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BM.I REPUBLIC OF AUSTRIAFEDERAL MINISTRY OF THE INTERIOR .BFA REPUBLIC OF AUSTRIAFEDERAL OFFICE FOR IMMIGRATION AND ASYLUMREPUBLIC OF AUSTRIAFEDERAL OFFICE FOR IMMIGRATION AND ASYLUM
2
SYR
IA, I
RAQ
& A
FGH
ANIS
TAN
SOMALIASecurity, Minorities & Migration
Wolfgang Taucher - Mathias Vogl - Peter Webinger
AFGHANISTAN2014 and beyond
regiones et res publicae - Country Analysis Reports
www.bmi.gv.atwww.staatendokumentation.at
ISBN 978-3-9503643-9-2
Map
ping
mig
ratio
n, s
ocia
l med
ia a
nd to
pogr
aphy
PAKISTANChallenges & Perspectives3
THE KURDSHistory - Religion - Language - Politics4
55
5
SYRIA, IRAQ & AFGHANISTANMapping migration, social media and topography
SYRIA, IRAQ & AFGHANISTANMapping migration, social media and topography
1
BM.I REPUBLIC OF AUSTRIAFEDERAL MINISTRY OF THE INTERIOR .BFA REPUBLIC OF AUSTRIAFEDERAL OFFICE FOR IMMIGRATION AND ASYLUMREPUBLIC OF AUSTRIAFEDERAL OFFICE FOR IMMIGRATION AND ASYLUM
2
SYR
IA, I
RAQ
& A
FGH
ANIS
TAN
SOMALIASecurity, Minorities & Migration
Wolfgang Taucher - Mathias Vogl - Peter Webinger
AFGHANISTAN2014 and beyond
regiones et res publicae - Country Analysis Reports
www.bmi.gv.atwww.staatendokumentation.at
ISBN 978-3-9503643-9-2
Map
ping
mig
ratio
n, s
ocia
l med
ia a
nd to
pogr
aphy
PAKISTANChallenges & Perspectives3
THE KURDSHistory - Religion - Language - Politics4
55
5
SYRIA, IRAQ & AFGHANISTANMapping migration, social media and topography
SYRIA, IRAQ & AFGHANISTANMapping migration, social media and topography
Wolfgang Taucher - Mathias Vogl - Peter Webinger
SYRIA, IRAQ & AFGHANISTANMapping migration, social media and topography
Foreword | Wolfgang Taucher, Mathias Vogl, Peter Webinger .................................... 5
Destination countries Syrian, Iraqi and Afghan asylum seekers in the EU 2016 ........................................... 6
Asylum applicationsSyrian, Iraqi and Afghan nationals in the EU 2016 ....................................................12
Asylum application trendsSyrian, Iraqi and Afghan nationals in the EU 2008–2016 ........................................13
Age distributionSyrian, Iraqi and Afghan asylum seekers in the EU 2016 .........................................16
Gender ratioSyrian, Iraqi and Afghan asylum seekers in the EU 2016 .........................................20
GDP per capita in US$Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan .........................................................................................24
Fragile States Index 2017Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan .........................................................................................26
Social media users as % of population in 2016Syria and Iraq ...............................................................................................................28
Gender and age of Facebook users in 2017Iraq and Afghanistan ...................................................................................................30
Google TrendsSyria, Iraq and Afghanistan .........................................................................................32
Contents
TopographySyria, Iraq and Afghanistan ......................................................................................... 41
Religious GroupsSyria, Iraq and Afghanistan .........................................................................................48
Ethnic GroupsSyria, Iraq and Afghanistan .........................................................................................54
Oil and gas fieldsSyria, Iraq and Afghanistan .........................................................................................60
Sources .........................................................................................................................66
4
5
Wolfgang Taucher Mathias Vogl Peter WebingerDirector of the Federal Office Director-General for Deputy Director-Generalfor Immigration and Asylum Legal Affairs for Legal Affairs
Austrian Federal Ministry Austrian Federal Ministry Austrian Federal Ministryof the Interior of the interior of the interior
The fifth volume of our regiones et res publicae series focuses on Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan, which are amongst the most important countries of origin of refugees in Austria and Europe today. The flight migration and emigration from these countries makes it ever more necessary to provide background information and monitor ongoing trends.
Within the realm of migration this volume features an overview of destination countries in Europe, the number of asylum applications, asylum trends, as well as information on age distribution and gender ratios of asylum seekers. The section on internet usage covers the available data on social media, the demographics of Facebook users and Google search trends. To conclude, the volume includes maps on topography, religious and ethnic groups and oil and gas fields.
This edition was published in collaboration with the International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD) and the Institute for Military Geography of the Austrian Federal Ministry of Defence and Sports, allowing a comprehensive examination of the three countries.
Considering the current migration and asylum trends, mapping migration, social media and topography of these three countries may help to reflect on the current dynamics.
Foreword
6
Destination countries:Syrian asylum seekers in Europe in 2016
7
GERGBR
FRAAUTCH HUN
GRE
BUL
SWE
8,7754,980
2,640
4,725
26,700
2,140
1,590
5,455
BEL2,390
NED2,910
DEN1,265
268,795
ESP2,975
CYP1,215
8
Destination countries:Iraqi asylum seekers in Europe in 2016
9
GERGBR
FRAAUT
CH HUN
GRE
BUL
SWE
2,8603,450
5,350
2,575
4,810
1,310
3,695
2,760
BEL1,180
NED1,115
97,125
ITA1,530
FIN1,240
10
Destination countries:Afghan asylum seekers in Europe in 2016
11
GERGBR
FRA AUTCH HUN
GRE
BUL
SWE
11,795 11,050
8,830
6,130
4,370
3,230
3,160
2,950
BEL2,765
NED1,385
DEN1,120
127,830
ITA2,845
12
Asylum applications:Syrian, Iraqi and Afghan nationals in the EU 2016
EU Syria Iraq Afghanistan 100% 26.9% 10.3% 14.8%
1,260,350
186,595130,015
339,265
13
Asylum application trends:Syrian nationals in the EU 2008−2016
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
4,22
0
4,75
0
5,01
0
8,14
0
24,1
15
49,9
80
122,
065
368,
350
339,
265
14
Asylum application trends:Iraqi nationals in the EU 2008−2016
27,6
55
18,8
45
15,8
30
15,2
30
13,1
90
10,7
40 21,3
65
124,
965
130,
015
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
15
Asylum application trends:Afghan nationals in the EU 2008−2016
10,1
50
20,4
55
20,6
00
28,1
60
28,0
20
26,2
15 41,4
05
181,
415
186,
595
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
16
Age distribution:All asylum seekers in the EU 2016
23.2%
8.4%
51.1%
16.6%
0.6%
1,260,350100%
0.1%
Less than 14 years
14 to 17 years
18 to 34 years
35 to 64 years
Plus 65 years
17
Age distribution:Syrian asylum seekers in the EU 2016
Less than 14 years
14 to 17 years
18 to 34 years
35 to 64 years
Plus 65 years
31.6%
8.1%41.8%
17.7%
0.7%
339,265100%
18
Age distribution:Iraqi asylum seekers in the EU 2016
Less than 14 years
14 to 17 years
18 to 34 years
35 to 64 years
Plus 65 years
31.5%
7.5%43.9%
16.2%
0.8%
130,015100%
19
Age distribution:Afghan asylum seekers in the EU 2016
Less than 14 years
14 to 17 years
18 to 34 years
35 to 64 years
Plus 65 years
186,595100%
24.6%
17.9%46.3%
10.5%0.7%
20
Gender ratio:All asylum seekers in the EU 2016
1,260,350100%
32.2% 67.6%
21
Gender ratio:Syrian asylum seekers in the EU 2016
339,265100%
38.5% 61.5%
22
Gender ratio:Iraqi asylum seekers in the EU 2016
130,015100%
38.3% 61.7%
23
Gender ratio:Afghan asylum seekers in the EU 2016
186,595100%
28.2% 71.8%
24
GDP per capita in US$ (rounded)
25
35,600
570
4,4002,100
EU Syria Iraq Afghanistan
26
Fragile States Index 2017
Legend:
Sustainable
Stable
Warning
Alert
27
Syria and Iraq:
Afghanistan:
28
Social media users as % of population in 2016: Syria
Facebook 36.5% LinkedIn 0.8% Instagram 0.2%
Twitter 1.6%
29
Social media users as % of population in 2016: Iraq
Facebook 38% LinkedIn 1.3% Instagram 0.2%
Twitter 1%
30
Gender and age of Facebook users in 2017: Iraq
26% 74%
49%
31% 34%
12% 15%
41%
8.8% 9.9%
18 – 24years
25 – 34years
35 – 44years
45+years
31
Gender and age of Facebook users in 2017: Afghanistan
14% 86%
63%
27% 37%
5% 7%
51%
4.6% 4.9%
18 – 24years
25 – 34years
35 – 44years
45+years
32
Google Trends:Syria
Asylum │ (Arabic)
01.01.2014 – 10.07.2017
100755025
01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017
Immigration│ (Arabic)
01.01.2014 – 10.07.2017
100755025
01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017
33
Smuggling │ (Arabic)
01.01.2014 – 10.07.2017
100755025
01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017
Europe │ (Arabic)
