1. Causes, Factors, Cost

7/31/2019 1. Causes, Factors, Cost

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Safety module: Accident, Rev 0.0, Mar 2007

AccidentCauses andFactors


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Accident statistics

Fall from height - 45%

Fall of Material - 13%

Electrocution - 11%

Run Over/Hit by Vehicle- 11%

Others - 20%


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Safety

Freedom from un expectable risk of harm It is set of rules which is required to save the

human life, equipments and environment;

Accident The undesirable event giving rise to death, ill health,injury, property damage or other losses

Incident

Event that gave rise to an accident or had thepotential to lead to accident

What is Safety?


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Near Miss Accident:

An event that gives rises to an accident or has thepotential to lead to an accident or an accidentwhere no ill health, injury, damage or other lossoccurs.

Dangerous Occurrence:As prescribed under Section 88-A of the FactoriesAct and relevant Factories Rules:

Ex: Bursting of Pressure Vessel, Release of Toxic orharmful gases, collapse of building, overturning of a craneetc. (without causing injuries)

Types of Accidents


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Non Reportable Injury:

Non-Reportable injury is an injury byreason of which the person injured isprevented from working for a period ofless than 48 hours immediatelyfollowing the accident.

Reportable Injury:

An injury causing disablement extending48 hours beyond the day or shift onwhich the accident occurred.

Types of Accidents

1

30

300

Fatal`

Reportable accidents

Near miss accident


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Depending on injury1. Fatal2. Serious / major / lost time3. Minor4. No injury accidents

Types of accidents

0.3 % of all accident produce major injuries8.8 % of all accidents produce minor injuries

90.9 % of all accidents produce no injuries


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Electric shock / flash over.

Fall from height.

Falling object / caught in between

Caught in between moving object. Inhalation of hazardous gases / fumes.

Cave- in, in excavation work.

Falling into pit/ drowning

Road accidents

Types of Accidents


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Theory of Accident

A personal injury occurs only as a result of anaccident.

An accident occurs only as a result of unsafeaction or exposure to an unsafe mechanical orphysical conditions of work

Unsafe actions or unsafe conditions exist onlybecause of fault of the persons / management.

Faults of persons are inherited or acquired formthe environment. The unsafe actions may be due

to anatomical, physiological, lack of education,improper attitude, lack of knowledge or skill.


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Cause and Factors of Accidents


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UNSAFE ACTS UNSAFE CONDITION

ACCIDENT

ORIGIN OF FAULTS

INJURY

HUMAN FAILURE


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Unsafe Act of Persons 88 %

UnsafeMechanical /PhysicalCondition

10 %

Natural Calamities 2 %

8 % OF THE ACCIDENTS CAN BE PREVENTED.


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Causes of an Accident

Unsafe Conditions- Inadequate working conditions

- Controllable

Unsafe Act- Lack of control

- Basic causes

- Immediate causes

- Incident

- Loss


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A departure froman accepted,normal orcorrect procedure or practice

which has in the past actually producedinjury or property damage or has thepotential for producing such loss in the

future.

Causes of Accident: Unsafe Acts


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Lack of knowledge or skill (Unaware of safe practice,unskilled etc.)

Improper attitude (disregard of instruction etc.)

Physical or mental deficiency (defective eye sight orhearing, fatigue etc.)

Causes that Lead to Unsafe Acts


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Improper PPEs PPEs not being used

Use of non insulated tools Use of plier for pulling of

fuses Fuses kept in compartments

Tools not suitable forEnvironment Conditions Colour coading,voltage,

technical details notdisplayed

PTW system not followed Casual approach in isolation Over confidence Behavioral aspects Working in drunken condition

Causes of Accident: Unsafe Acts


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Initial job instructions Priority to Engg. Revision over work method Stressing the after effect of an accident Appeal to the workers love for his family Showing disapproval of Unsafe Acts. Education

Elimination of Unsafe act


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Any physical conditionwhich deviates fromaccepted norm or

practice and has thepotential to causeaccident.