01.01.2014 – 10.07.2017
100755025
01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017
34
Google Trends:Iraq
Asylum │ (Arabic)
01.01.2014 – 10.07.2017
100755025
01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017
Immigration │ (Arabic)
01.01.2014 – 10.07.2017
100755025
01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017
35
Smuggling │ (Arabic)
01.01.2014 – 10.07.2017
100755025
01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017
Europe │ (Arabic)
01.01.2014 – 10.07.2017
100755025
01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017
36
Google Trends:Afghanistan
Asylum │ (Dari)
01.01.2014 – 10.07.2017
100755025
01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017
Asylum │ (Pashto)
01.01.2014 – 10.07.2017
100755025
01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017
37
Immigration │ (Dari)
05.01.2014 – 10.07.2017
100755025
01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017
05.01.2014 – 10.07.2017
100755025
01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017
05.01.2014 – 10.07.2017
100755025
01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017
01.01.2014 – 10.07.2017
100755025
01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017
Immigration │ (Pashto)
05.01.2014 – 10.07.2017
100755025
01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017
05.01.2014 – 10.07.2017
100755025
01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017
05.01.2014 – 10.07.2017
100755025
01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017
01.01.2014 – 10.07.2017
100755025
01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017
38
Smuggling │ (Pashto)
01.01.2014 – 10.07.2017
100755025
01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017
Smuggling │ (Dari)
01.01.2014 – 10.07.2017
100755025
01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017
no data
39
Europe │ (Dari)
05.01.2014 – 10.07.2017
100755025
01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017
05.01.2014 – 10.07.2017
100755025
01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017
05.01.2014 – 10.07.2017
100755025
01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017
01.01.2014 – 10.07.2017
100755025
01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017
Europe │ (Pashto)
05.01.2014 – 10.07.2017
100755025
01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017
05.01.2014 – 10.07.2017
100755025
01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017
05.01.2014 – 10.07.2017
100755025
01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017
01.01.2014 – 10.07.2017
100755025
01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017
no data
40
41
Tropic of Cancer
LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND WATERSmain railwayminor railwayrailway under constructionmotorwaymain roadminor roadtrackroad under constructionlakestream, river
NAMES AND MUNICIPAL REPRESENTATIONcountrydisputed territorycapitalsettlement more than 5 million inhabitantssettlement 1 million to 5 million inhabitantssettlement 500 000 to 1 million inhabitantssettlement 100 000 to 500 000 inhabitantssettlement 20 000 to 100 000 inhabitantssettlement under 20 000 inhabitantslandscape/mountain rangemountain summit and heightislandwaters
BOUNDARIESinternational borderinternational maritime border (notional)disputed border
LEGEND
Tindouf
Tamanrasset
Alanya
SuezKaraj
TUNISGolan
Er i t rea
Lampedusa
Emi Koussi3 445
S i n a i
Lake Van
Istanbul
HYPSOMETRIC LAYERabove 6 000 m5 000 to 6 000 m4 000 to 5 000 m3 000 to 4 000 m2 000 to 3 000 m1 000 to 2 000 m500 to 1 000 m200 to 500 m0 to 200 mland below sea level-200 to 0 m-500 to -200 m-1 000 to -500 mless than -1 000 m
PROJECTIONRobinson, WGS84
0 100 400 km200 300
SCALE 1 : 10 000 000
Tropic of Cancer
LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND WATERSmain railwayminor railwayrailway under constructionmotorwaymain roadminor roadtrackroad under constructionlakestream, river
NAMES AND MUNICIPAL REPRESENTATIONcountrydisputed territorycapitalsettlement more than 5 million inhabitantssettlement 1 million to 5 million inhabitantssettlement 500 000 to 1 million inhabitantssettlement 100 000 to 500 000 inhabitantssettlement 20 000 to 100 000 inhabitantssettlement under 20 000 inhabitantslandscape/mountain rangemountain summit and heightislandwaters
BOUNDARIESinternational borderinternational maritime border (notional)disputed border
LEGEND
Tindouf
Tamanrasset
Alanya
SuezKaraj
TUNISGolan
Er i t rea
Lampedusa
Emi Koussi3 445
S i n a i
Lake Van
Istanbul
HYPSOMETRIC LAYERabove 6 000 m5 000 to 6 000 m4 000 to 5 000 m3 000 to 4 000 m2 000 to 3 000 m1 000 to 2 000 m500 to 1 000 m200 to 500 m0 to 200 mland below sea level-200 to 0 m-500 to -200 m-1 000 to -500 mless than -1 000 m
PROJECTIONRobinson, WGS84
0 100 400 km200 300
SCALE 1 : 10 000 000
Legend
Tropic of Cancer
LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND WATERSmain railwayminor railwayrailway under constructionmotorwaymain roadminor roadtrackroad under constructionlakestream, river
NAMES AND MUNICIPAL REPRESENTATIONcountrydisputed territorycapitalsettlement more than 5 million inhabitantssettlement 1 million to 5 million inhabitantssettlement 500 000 to 1 million inhabitantssettlement 100 000 to 500 000 inhabitantssettlement 20 000 to 100 000 inhabitantssettlement under 20 000 inhabitantslandscape/mountain rangemountain summit and heightislandwaters
BOUNDARIESinternational borderinternational maritime border (notional)disputed border
LEGEND
Tindouf
Tamanrasset
Alanya
SuezKaraj
TUNISGolan
Er i t rea
Lampedusa
Emi Koussi3 445
S i n a i
Lake Van
Istanbul
HYPSOMETRIC LAYERabove 6 000 m5 000 to 6 000 m4 000 to 5 000 m3 000 to 4 000 m2 000 to 3 000 m1 000 to 2 000 m500 to 1 000 m200 to 500 m0 to 200 mland below sea level-200 to 0 m-500 to -200 m-1 000 to -500 mless than -1 000 m
PROJECTIONRobinson, WGS84
0 100 400 km200 300
SCALE 1 : 10 000 000
Tropic of Cancer
LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND WATERSmain railwayminor railwayrailway under constructionmotorwaymain roadminor roadtrackroad under constructionlakestream, river
NAMES AND MUNICIPAL REPRESENTATIONcountrydisputed territorycapitalsettlement more than 5 million inhabitantssettlement 1 million to 5 million inhabitantssettlement 500 000 to 1 million inhabitantssettlement 100 000 to 500 000 inhabitantssettlement 20 000 to 100 000 inhabitantssettlement under 20 000 inhabitantslandscape/mountain rangemountain summit and heightislandwaters
BOUNDARIESinternational borderinternational maritime border (notional)disputed border
LEGEND
Tindouf
Tamanrasset
Alanya
SuezKaraj
TUNISGolan
Er i t rea
Lampedusa
Emi Koussi3 445
S i n a i
Lake Van
Istanbul
HYPSOMETRIC LAYERabove 6 000 m5 000 to 6 000 m4 000 to 5 000 m3 000 to 4 000 m2 000 to 3 000 m1 000 to 2 000 m500 to 1 000 m200 to 500 m0 to 200 mland below sea level-200 to 0 m-500 to -200 m-1 000 to -500 mless than -1 000 m
PROJECTIONRobinson, WGS84
0 100 400 km200 300
SCALE 1 : 10 000 000
Tropic of Cancer
LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND WATERSmain railwayminor railwayrailway under constructionmotorwaymain roadminor roadtrackroad under constructionlakestream, river
NAMES AND MUNICIPAL REPRESENTATIONcountrydisputed territorycapitalsettlement more than 5 million inhabitantssettlement 1 million to 5 million inhabitantssettlement 500 000 to 1 million inhabitantssettlement 100 000 to 500 000 inhabitantssettlement 20 000 to 100 000 inhabitantssettlement under 20 000 inhabitantslandscape/mountain rangemountain summit and heightislandwaters
BOUNDARIESinternational borderinternational maritime border (notional)disputed border
LEGEND
Tindouf
Tamanrasset
Alanya
SuezKaraj
TUNISGolan
Er i t rea
Lampedusa
Emi Koussi3 445
S i n a i
Lake Van
Istanbul
HYPSOMETRIC LAYERabove 6 000 m5 000 to 6 000 m4 000 to 5 000 m3 000 to 4 000 m2 000 to 3 000 m1 000 to 2 000 m500 to 1 000 m200 to 500 m0 to 200 mland below sea level-200 to 0 m-500 to -200 m-1 000 to -500 mless than -1 000 m
PROJECTIONRobinson, WGS84
0 100 400 km200 300
SCALE 1 : 10 000 000
Tropic of Cancer
LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND WATERSmain railwayminor railwayrailway under constructionmotorwaymain roadminor roadtrackroad under constructionlakestream, river
NAMES AND MUNICIPAL REPRESENTATIONcountrydisputed territorycapitalsettlement more than 5 million inhabitantssettlement 1 million to 5 million inhabitantssettlement 500 000 to 1 million inhabitantssettlement 100 000 to 500 000 inhabitantssettlement 20 000 to 100 000 inhabitantssettlement under 20 000 inhabitantslandscape/mountain rangemountain summit and heightislandwaters
BOUNDARIESinternational borderinternational maritime border (notional)disputed border
LEGEND
Tindouf
Tamanrasset
Alanya
SuezKaraj
TUNISGolan
Er i t rea
Lampedusa
Emi Koussi3 445
S i n a i
Lake Van
Istanbul
HYPSOMETRIC LAYERabove 6 000 m5 000 to 6 000 m4 000 to 5 000 m3 000 to 4 000 m2 000 to 3 000 m1 000 to 2 000 m500 to 1 000 m200 to 500 m0 to 200 mland below sea level-200 to 0 m-500 to -200 m-1 000 to -500 mless than -1 000 m
PROJECTIONRobinson, WGS84
0 100 400 km200 300
SCALE 1 : 10 000 000
Legend
Tropic of Cancer
LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND WATERSmain railwayminor railwayrailway under constructionmotorwaymain roadminor roadtrackroad under constructionlakestream, river
NAMES AND MUNICIPAL REPRESENTATIONcountrydisputed territorycapitalsettlement more than 5 million inhabitantssettlement 1 million to 5 million inhabitantssettlement 500 000 to 1 million inhabitantssettlement 100 000 to 500 000 inhabitantssettlement 20 000 to 100 000 inhabitantssettlement under 20 000 inhabitantslandscape/mountain rangemountain summit and heightislandwaters
BOUNDARIESinternational borderinternational maritime border (notional)disputed border
LEGEND
Tindouf
Tamanrasset
Alanya
SuezKaraj
TUNISGolan
Er i t rea
Lampedusa
Emi Koussi3 445
S i n a i
Lake Van
Istanbul
HYPSOMETRIC LAYERabove 6 000 m5 000 to 6 000 m4 000 to 5 000 m3 000 to 4 000 m2 000 to 3 000 m1 000 to 2 000 m500 to 1 000 m200 to 500 m0 to 200 mland below sea level-200 to 0 m-500 to -200 m-1 000 to -500 mless than -1 000 m
PROJECTIONRobinson, WGS84
0 100 400 km200 300
SCALE 1 : 10 000 000
Tropic of Cancer
LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND WATERSmain railwayminor railwayrailway under constructionmotorwaymain roadminor roadtrackroad under constructionlakestream, river
NAMES AND MUNICIPAL REPRESENTATIONcountrydisputed territorycapitalsettlement more than 5 million inhabitantssettlement 1 million to 5 million inhabitantssettlement 500 000 to 1 million inhabitantssettlement 100 000 to 500 000 inhabitantssettlement 20 000 to 100 000 inhabitantssettlement under 20 000 inhabitantslandscape/mountain rangemountain summit and heightislandwaters
BOUNDARIESinternational borderinternational maritime border (notional)disputed border
LEGEND
Tindouf
Tamanrasset
Alanya
SuezKaraj
TUNISGolan
Er i t rea
Lampedusa
Emi Koussi3 445
S i n a i
Lake Van
Istanbul
HYPSOMETRIC LAYERabove 6 000 m5 000 to 6 000 m4 000 to 5 000 m3 000 to 4 000 m2 000 to 3 000 m1 000 to 2 000 m500 to 1 000 m200 to 500 m0 to 200 mland below sea level-200 to 0 m-500 to -200 m-1 000 to -500 mless than -1 000 m
PROJECTIONRobinson, WGS84
0 100 400 km200 300
SCALE 1 : 10 000 000
Tropic of Cancer
LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND WATERSmain railwayminor railwayrailway under constructionmotorwaymain roadminor roadtrackroad under constructionlakestream, river
NAMES AND MUNICIPAL REPRESENTATIONcountrydisputed territorycapitalsettlement more than 5 million inhabitantssettlement 1 million to 5 million inhabitantssettlement 500 000 to 1 million inhabitantssettlement 100 000 to 500 000 inhabitantssettlement 20 000 to 100 000 inhabitantssettlement under 20 000 inhabitantslandscape/mountain rangemountain summit and heightislandwaters
BOUNDARIESinternational borderinternational maritime border (notional)disputed border
LEGEND
Tindouf
Tamanrasset
Alanya
SuezKaraj
TUNISGolan
Er i t rea
Lampedusa
Emi Koussi3 445
S i n a i
Lake Van
Istanbul
HYPSOMETRIC LAYERabove 6 000 m5 000 to 6 000 m4 000 to 5 000 m3 000 to 4 000 m2 000 to 3 000 m1 000 to 2 000 m500 to 1 000 m200 to 500 m0 to 200 mland below sea level-200 to 0 m-500 to -200 m-1 000 to -500 mless than -1 000 m
PROJECTIONRobinson, WGS84
0 100 400 km200 300
SCALE 1 : 10 000 000
Tropic of Cancer
LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND WATERSmain railwayminor railwayrailway under constructionmotorwaymain roadminor roadtrackroad under constructionlakestream, river
NAMES AND MUNICIPAL REPRESENTATIONcountrydisputed territorycapitalsettlement more than 5 million inhabitantssettlement 1 million to 5 million inhabitantssettlement 500 000 to 1 million inhabitantssettlement 100 000 to 500 000 inhabitantssettlement 20 000 to 100 000 inhabitantssettlement under 20 000 inhabitantslandscape/mountain rangemountain summit and heightislandwaters
BOUNDARIESinternational borderinternational maritime border (notional)disputed border
LEGEND
Tindouf
Tamanrasset
Alanya
SuezKaraj
TUNISGolan
Er i t rea
Lampedusa
Emi Koussi3 445
S i n a i
Lake Van
Istanbul
HYPSOMETRIC LAYERabove 6 000 m5 000 to 6 000 m4 000 to 5 000 m3 000 to 4 000 m2 000 to 3 000 m1 000 to 2 000 m500 to 1 000 m200 to 500 m0 to 200 mland below sea level-200 to 0 m-500 to -200 m-1 000 to -500 mless than -1 000 m
PROJECTIONRobinson, WGS84
0 100 400 km200 300
SCALE 1 : 10 000 000
Legend
Tropic of Cancer
LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND WATERSmain railwayminor railwayrailway under constructionmotorwaymain roadminor roadtrackroad under constructionlakestream, river
NAMES AND MUNICIPAL REPRESENTATIONcountrydisputed territorycapitalsettlement more than 5 million inhabitantssettlement 1 million to 5 million inhabitantssettlement 500 000 to 1 million inhabitantssettlement 100 000 to 500 000 inhabitantssettlement 20 000 to 100 000 inhabitantssettlement under 20 000 inhabitantslandscape/mountain rangemountain summit and heightislandwaters
BOUNDARIESinternational borderinternational maritime border (notional)disputed border
LEGEND
Tindouf
Tamanrasset
Alanya
SuezKaraj
TUNISGolan
Er i t rea
Lampedusa
Emi Koussi3 445
S i n a i
Lake Van
Istanbul
HYPSOMETRIC LAYERabove 6 000 m5 000 to 6 000 m4 000 to 5 000 m3 000 to 4 000 m2 000 to 3 000 m1 000 to 2 000 m500 to 1 000 m200 to 500 m0 to 200 mland below sea level-200 to 0 m-500 to -200 m-1 000 to -500 mless than -1 000 m
PROJECTIONRobinson, WGS84
0 100 400 km200 300
SCALE 1 : 10 000 000
Tropic of Cancer
LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND WATERSmain railwayminor railwayrailway under constructionmotorwaymain roadminor roadtrackroad under constructionlakestream, river
NAMES AND MUNICIPAL REPRESENTATIONcountrydisputed territorycapitalsettlement more than 5 million inhabitantssettlement 1 million to 5 million inhabitantssettlement 500 000 to 1 million inhabitantssettlement 100 000 to 500 000 inhabitantssettlement 20 000 to 100 000 inhabitantssettlement under 20 000 inhabitantslandscape/mountain rangemountain summit and heightislandwaters
BOUNDARIESinternational borderinternational maritime border (notional)disputed border
LEGEND
Tindouf
Tamanrasset
Alanya
SuezKaraj
TUNISGolan
Er i t rea
Lampedusa
Emi Koussi3 445
S i n a i
Lake Van
Istanbul
HYPSOMETRIC LAYERabove 6 000 m5 000 to 6 000 m4 000 to 5 000 m3 000 to 4 000 m2 000 to 3 000 m1 000 to 2 000 m500 to 1 000 m200 to 500 m0 to 200 mland below sea level-200 to 0 m-500 to -200 m-1 000 to -500 mless than -1 000 m
PROJECTIONRobinson, WGS84
0 100 400 km200 300
SCALE 1 : 10 000 000
Tropic of Cancer
LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND WATERSmain railwayminor railwayrailway under constructionmotorwaymain roadminor roadtrackroad under constructionlakestream, river
NAMES AND MUNICIPAL REPRESENTATIONcountrydisputed territorycapitalsettlement more than 5 million inhabitantssettlement 1 million to 5 million inhabitantssettlement 500 000 to 1 million inhabitantssettlement 100 000 to 500 000 inhabitantssettlement 20 000 to 100 000 inhabitantssettlement under 20 000 inhabitantslandscape/mountain rangemountain summit and heightislandwaters
BOUNDARIESinternational borderinternational maritime border (notional)disputed border
LEGEND
Tindouf
Tamanrasset
Alanya
SuezKaraj
TUNISGolan
Er i t rea
Lampedusa
Emi Koussi3 445
S i n a i
Lake Van
Istanbul
HYPSOMETRIC LAYERabove 6 000 m5 000 to 6 000 m4 000 to 5 000 m3 000 to 4 000 m2 000 to 3 000 m1 000 to 2 000 m500 to 1 000 m200 to 500 m0 to 200 mland below sea level-200 to 0 m-500 to -200 m-1 000 to -500 mless than -1 000 m
PROJECTIONRobinson, WGS84
0 100 400 km200 300
SCALE 1 : 10 000 000
Tropic of Cancer
LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND WATERSmain railwayminor railwayrailway under constructionmotorwaymain roadminor roadtrackroad under constructionlakestream, river
NAMES AND MUNICIPAL REPRESENTATIONcountrydisputed territorycapitalsettlement more than 5 million inhabitantssettlement 1 million to 5 million inhabitantssettlement 500 000 to 1 million inhabitantssettlement 100 000 to 500 000 inhabitantssettlement 20 000 to 100 000 inhabitantssettlement under 20 000 inhabitantslandscape/mountain rangemountain summit and heightislandwaters
BOUNDARIESinternational borderinternational maritime border (notional)disputed border
LEGEND
Tindouf
Tamanrasset
Alanya
SuezKaraj
TUNISGolan
Er i t rea
Lampedusa
Emi Koussi3 445
S i n a i
Lake Van
Istanbul
HYPSOMETRIC LAYERabove 6 000 m5 000 to 6 000 m4 000 to 5 000 m3 000 to 4 000 m2 000 to 3 000 m1 000 to 2 000 m500 to 1 000 m200 to 500 m0 to 200 mland below sea level-200 to 0 m-500 to -200 m-1 000 to -500 mless than -1 000 m
PROJECTIONRobinson, WGS84