Causes of Accident: Unsafe conditions


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1. Inadequate / lack of guards

2. Defective tools / equipments3. Unsafe / no scaffold

4. Lack of shield

5. Defective vehicles

6. Lack of electrical earthing7. Congested areas

8. Poor illumination

9. Lack of insulation on hot and

cold surfaces10. Lack of cordoning


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Immediately remove damaged or

defective slings from service



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M h d f P i f A id


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1. Eliminating unsafe actionsby means of

- Personal adjustment- Safety education and

training

- Proper supervision- Discipline- Creating and sustaining

enthusiasm

Methods of Prevention of Accidents

M th d f P ti f A id t


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2. Eliminating unsafe conditions by

means of

- Safe guarding all machines,equipments, work places etc.

- Rectifying or preventingdefective conditions

- Safe design and construction- Safe methods and practices,

arrangements- Adequate and suitable

illumination and ventilation- Safe dress and personal

protective equipments




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Regular and planned Safety inspection.

Conditions such as material left in the passage,guard which has been removed, improperly stackedmaterial etc can be eliminated without theassistance of any one in higher Management.

Management help would be required. [In case ofbroken flooring, damaged ladder, etc. ]

Reporting to appropriate authority and strive toeliminate the hazard

Priority to eliminate hazardous conditions

Better not to depend too much on human elements

Detection and correction of U.C.




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3. Discovering causes by means of

-Job Safety analysis-Investigating accidents-Inspection of plants and equipments-Record and tabulation of data-Analysis of data


F t f A id t


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The accidents may be due to the following factors

Mechanical These relates to the defects and inadequate safeguards of

machinery to unsafe conditions of equipment Inadequatelyguarded, Unguarded, Unsafe design or construction, Hazardousarrangement (pilling, Overloading, etc.)

EnvironmentIllumination ,Ventilation, Temperature, Speed of work, Hoursof work, Spread over to work period, Workload

Human- Individual Factors - Psychological Factors

- Personality factors - Sociological Factors

Factors of Accidents

F t f A id t


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Personality Factorsa) Intellectual levelb) Emotional maturityc) Adjustment

d) Anxiety level

Human Factors

Sociological Factorsa)Size of family

b)Number of dependentsc)Financial positiond)Social Statuse)Interpersonal relationsf)Home environment

Individual Factors1.Age2.Marriage3.Education4.Health

5.Length of service6.Work performance

Psychological Factorsa) Attitude towards job

b)Interest and Difficultiesc)Machine habitsd)Attentione)Fatigue

Factors of Accidents

C t f A id t


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Cost of Accident

1. Cost to injured

1. Cost to Management

2. Cost of Society

C t f A id t


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Cost of Accident

1. Cost to injured

Pain & suffering of the injury or illness; Loss of income and possible loss of job;

Health-care cost Family sufferings

Cost of Accident


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Cost of Accident

2. Cost to Management

A. Direct cost Compensation paid to the injured person Medical expenses

B. Indirect cost Lost time of the injured employees.

Lost time of other employees Lost time of foreman,supervisors,executives Cost time of hospital staff. Cost of damage to material & equipment. Incidental cost. Costs under employee welfare and benefit systems. Overhead cost over injured worker.

3. Cost of Society

Cost of Accident


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Cost of Accident

Need for safety


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Need for safety

1. To safeguard the employees.

2. To increase the production.

3. To reduce the cost of the product.

4. To make use of Human Resources.

Safety Objectives


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Safety Objectives

1. Prime purpose is humanitarian i.e. to avoid immediate suffering

Impairment temporary or permanent Economic effects on the injured and his family

Loss of human resources

2. Reduction of costs Accident prevention work can reduce the costs of

production, operation and maintenance

Availability of manpower essential to production

Interruption of the orderly process

3. Intangible gains through improvement in Morale

Public relations

4. To comply and achieve standards / legislation

Philosophy of safety


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Philosophy of safety

1. Most accidents are preventable.

2. Most accidents are direct result of a faulty/negative attitude towards safe practice.

3. Front line Supervisors are in the best position tocorrect and mould employee attitude.

4. Conviction is more to be desired thancompulsion.

5. Accidents and injuries will continue to occur untileach employee follows Safe Practices.


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Documents

1. Causes, Factors, Cost