0 100 400 km200 300
SCALE 1 : 10 000 000
Legend
Tropic of Cancer
LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND WATERSmain railwayminor railwayrailway under constructionmotorwaymain roadminor roadtrackroad under constructionlakestream, river
NAMES AND MUNICIPAL REPRESENTATIONcountrydisputed territorycapitalsettlement more than 5 million inhabitantssettlement 1 million to 5 million inhabitantssettlement 500 000 to 1 million inhabitantssettlement 100 000 to 500 000 inhabitantssettlement 20 000 to 100 000 inhabitantssettlement under 20 000 inhabitantslandscape/mountain rangemountain summit and heightislandwaters
BOUNDARIESinternational borderinternational maritime border (notional)disputed border
LEGEND
Tindouf
Tamanrasset
Alanya
SuezKaraj
TUNISGolan
Er i t rea
Lampedusa
Emi Koussi3 445
S i n a i
Lake Van
Istanbul
HYPSOMETRIC LAYERabove 6 000 m5 000 to 6 000 m4 000 to 5 000 m3 000 to 4 000 m2 000 to 3 000 m1 000 to 2 000 m500 to 1 000 m200 to 500 m0 to 200 mland below sea level-200 to 0 m-500 to -200 m-1 000 to -500 mless than -1 000 m
PROJECTIONRobinson, WGS84
0 100 400 km200 300
SCALE 1 : 10 000 000
Tropic of Cancer
LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND WATERSmain railwayminor railwayrailway under constructionmotorwaymain roadminor roadtrackroad under constructionlakestream, river
NAMES AND MUNICIPAL REPRESENTATIONcountrydisputed territorycapitalsettlement more than 5 million inhabitantssettlement 1 million to 5 million inhabitantssettlement 500 000 to 1 million inhabitantssettlement 100 000 to 500 000 inhabitantssettlement 20 000 to 100 000 inhabitantssettlement under 20 000 inhabitantslandscape/mountain rangemountain summit and heightislandwaters
BOUNDARIESinternational borderinternational maritime border (notional)disputed border
LEGEND
Tindouf
Tamanrasset
Alanya
SuezKaraj
TUNISGolan
Er i t rea
Lampedusa
Emi Koussi3 445
S i n a i
Lake Van
Istanbul
HYPSOMETRIC LAYERabove 6 000 m5 000 to 6 000 m4 000 to 5 000 m3 000 to 4 000 m2 000 to 3 000 m1 000 to 2 000 m500 to 1 000 m200 to 500 m0 to 200 mland below sea level-200 to 0 m-500 to -200 m-1 000 to -500 mless than -1 000 m
PROJECTIONRobinson, WGS84
0 100 400 km200 300
SCALE 1 : 10 000 000
Legend
42
Topography: Syria
43
Yeghegnadzor
Az Zahran
Tskhinvali
Salum
Qabala
El Daba
Sitia
El Alamein
Tovuz
Al Jaghbub
Gadabay
Mandali
El Tur
Ar-Rutba
Ijevan
Bur Safaga
Celeken
Gyzlarbat
Sparti
Qasr-e Shirin
El Qasr
Qasr Farafra
Al-Qunaitra
Zhangaozen
Fort Shevchenko
Polygyros
An Nabk
Kos
Ermoupoli
Al Mish'ab
Skyros
RutulKurakh
Lavar
Ierapetra
Marsá al `Alam
Teberda
Palaiochora
Çagyl
Hulayfah
LevashiInebolu
Parsian
Robat-ePosht-e Badam
Tangeli
Ekerem
Turayf
At Tanf
Fetisovo
Mo`alleman
KochubeyDzhubga
Kuryk
Finike
Naxos
Duba
Garabogaz
Qiba'
Al Wari`ah
Al Bawiti
Haditha
As Salman
Za`faranah
Razgrad
Yozgat
Rafha
Lovec
Cankiri
Dumyat
Pyatigorsk
Bitlis
Ammochostos
Mozdok
Artvin
Sinop
Yevpatoriya
Darnah
Kavala
Volos
Kastamonu
Rodos
Al Karak
Manbij
Bilecik
Vratsa
Madinat ath-Thawra
Kalamata
Zahle
Luleburgaz
Seres
Hios
Slobozia
Kars
Shahhat
Yevlax
Ramallah
Nabatiye et Tahta
Kilis
Vanadzor
Pirgos
Alexandria
As-Suwayda
Karaman
PaphosAbu Kamal
Naxcivan
Apsheronsk
Resita
Artashat
Calarasi
Al-Musayyib
Stepanakert
Bijar
Lankaran
Ali Bayramli
Mus
Beyneu
Agri
Labinsk
El KhargaUmm al Qaywayn
Zelenokumsk
Isna
Tuapse
KyustendilDerbent
Amasya
Tulcea
Khaskovo
Ma'an
Al Mafraq
Tunceli
Ash-Shatra
Montana
Matruh
Polatli
Georgievsk
Bingol
Sukhumi
Nazareth
Al Ahmadi
Tatvan
Tikrit
Alexandroupoli
Nevsehir
Al-Hasakah
Hania
Burdur
Poti
Mugla
Shumen
Al Wajh
Kirklareli
Pernik
Xanthi
Sliven
Katerini
Chalkida
Mardin
Kyrenia
Mitilini
Giurgiu
Targoviste
Komatini
Slatina
Eregli
Larnaka
Tripoli
Lamia
Palmyra/Tadmur
Gavarr
Kapan
Balkanabat
Saki
Canakkale
Goycay
Soke
Dawmat al Jandal
Gelendzhik
Dobrich
Blagodarnyy
Buynaksk
Turnovo
Siwa
Yalta Cherkessk
Rashid
Kaspiysk
Turkmenbasy
Beni Mazar
Izmayil
At Tafilah
Al-MayadinDehgolan
Az Zilfi
Çesme
Masyaf
Cälilabad
Al Bada'i`
Strumica
`Awali
Bereket
Alaverdi
IgdirGoris
Gagra
Ash-Shirqat
Qa'emiyeh
Kizilyurt
Armavir
Darab
Dukhan
Bartin
Tayma'
Silifke
Akhaltsikhe
Ramsar Bandar-e Torkaman
Al Khawr
Al Faw
Tosya
Kozan
Shahr-e Babak
Keskin
Anamur
Sirnak
Aliaga
Kizlyar
Abarkuh
Sidi Barrani
NurabadHendijan
Pazarcik
Tafresh
Hakkâri
Sonqor
PatnosAyvalik
Borazjan
Dogubeyazit
Bandar-e Lengeh
SardrudBeysehir
SardashtDamghan
Art'ik
Ramhormoz
Al Kir`anah
Meybod
Dinar
Mangalia
Oltu
Mobarakeh
Fuman
Lar
Budennovsk
Takab
Tuz Khurmatu
Evaz
Piranshahr
Qus
Bor
Beypazari
Al Qusayr
Sereflikoçhisar
Bodrum
Bandar-e Kangan
Susehri
Bandar-e Ganaveh
Ercis
Badreh
Abqaiq
Susangerd
Biga
Emirdag
`Ajab Shir
Dehloran
Garmsar
Aksehir
Chalus
Mianeh
Al Khasab
Bayburt
Develi
Khvormuj
Salyan
Golpayegan
Marivan
Safashahr
Hadishahr
Asharat
Borujen
Na`in
Talesh
Tajrish
Osmancik
Firuzabad
ImisliYerköy
Sarab
Tavsanli
Erdemli
Oshnaviyeh
Takestan
Fethiye
Sharm ash Shaykh
Al-Hamza
Kalar
Al Farwaniyah
Khomeyn
Neyriz
Maku
Çumra
Manavgat Ayn al-Arab (Kobane)
Qeydar
Abadeh
Quba
Sarikamis
Astara
Prokhladnyy
Göksun
Elat
Semirom
Lom
Zugdidi
Zajecar
Ar Rass
Niksar
Gölbasi
Salmas
Silistra
Naj` Hammadi
Telavi
Mehriz
Delijan
An Nu`maniyah
Bayji
Akhisar
Bafq
Al Bukayriyah
Malatya
Malayer
Gonbad-e Kavus
Siirt
Manisa
Rimnicu Vilcea
Ad-Diwaniyya
Nevinnomyssk
Borujerd
Karabuk
Hail
Varamin
Ismailia
Marv Dasht
Khomeini Shahr
Trablous
Dohuk
Karbala
Jahra
Simferopol
BeerSheva
Nis
Qomsheh
Iraklio
Haifa
Kutaisi
Antakya
Rize
Tal Afar
Burgas
Douma
Kirsehir
Rustavi
Al-Qamishli
Nablus
Elazig
Kutahya
Nazran
BatumiPlovdiv
Sakaka
Lemosos
Fallujah
Batman
Naltchik
Irbid
Al-Qatif
Shar e Kord
Gyumri
Targu Jiu
Al Jubayl
Zonguldak
Afyon
Baquba
Izmit
Tartus
Edirne
Al Hufuf
Maragheh
Balikesir
Constanta
Ras al Khaymah
Tel Aviv-Yafo
Asyut
Mahabad
El Faiyum
Saveh
Zagazig
Ardabil
Al-Amara
Shibin el Kom
Girga
Varna
Erzurum
Bandar-e Bushehr
As-Samawah
Novorossiysk
Sivas
El Minya
Vladikavkaz
Khorramabad
Pleven
TrabzonThessaloniki
Beni Suef
Ahar
Sari
Mallawi
Tarsus ZanjanGorgan
Damanhur
Adiyaman
Groznyy
Denizli
Az Aubayr
Nigde
Arar
Kislovodsk
MasjedSoleyman
Buraydah
Shahrud
Fasa
Tanta
Al Khalil
Samarra
Maykop
Kashan
Tokat
Kerch
Tubruq
GiresunCorum
Zakhu
Sochi
Kahramanmaras
Idlib
Piraiavs
Sakarya
Aqaba
Isparta
Latakia
Aydin
Hilla
Van
Stavropol
Deraa
Sumqayt
Ploiesti
Kirikkale
Ganca
Pitesti
Larissa
Mangyshlak
Sevastapol
Usak
Al Mubarraz
Deir ez-Zor
Yasuj
Hafar al Batin
Bolu
Ar-Raqqa
Craiova
Tekirdag
Ramadi
Khvoy
Hawalli
El ArishKafr el Sheikh
Qazvin
Al-Kut
Benha
Sohag
Armavir
Ruse
Erzincan
Hurghada
Abadan
Nasiriyya
Buzau
Qena
Bafra
Sanliurfa
Ilam
Ordu
Dezful
Stara Zagora
Iskenderun
Sanandaj
Adapazari
Semnan
Drobeta-Turnu Severin
Samandagi
Braila
Saida
Amol
Samalut
Turgutlu
As-Safira
Rafah
Raniyya
Rafsanjan
AlanyaKiziltepe
Khorram-shahr
Rawanduz
Viransehir
Marand
Ashdod
Siverek
Al-Kufa
Nazilli
Ceyhan
Bandar-e Mahshahr
Osmaniye
Behbahan
Ar Rayyan
Izeh
Soûr
Rey
Al-Kadhimiyya
Shushtar
Qarchak
Saqqez
Muqdadiyya
Qa'emshahr
Nasimshahr
Ba`albek
Bukan Babol
Andimeshk
Jahrom
Hulwan
Najafabad
Inegöl
Miandoab
Çorlu
Turhal
`Unayzah
Jamjamal
Bandar-e Anzali
Bandirma
Dorud
Aksaray
El Mansura
Antalya
Bur Said
Krasnodar
Makhachkala
Icel
Diyarbakir
Suez
Gaziantep
Urmia
Najaf
Luxor
Rasht
SulaymaniyyaKirkuk
Kermanshah
Zarqa
Arbil
Konya
Homs
Kayseri
Samsun
Hama
Eskisehir
KadiköyKartal
Gaza
Tabuk
Arak
Yazd
Hamadan
Karaj
Adana
Mosul
Qom
Alexandria
Dubai
Bursa
Aleppo
IzmirTabriz
El GizaShiraz
Isfahan
Ad Damman
Ahvaz
BasraShubra al Khaymah
Istanbul
SOFIA
KUWAIT
ANKARA
MANAMA
NICOSIA
BELGRADE
JERUSALEM
TEHRAN
DOHA
TBILISI
BEIRUT
CAIRO
BAGHDADDAMASCUS
BAKU
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YEREVAN
AMMAN
BUCHAREST
NileTigris
Euphrates
Danube
B l a c k S e a
PersianGulf
Caspian Sea
L ibyan Sea
Levant ine Sea
Gulf of Antalya
Sea o f Cre te
Aegean Sea
Sea of MarmaraThracian Sea
MyrtoanSea
IcarianSea
Garabogazköl
Euphrates
Lake Assad
Dead Sea
Lakeath-Tharthar
Lake Milh(Razzaza)
Lake Urmia
Lake Van
Lake Tuz
Lake Sevan
Strait of Horm
uz
Gulf of Suez Gul
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qaba
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Cyprus
Lesbos
Chios
Naxos
Euboea
Rhodes
Lemnos
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SRB
BHR
MKD
QAT
UZB
AZE
Iran
Egypt
KazakhstanRussianFederat ion
Iraq
Romania
Greece
Syr ia
Jordan
Lebanon
Israel
Cyprus
Bulgaria
Kuwait
Georgia
A zerbai jan
Gaza
WestBank
South Ossetia
Abkhazia
Nagorno-Karabakh
Golan
Northern Cyprus
Katrina
2 637
Umm Adaami1 854
Hermon2 814
Qurnat as Sawda3 088
Ararat5 137
Cheekha Dar
3 611
Damavand5 671
Elbrus5 642
Shkhara
5 193
Bazardyuzyu 4 466
Aragats4 090
Musala2 925
Olympus2 918
Olympus1 952
Meron1 208
L i b y a n D e s e r t
D a s h t - e K a v i r
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A l b o r z
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us
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t s.
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A n N a f u d
a d - D h a n a
M
e s o p o t a mi a
S i n a i
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ab
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se
rt
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je
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40° 50° 55°45°35°25° 30°
30°
35°
40°
45°
M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a
Re d S
e a
Saudi ArabiaLibya
Turkey
Turkmenistan
ARM
44
Topography: Iraq
45
Yeghegnadzor
Az Zahran
Tskhinvali
Salum
Qabala
El Daba
Sitia
El Alamein
Tovuz
Al Jaghbub
Gadabay
Mandali
El Tur
Ar-Rutba
Ijevan
Bur Safaga
Celeken
Gyzlarbat
Sparti
Qasr-e Shirin
El Qasr
Qasr Farafra
Al-Qunaitra
Zhangaozen
Fort Shevchenko
Polygyros
An Nabk
Kos
Ermoupoli
Al Mish'ab
Skyros
RutulKurakh
Lavar
Ierapetra
Marsá al `Alam
Teberda
Palaiochora
Çagyl
Hulayfah
LevashiInebolu
Parsian
Robat-ePosht-e Badam
Tangeli
Ekerem
Turayf
At Tanf
Fetisovo
Mo`alleman
KochubeyDzhubga
Kuryk
Finike
Naxos
Duba
Garabogaz
Qiba'
Al Wari`ah
Al Bawiti
Haditha
As Salman
Za`faranah
Razgrad
Yozgat
Rafha
Lovec
Cankiri
Dumyat
Pyatigorsk
Bitlis
Ammochostos
Mozdok
Artvin
Sinop
Yevpatoriya
Darnah
Kavala
Volos
Kastamonu
Rodos
Al Karak
Manbij
Bilecik
Vratsa
Madinat ath-Thawra
Kalamata
Zahle
Luleburgaz
Seres
Hios
Slobozia
Kars
Shahhat
Yevlax
Ramallah
Nabatiye et Tahta
Kilis
Vanadzor
Pirgos
Alexandria
As-Suwayda
Karaman
PaphosAbu Kamal
Naxcivan
Apsheronsk
Resita
Artashat
Calarasi
Al-Musayyib
Stepanakert
Bijar
Lankaran
Ali Bayramli
Mus
Beyneu
Agri
Labinsk
El KhargaUmm al Qaywayn
Zelenokumsk
Isna
Tuapse
KyustendilDerbent
Amasya
Tulcea
Khaskovo
Ma'an
Al Mafraq
Tunceli
Ash-Shatra
Montana
Matruh
Polatli
Georgievsk
Bingol
Sukhumi
Nazareth
Al Ahmadi
Tatvan
Tikrit
Alexandroupoli
Nevsehir
Al-Hasakah
Hania
Burdur
Poti
Mugla
Shumen
Al Wajh
Kirklareli
Pernik
Xanthi
Sliven
Katerini
Chalkida
Mardin
Kyrenia
Mitilini
Giurgiu
Targoviste
Komatini
Slatina
Eregli
Larnaka
Tripoli
Lamia
Palmyra/Tadmur
Gavarr
Kapan
Balkanabat
Saki
Canakkale
Goycay
Soke
Dawmat al Jandal
Gelendzhik
Dobrich
Blagodarnyy
Buynaksk
Turnovo
Siwa
Yalta Cherkessk
Rashid
Kaspiysk
Turkmenbasy
Beni Mazar
Izmayil
At Tafilah
Al-MayadinDehgolan
Az Zilfi
Çesme
Masyaf
Cälilabad
Al Bada'i`
Strumica
`Awali
Bereket
Alaverdi
IgdirGoris
Gagra
Ash-Shirqat
Qa'emiyeh
Kizilyurt
Armavir
Darab
Dukhan
Bartin
Tayma'
Silifke
Akhaltsikhe
Ramsar Bandar-e Torkaman
Al Khawr
Al Faw
Tosya
Kozan
Shahr-e Babak
Keskin
Anamur
Sirnak
Aliaga
Kizlyar
Abarkuh
Sidi Barrani
NurabadHendijan
Pazarcik
Tafresh
Hakkâri
Sonqor
PatnosAyvalik
Borazjan
Dogubeyazit
Bandar-e Lengeh
SardrudBeysehir
SardashtDamghan
Art'ik
Ramhormoz
Al Kir`anah
Meybod
Dinar
Mangalia
Oltu
Mobarakeh
Fuman
Lar
Budennovsk
Takab
Tuz Khurmatu
Evaz
Piranshahr
Qus
Bor
Beypazari
Al Qusayr
Sereflikoçhisar
Bodrum
Bandar-e Kangan
Susehri
Bandar-e Ganaveh
Ercis
Badreh
Abqaiq
Susangerd
Biga
Emirdag
`Ajab Shir
Dehloran
Garmsar
Aksehir
Chalus
Mianeh
Al Khasab
Bayburt
Develi
Khvormuj
Salyan
Golpayegan
Marivan
Safashahr
Hadishahr
Asharat
Borujen
Na`in
Talesh
Tajrish
Osmancik
Firuzabad
ImisliYerköy
Sarab
Tavsanli
Erdemli
Oshnaviyeh
Takestan
Fethiye
Sharm ash Shaykh
Al-Hamza
Kalar
Al Farwaniyah
Khomeyn
Neyriz
Maku
Çumra
Manavgat Ayn al-Arab (Kobane)
Qeydar
Abadeh
Quba
Sarikamis
Astara
Prokhladnyy
Göksun
Elat
Semirom
Lom
Zugdidi
Zajecar
Ar Rass
Niksar
Gölbasi
Salmas
Silistra
Naj` Hammadi
Telavi
Mehriz
Delijan
An Nu`maniyah
Bayji
Akhisar
Bafq
Al Bukayriyah
Malatya
Malayer
Gonbad-e Kavus
Siirt
Manisa
Rimnicu Vilcea
Ad-Diwaniyya
Nevinnomyssk
Borujerd
Karabuk
Hail
Varamin
Ismailia
Marv Dasht
Khomeini Shahr
Trablous
Dohuk
Karbala
Jahra
Simferopol
BeerSheva
Nis
Qomsheh
Iraklio
Haifa
Kutaisi
Antakya
Rize
Tal Afar
Burgas
Douma
Kirsehir
Rustavi
Al-Qamishli
Nablus
Elazig
Kutahya
Nazran
BatumiPlovdiv
Sakaka
Lemosos
Fallujah
Batman
Naltchik
Irbid
Al-Qatif
Shar e Kord
Gyumri
Targu Jiu
Al Jubayl
Zonguldak
Afyon
Baquba
Izmit
Tartus
Edirne
Al Hufuf
Maragheh
Balikesir
Constanta
Ras al Khaymah
Tel Aviv-Yafo
Asyut
Mahabad
El Faiyum
Saveh
Zagazig
Ardabil
Al-Amara
Shibin el Kom
Girga
Varna
Erzurum
Bandar-e Bushehr
As-Samawah
Novorossiysk
Sivas
El Minya
Vladikavkaz
Khorramabad
Pleven
TrabzonThessaloniki
Beni Suef
Ahar
Sari
Mallawi
Tarsus ZanjanGorgan
Damanhur
Adiyaman
Groznyy
Denizli
Az Aubayr
Nigde
Arar
Kislovodsk
MasjedSoleyman
Buraydah
Shahrud
Fasa
Tanta
Al Khalil
Samarra
Maykop
Kashan
Tokat
Kerch
Tubruq
GiresunCorum
Zakhu
Sochi
Kahramanmaras
Idlib
Piraiavs
Sakarya
Aqaba
Isparta
Latakia
Aydin
Hilla
Van
Stavropol
Deraa
Sumqayt
Ploiesti
Kirikkale
Ganca
Pitesti
Larissa
Mangyshlak
Sevastapol
Usak
Al Mubarraz
Deir ez-Zor
Yasuj
Hafar al Batin
Bolu
Ar-Raqqa
Craiova
Tekirdag
Ramadi
Khvoy
Hawalli
El ArishKafr el Sheikh
Qazvin
Al-Kut
Benha
Sohag
Armavir
Ruse
Erzincan
Hurghada
Abadan
Nasiriyya
Buzau
Qena
Bafra
Sanliurfa
Ilam
Ordu
Dezful
Stara Zagora
Iskenderun
Sanandaj
Adapazari
Semnan
Drobeta-Turnu Severin
Samandagi
Braila
Saida
Amol
Samalut
Turgutlu
As-Safira
Rafah
Raniyya
Rafsanjan
AlanyaKiziltepe
Khorram-shahr
Rawanduz
Viransehir
Marand
Ashdod
Siverek
Al-Kufa
Nazilli
Ceyhan
Bandar-e Mahshahr
Osmaniye
Behbahan
Ar Rayyan
Izeh
Soûr
Rey
Al-Kadhimiyya
Shushtar
Qarchak
Saqqez
Muqdadiyya
Qa'emshahr
Nasimshahr
Ba`albek
Bukan Babol
Andimeshk
Jahrom
Hulwan
Najafabad
Inegöl
Miandoab
Çorlu
Turhal
`Unayzah
Jamjamal
Bandar-e Anzali
Bandirma
Dorud
Aksaray
El Mansura
Antalya
Bur Said
Krasnodar
Makhachkala
Icel
Diyarbakir
Suez
Gaziantep
Urmia
Najaf
Luxor
Rasht
SulaymaniyyaKirkuk
Kermanshah
Zarqa
Arbil
Konya
Homs
Kayseri
Samsun
Hama
Eskisehir
KadiköyKartal
Gaza
Tabuk
Arak
Yazd
Hamadan
Karaj
Adana
Mosul
Qom
Alexandria
Dubai
Bursa
Aleppo
IzmirTabriz
El GizaShiraz
Isfahan
Ad Damman
Ahvaz
BasraShubra al Khaymah
Istanbul
SOFIA
KUWAIT
ANKARA
MANAMA
NICOSIA
BELGRADE
JERUSALEM
TEHRAN
DOHA
TBILISI
BEIRUT
CAIRO
BAGHDADDAMASCUS
BAKU
ATHENS
YEREVAN
AMMAN
BUCHAREST
Nile
Tigris
Euphrates
Danube
B l a c k S e a
PersianGulf
Caspian Sea
L ibyan Sea
Levant ine Sea
Gulf of Antalya
Sea o f Cre te
Aegean Sea
Sea of MarmaraThracian Sea
MyrtoanSea
IcarianSea
Garabogazköl
Euphrates
Lake Assad
Dead Sea
Lakeath-Tharthar
Lake Milh(Razzaza)
Lake Urmia
Lake Van
Lake Tuz
Lake Sevan
Strait of Horm
uz
Gulf of Suez Gul
f of A
qaba
Qez
elO
wz
an
Byk Mendere s Atrek (Atrak)
Sakar y
a
Kelkit
Ceyh
an
Kizilirma
k
Mur
at
Kuban
Olt
Karkheh
Evros (Maritsa)Strym
nas(Tru m
a)
Ialomita
Sim
av
Crete
Cyprus
Lesbos
Chios
Naxos
Euboea
Rhodes
Lemnos
Samos
SRB
BHR
MKD
QAT
UZB
AZE
Iran
Egypt
KazakhstanRussianFederat ion
Iraq
Romania
Greece
Syr ia
Jordan
Lebanon
Israel
Cyprus
Bulgaria
Kuwait
Georgia
A zerbai jan
Gaza
WestBank
South Ossetia
Abkhazia
Nagorno-Karabakh
Golan
Northern Cyprus
Katrina
2 637
Umm Adaami1 854
Hermon2 814
Qurnat as Sawda3 088
Ararat5 137
Cheekha Dar
3 611
Damavand5 671
Elbrus5 642
Shkhara
5 193
Bazardyuzyu 4 466
Aragats4 090
Musala2 925
Olympus2 918
Olympus1 952
Meron1 208
L i b y a n D e s e r t
D a s h t - e K a v i r
Z
a g
r os
Mo
un t a i n s
A l b o r z
C a u c as
us
P o n t i c M ts .
T a ur u
sM
t s.
S y r i a n D e s e r t
A n N a f u d
a d - D h a n a
M
e s o p o t a mi a
S i n a iA
ra
bi a
n D
es
er
t
He
je
z
Qat ta
ra D
epr.
C y r e n a i c a
A n a t o l i a
40° 50° 55°45°35°25° 30°
30°
35°
40°
45°
M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a
Re d S
e a
Saudi ArabiaLibya
Turkey
Turkmenistan
ARM
46
Topography: Afghanistan
47
Yeghegnadzor
Az Zahran
Karokh
Tskhinvali
Qalat
Qabala
Alayat Samail
Leninobod
Al Quwayiyah
Tash Komur
Tovuz
KhorughKaka
Gadabay
Mandali
At Bashy
Ijevan
Celeken
Yazdan
Gyzlarbat
Mehtar Lam
Mahmud-E Eraqi
Qasr-e Shirin
Zareh Sharan
Kuybyshevskiy
Tarin Kowt
Chaghcharan
Qal eh-ye Now
Shah Isma`il
Ra's al Hadd
Al Mish'ab
Virawah
Rutul
Qalaikhumb
Dariga
Kurakh
Lavar
Karaqi
Shêja` ul Mulk Kêlay
Bela
Çemenebit
Qarah Bagh
Sary-Tash
Sar-e Pul
Vakhan
Ranasar
Ulugqat
Çagyl
Awkal
Al HuwatsahAl Haddar
Bilad Bani Bu `Ali
Parsian
Mazar
Robat-ePosht-e Badam
Tangeli
Balan
Ekerem
Tagtabazar
Zaybak
Haradah
Murghob
Bandar-e Jask
Lakhpat
Sam
Khavda
Ramgarh
Içoguz
Mo`alleman
Mand
Al `Idd
As Sila`
`Alaqahdari Gulistan
Kök-Art
Keti Bandar
Garabogaz
Qiba'
Al Wari`ah
Al Hamar
Ruweis
As Salman
Qila Ladgasht
Panjgur
Misgar
Karodi
Skardu
Ormara
Taxkorgan
Dilaram
Ayní
Hafit
Rafha
Dera Ismail Khan
Aybak
Naryn
Jalal Abad
Taloqan
Zaranj
Pol-e Khomri
Kulob
Yevlax
Charikar
Parachinar
Shahrisabz
Vanadzor
Farah
Zhob
Chabahar
Naxcivan
Andkhvoy
Torbat-e Jam
Artashat
KhiwaIskandar
Konibodom
Al-Musayyib
Turbat
Stepanakert
Bijar
Denow
Lankaran
Sur
Urgut
Ali Bayramli
Bamian
Tejen
Umm al Qaywayn
Derbent
Ash-Shatra
Jabal Ali
Al Ahmadi
TikritMayda Shahr
Baraki Barak
Toktogul
Asadabad
Gardiz
Uroteppa
Sheberghan
Kundian
Gilgit
Atamyrat
Feyzabad
Gwadar
Sopore
Zarafshon
Gavarr
Kogon
Guliston
Kapan
Balkanabat
Qurghonteppa
Chaman
Saki
Al Fujayrah
Kattaqorgon
Goycay
Nizwa
Buzmeyin
Turkmenbasy
Lodhran
Kashmore
Dehgolan
Az Zilfi
Nushki
Vahdat
Zarand
Abu Road
Kharan
Cälilabad
Dargaz
Dir
Umarkot
Jacobabad
`Awali
Bereket
Alaverdi
Sanghar
Muzaffargarh Tohana
Igdir
Nasirabad
Goris
Khost
Chishtian
Ibra'
Qa'emiyeh
Bagrami
Taranagar
Ratangarh
Fariman
Phalodi
Armavir
Darab
Kotli
Dukhan
KuchamanMinab
Khash
Ramsar
Kapadvanj
Bardsir
Bandar-e Torkaman
Al Khawr
Al Faw
Dabhoi
Barmer
Kalat
Shahr-e Babak
Balotra
Mandi Dabwali
Chittaurgarh
Esfarayen
Mansa
Abarkuh
Bhinmal
Rajanpur
Nurabad
Ad Dawadimi
Iranshahr
Umm Sa`id
Chakwal
Anupgarh
Hendijan
Tafresh
Kukshi
Nohar
Hakkâri
Didwana
Sonqor
Baft
Anantnag
Tank
Taybad
Borazjan
Dogubeyazit
Bandar-e Lengeh
Sardrud
Sardasht
Gojra
Pitnak
Dadu
Damghan
Art'ik
Bo`ka
Xovos
Khanewal
Ramhormoz
Al Kir`anah
Chagai
MeybodMobarakeh
SujangarhRudbar
Fuman
Lar
Disa
Takab
Tuz Khurmatu
Evaz
Piranshahr
Ferdows
Khuzdar
Sibi
Tharad
Bandar-e Kangan
Bandar-e Ganaveh
Ercis
Badreh
Abqaiq
Susangerd
Mandalgarh
Tursunzoda
Lakki Marwat
Lunkaransar
`Ajab Shir
Jalore
Shorkot
Nimbahera
Dehloran
Garmsar
Qeshm
Badin
Chenaran
Bilara
Shikarpur
Chalus
Mianeh
Al Khasab
Pishin
Bavla
Khvormuj
Salyan
Golpayegan
Marivan
Mastung
Safashahr
Dakor
Thatta
Matiari
Jiroft
Hadishahr
Sanchor
Asharat
Borujen
Nagaur
Na`in
Gurdaspur
Pipar
Talesh
Tajrish
Musakhel
Karashina
Firuzabad
Chitral
Gonabad
Tando Adam
Imisli
Sarab
Layyah
Sirohi
Burewala
`Afif
Bahawalnagar
Pop
Oshnaviyeh
Zomin
Takestan
Ringas
Al-HamzaHafizabad
Saravan
Kalar
Al Farwaniyah
Khomeyn
Banswara
Neyriz
Qa'en
Himatnagar
Tabas
Dwarka
Maku
Ahmadpur East
Nokha
Sagwara
Qeydar
Khandela
Abadeh
Merta
Quba
Phagwara
Rawatsar
Astara
Ravar
Rajsamand
Dungarpur
Tando Muhammad Khan
Loralai
Semirom
Sumerpur
Jaisalmer
KonarakAr Rass
Salmas
Sarakhs
Dhandhuka
Telavi
Mehriz
Delijan
An Nu`maniyah
Bayji
Bafq
Al Bukayriyah
Gandhinagar
Udaipur
Malayer
Gonbad-e Kavus
Bhuj
Bam
Ad-Diwaniyya
Borujerd
Mirput Khas
Varamin
Marv Dasht
Fargona
Khomeini Shahr
Dohuk
Karbala
Ratlam
Jahra
Qomsheh
Osh
Rustavi
Olmaliq
Rahim Yar KhanSadiqabad
Jizzax
Sahiwal
Fallujah
Sikar
Sheikhu Pura
Okara
Qoqon
Pali
Kasur
Pathankot
Kondoz
Al-Qatif
Shar e Kord
Navoi
Gyumri
Ghazni
Al Jubayl
Hisar
Balkh
Baquba
Shache
Al Ayn
Al Hufuf
Maragheh
Sabzewar
Mazar-e Sharif
Ras al Khaymah
Mahabad
As Sib
Urgentch
Saveh
Ardabil
Al-Amara
Andijon
Hoshiarpur
Bandar-e Bushehr
As-Samawah
Turkmenabat
Bojnurd
Khorramabad
Bukhara
Ibri
Ahar
SariZanjanGorgan
Bhavnagar
Kashgar
Kashmar
Az Aubayr
Sukkur
MasjedSoleyman
Khujand
Buraydah
Shahrud
Namangan
Fasa
Samarra
Termiz
Kashan
Ujjain
Mardan
Kohat
Nawabshah
Angren
Chiniot
Dera Ghazi Khan
Hilla
Lashkar Gah
Van
Gujrat
Jhang
Sumqayt
Tonk
Sialkote
Larkana
Sirsa
Qarshi
Ganca
Jalalabad
Bhilwara
Abohar
Al Mubarraz
Yasuj
Quchan
Hafar al Batin Bhiwani
Chirchiq
Meymaneh
Al Kharj
Ramadi
Zabol
Khvoy
Hawalli
Birjand
Herat
Baghlan
Suhar
Dasoguz
Qazvin
Al-Kut
Abadan
Nasiriyya
Mary
Sirjan
Ilam
Neyshabur
Dezful
SanandajSemnan
Bandar-e-Abbas
Amol
Jamnagar
Bathinda
Mahesana
Wah
As Suwayq
Raniyya
Rafsanjan
Patan
Khorram-shahr
Mandsaur
Rawanduz
Artux
Marand
Palanpur
Marg`ilon
Maler Kotla
Haradh
Al-Kufa
Bandar-e Mahshahr
Neemuch
MogaBehbahan
Botad
Torbat-e Heydariyeh
Khanna
Ar Rayyan
Izeh
Mohali
Anand
Rey
Nadiad
Al-Kadhimiyya
Shushtar
Qarchak
Surendranagar
Saqqez
Muqdadiyya
Qa'emshahr
Nasimshahr
Godhra
Bukan
Gandhidham
Babol
Kalol
Andimeshk
Jahrom
Najafabad
Kishangarh
Miandoab
Hanumangarh
Jhelum
Ganganagar
`Unayzah
Jamjamal
Bandar-e Anzali
Beawar
Dorud
Jhunjhunun
Sharjah
Jullundur
Urmia
Kota
Najaf
Rasht
Sulaymaniyya
Kerman
Kirkuk
KermanshahAbbottabad
Zahedan
Quetta
Arbil
Sargodha
Bahawalpur
Bannu
Al Hillah
Samarqand
Kandahar
Ajmer
Arak
Yazd
Hamadan
Jammu
Bikaner
Karaj
Jaipur
Rawalpindi
Mosul Mashhad
Faisalabad
Rajkot
Jodhpur
Qom
Vadodara
Dubai
Srinagar
Ludhiana
Amritsar
Tabriz
Peshawar
Gujranwala
Shiraz
Hyderabad
Saidu
Isfahan
Multan
Ad Damman
Ahvaz
Basra
Ahmedabad
Karachi
Lahore
KUWAIT
ISLAMABAD
MANAMA
KABUL
TEHRAN
DOHA
TBILISI
MUSCAT
BAGHDAD
TASHKENT
BAKU
ASHGABAT
YEREVAN
ABU DHABI
DUSHANBE
RIYADH
Indus
Tigris
Euphrates
Gulf of Oman
PersianGulf
Caspian Sea
Garabogazköl
Lake Milh(Razzaza)
Lake Urmia
Lake Sevan
Strait of Horm
uz
Qez
elO
wz
an
Sutlej
Helma
nd
Atrek (Atrak)
Jhel
um
Amu
Darya
Ra
vi
Zarafshon
Chen
ab
Naryn
Yarka
nt
Harirud
Karkheh
SyrD
arya
Narmada
Tapi
Mahi
Banas
Sarygamysh Köli
L. Aydar
Qeshm
BHR
QAT
ARE
AZE
Iran
India
Afghanistan
Pakistan
China
UzbekistanKyrgyzstan
Kuwait
A zerbai jan
Taj ik istanNagorno-Karabakh
Trans-Karakoram-Tract
Jammu and Kashmir
AzadKashmir
Gilgit BaltistanSiachenGlacier
Shams
3 009
Ararat5 137
Cheekha Dar
3 611
Damavand5 671
Noshaq
7 492
K28 611
Ismoil Somoni
7 495
Khazret Sultan
4 643
Aýrybaba
3 138
Bazardyuzyu 4 466
Aragats4 090
Jais1 925
D a s h t - e L u t
D a s h t - e K a v i rH i
n du
Ku
sh
B al o
c hi s
t an
K a r a k u m D e s e r t
Z
a g
r os
Mo
un t a i n s
A l b o r z
C a u c as
us
a d - D h a n a
M
e s o p o t a mi a
Ti
h
a
m
a
K a r a k
or
am
P a m i r
60°55°50°45° 70° 75°65°
30°
25°
35°
40°
Tropic of Cancer
Saudi Arabia
I raq
GEORUS UZBKAZ
Turkmenistan
KAZ
Oman Arabian Sea
ARM
TUR
48
Religious groups: Syria
23
Dumyat
Ammochostos
Darnah
Marzuq
Al Jawf
Rodos
Al Karak
Manbij
Birak
Madinat ath-Thawra
Zahle
MahdiaSdid Bouzid
Jendouba
Shahhat
Nabatiye et Tahta
Kilis
Tataouine
Al MarjAs-Suwayda
Karaman
Medenine
Abu KamalGafsa
Nalut
Beja
Zarzis
El Kharga Isna
Ma'an
Al Mafraq
Matruh
Zuwarah
Al-Hasakah
Burdur
Ghat
Mugla
Al Wajh
Monastir
Siliana
Kasserine Kyrenia
Kebili
Bani Walid
Eregli
Gharyan
Palmyra/Tadmur
Soke
El Kef
Dawmat al Jandal
Tozeur
Kom Ombo
Siwa
Rashid
Beni Mazar
At Tafilah
Al-Mayadin
Çesme
Masyaf
Al Bada'i`
Az Zuwaytinah
Tayma'
Silifke
Kozan
Anamur
Sidi Barrani
PazarcikBeysehir
Dinar
Qus
Bor
Al Qusayr
Bodrum
Awbari
Aksehir
ErdemliFethiye
Sharm ash Shaykh
Çumra
Manavgat Ayn al-Arab (Kobane)
King AbdullahEconomic City
Idfu
Göksun
Al Jumum
Gölbasi
Naj` Hammadi
Tukrah
Souk Ahras
Guelma
Ismailia
Trablous
Jijel
Antakya
Douma
Misratah
Biskra
IrbidAz Zawiyah
Tartus
Constantine
Asyut
Nabeul
El Faiyum
Yanbu al Bahr
ZagazigShibin el Kom
Girga
El Minya
Beni Suef
Sfax
Sabha
Mallawi
Tebessa
Tarsus
Damanhur
AdiyamanDenizli
Sousse
Nigde
Oum el Bouaghi
Tanta
El Oued
Tubruq
Surt
Batna
Ajdabiya
Kahramanmaras
Idlib
Aqaba
Isparta
Skikda
Latakia
Aydin
Deraa
L'Ariana
Deir ez-Zor
Ar-Raqqa
Al Khums
Qairouan
Gabes
Annaba
Aswan
El Arish
Bizerte
Kafr el Sheikh
Benha
Sohag
Hurghada
Qena
Sanliurfa
IskenderunSamandagi
Saida
Samalut
Turgutlu
As-Safira
Rafah
AlanyaKiziltepe
Viransehir
SiverekNazilli
Ceyhan
Tarhunah
Osmaniye
Zlitan
El Eulma
Sabratah
Soûr
Houmt Souk Ba`albek
Hulwan
BarikaKhenchela
Aksaray
Aïn Beïda
El Mansura
Antalya
Bur Said
Banghazi
Icel
Diyarbakir
Suez
Gaziantep
Luxor
Zarqa
Konya
HomsHama
Tabuk
MakkahJeddah
Medina
Adana
Alexandria
Aleppo
El GizaShubra al Khaymah
NICOSIA
BEIRUT
CAIRO
DAMASCUS
AMMAN
TRIPOLI
TUNIS
Nile
Lake Nasser R e d Se a
Gulf of Gabès
Sea o f S ic i ly
Gulf of Sidra
L ibyan Sea
Levant ine Sea
Gulf of Antalya
Sea o f Cre te
Ion ian Sea
MyrtoanSea
IcarianSea
Lake Assad
Dead Sea
Gulf of Suez Gul
f of A
qaba
Byk Mendere s
Ceyh
an
Crete
Sicily
Cyprus
Chios
Naxos
Rhodes
Kefalonia
Djerba
Samos
Zakynthos
Kerkenna
Lampedusa
EgyptLibya
Niger SudanChad
I taly
Tunisia
Greece
Syr ia
Jordan
LebanonCyprus
Malta
Gaza
WestBank
Golan
Northern Cyprus
Halaib Triangle
Bir Tawil
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
5959
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
5959 59
59
59
60
60
58
58
58
57
57
57
52
52
53
53
53 53
51
51
55
55
5555
59/52
59/52 59/52
59/54
59/5459/54
59/54
59/54
59/54
59/54
59/60
59/60
59/60
Tropic of Cancer
10° 15° 25° 35°
20°
25°
30°
35°
20° 30°
M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a
Alger ia
Iraq
Saudi Arabia
Turkey
Religious groups Middle East 1
BOUNDARIESinternational borderinternational maritime border (notional)disputed border
WATERSlakestream, river
NAMES AND MUNICIPAL REPRESENTATIONcountrydisputed territorycapitalsettlement more than 5 million inhabitantssettlement 1 million to 5 million inhabitantssettlement 500 000 to 1 million inhabitantssettlement 100 000 to 500 000 inhabitantssettlement 20 000 to 100 000 inhabitantsislandwaters
LEGEND
Tamanrasset
Alanya
SuezKaraj
TUNISGolan
Er i t rea
Lampedusa
Lake Van
Istanbul
0 100 400 km200 300
SCALE 1 : 10 000 000
PROJECTIONRobinson, WGS84
RELIGIOUS GROUPSSunni MuslimsTwelver Shia MuslimsSunni Muslims and Twelver Shia MuslimsAlevisSunni Muslims and AlevisAlawitesIsmailisDruzeChristiansYezidis/Kaka‘i/Yarsani/Ahl-e HaqqSunni Muslims and Copts
5960
59/6052
59/525158
555361
59/54
This map only illustrates the main areas of settlement of religious and sectarian groups. There may be minority groups that are not depicted (e.g. Jews, Bahai, Hindus). Especially in urban centers the population is very heterogeneous and cannot be shown on this type of map. For further information regarding methodology and country information see: http://www.ecoi.net/atlas_mena_sources.pdf. Christians are depicted as one group regardless of their ethnic origin (except Copts in Egypt). Due to its complexity and relative size on this map, the religious map of Lebanon is presented in a simplified form. Regarding Iraq, this map shows the main settlement areas before spring 2014. Regarding Syria, it shows main settlement areas before March 2011. Due to the subsequent armed conflicts the Syrian and Iraqi societies have been partly subjected to significant changes.
49
Yozgat
Rafha
Cankiri
Dumyat
Bitlis
Ammochostos
Artvin
Sinop
Darnah
Kastamonu
Rodos
Al Karak
Manbij
Bilecik
Madinat ath-Thawra
Zahle
Luleburgaz
Kars
Shahhat
Nabatiye et Tahta
Kilis
As-Suwayda
Karaman
Abu Kamal
Al-Musayyib
Bijar
Mus
Agri
El Kharga Isna
Amasya
Ma'an
Al Mafraq
Tunceli
Ash-ShatraMatruh
Polatli
Bingol
Tatvan
Tikrit
Nevsehir
Al-Hasakah
BurdurMugla
Al Wajh
Kirklareli
Mardin
Kyrenia
Eregli
Palmyra/Tadmur
Canakkale
Soke
Dawmat al Jandal
Siwa
Rashid
Beni Mazar
At Tafilah
Al-MayadinDehgolan
Az Zilfi
Çesme
Masyaf
Al Bada'i`
Igdir
Ash-Shirqat
Qa'emiyeh
Darab
Bartin
Tayma'
Silifke
Ramsar Bandar-e Torkaman
Al Faw
Tosya
Kozan
Shahr-e Babak
Keskin
Anamur
Sirnak
Aliaga
Abarkuh
Sidi Barrani
NurabadHendijan
Pazarcik
Tafresh
Hakkâri
Sonqor
PatnosAyvalik
Borazjan
Dogubeyazit
Bandar-e Lengeh
SardrudBeysehir
SardashtDamghan
Ramhormoz
Meybod
Dinar
Oltu
Mobarakeh
Fuman
Lar
Takab
Tuz Khurmatu
Evaz
Piranshahr
Qus
Bor
Beypazari
Al Qusayr
Sereflikoçhisar
Bodrum
Bandar-e Kangan
Susehri
Bandar-e Ganaveh
Ercis
Badreh
Abqaiq
Susangerd
Biga
Emirdag
`Ajab Shir
Dehloran
Garmsar
Aksehir
Chalus
Mianeh
Bayburt
Develi
Khvormuj
Golpayegan
Marivan
Safashahr
Hadishahr
Asharat
Borujen
Na`in
Talesh
Tajrish
Osmancik
Firuzabad
Yerköy
Sarab
Tavsanli
Erdemli
Oshnaviyeh
Takestan
Fethiye
Sharm ash Shaykh
Al-Hamza
Kalar
Khomeyn
Neyriz
Maku
Çumra
Manavgat Ayn al-Arab (Kobane)
Qeydar
Abadeh
Sarikamis
AstaraGöksun
Semirom
Ar Rass
Niksar
Gölbasi
Salmas
Naj` Hammadi
Mehriz
Delijan
An Nu`maniyah
Bayji
Akhisar
Bafq
Al Bukayriyah
Malatya
Malayer
Gonbad-e Kavus
Siirt
Manisa
Ad-Diwaniyya
Borujerd
Karabuk
Hail
Varamin
Ismailia
Marv Dasht
Khomeini Shahr
Trablous
Dohuk
Karbala
Qomsheh
Antakya
Rize
Tal Afar
Douma
Kirsehir
Al-Qamishli
Elazig
Kutahya
Sakaka
Fallujah
Batman
Irbid
Al-Qatif
Shar e Kord
Al Jubayl
Zonguldak
Afyon
Baquba
Izmit
Tartus
Edirne
Al Hufuf
Maragheh
Balikesir
Asyut
Mahabad
El Faiyum
Saveh
Zagazig
Ardabil
Al-Amara
Shibin el Kom
Girga
Erzurum
Bandar-e Bushehr
As-Samawah
Sivas
El Minya
Khorramabad
Trabzon
Beni Suef
Ahar
Sari
Mallawi
Tarsus ZanjanGorgan
Damanhur
AdiyamanDenizli
Az Aubayr
Nigde
Arar
MasjedSoleyman
Buraydah
Shahrud
Fasa
Tanta
SamarraKashan
Tokat
Tubruq
GiresunCorum
Zakhu
Kahramanmaras
Idlib
Sakarya
Aqaba
Isparta
Latakia
Aydin
Hilla
Van
Deraa
Kirikkale
Usak
Al Mubarraz
Deir ez-Zor
Yasuj
Hafar al Batin
Bolu
Ar-Raqqa
Tekirdag
Ramadi
Khvoy
El ArishKafr el Sheikh
Qazvin
Al-Kut
Benha
Sohag
Erzincan
Hurghada
Abadan
Nasiriyya
Qena
Bafra
Sanliurfa
Ilam
Ordu
Dezful
Iskenderun
Sanandaj
Adapazari
Semnan
Samandagi
Saida
Amol
Samalut
Turgutlu
As-Safira
Rafah
Raniyya
Rafsanjan
AlanyaKiziltepe
Khorram-shahr
Rawanduz
Viransehir
Marand
Siverek
Al-Kufa
Nazilli
Ceyhan
Bandar-e Mahshahr
Osmaniye
Behbahan
Izeh
Soûr
Rey
Al-Kadhimiyya
Shushtar
Qarchak
Saqqez
Muqdadiyya
Qa'emshahr
Nasimshahr
Ba`albek
Bukan Babol
Andimeshk
Jahrom
Hulwan
Najafabad
Inegöl
Miandoab
Çorlu
Turhal
`Unayzah
Jamjamal
Bandar-e Anzali
Bandirma
Dorud
Aksaray
El Mansura
Antalya
Bur Said
Icel
Diyarbakir
Suez
Gaziantep
Urmia
Najaf
Luxor
Rasht
SulaymaniyyaKirkuk
Kermanshah
Zarqa
Arbil
Konya
Homs
Kayseri
Samsun
Hama
Eskisehir
KadiköyKartal
Tabuk
Arak
Yazd
Hamadan
Karaj
Adana
Mosul
Qom
Alexandria
Bursa
Aleppo
IzmirTabriz
El GizaShiraz
Isfahan
Ad Damman
Ahvaz
BasraShubra al Khaymah
Istanbul
ANKARA
NICOSIATEHRAN
BEIRUT
CAIRO
BAGHDADDAMASCUS
AMMAN
Nile
Tigris
Euphrates
Danube
B l a c k S e a
PersianGulf
Caspian Sea
L ibyan Sea
Levant ine Sea
Gulf of Antalya
Sea o f Cre te
Aegean Sea
Sea of MarmaraThracian Sea
MyrtoanSea
IcarianSea
Garabogazköl
Euphrates
Lake Assad
Dead Sea
Lakeath-Tharthar
Lake Milh(Razzaza)
Lake Urmia
Lake Van
Lake Tuz
Lake Sevan
Strait of Horm
uz
Gulf of Suez Gul
f of A
qaba
Qez
elO
wz
an
Byk Mendere s Atrek (Atrak)
Sakar y
a
KelkitCe
yhan
Kizilirma
k
Mur
at
Kuban
Olt
Karkheh
Evros (Maritsa)Strym
nas(Tru m
a)
Ialomita
Sim
av
Crete
Cyprus
Lesbos
Chios
Naxos
Euboea
Rhodes
Lemnos
Samos
SRB
BHR
MKD
UZB
AZE
Iran
Egypt
KazakhstanRussianFederat ion
Iraq
Romania
Greece
Syr ia
Jordan
LebanonCyprus
Bulgaria
Kuwait
Georgia
A zerbai jan
Gaza
WestBank
Qatar
South Ossetia
Abkhazia
Nagorno-Karabakh
Golan
Northern Cyprus
5959
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
5959 59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
5959
59
59
59 59
59
5959
5959
59
59
60
6060
6060
60
60
60
60
60
60
58
58
58
52
52
5252
52
53
53
53
53
53
53
53 53
53
5353
53
53
53
53
61
61
61
61
61
51
51
55
55
5555
59/52
59/52
59/52 59/52
59/52
59/52
59/52
59/54
59/5459/54
59/54
59/54
59/60
59/60
59/60
59/60
59/6059/60
59/60
59/60
59/60
40° 50° 55°45°35°25° 30°
30°
35°
40°
45°
M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a
Re d S
e a
Saudi ArabiaLibya
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Israel
Armenia
50
Religious groups: Iraq
23
Dumyat
Ammochostos
Darnah
Marzuq
Al Jawf
Rodos
Al Karak
Manbij
Birak
Madinat ath-Thawra
Zahle
MahdiaSdid Bouzid
Jendouba
Shahhat
Nabatiye et Tahta
Kilis
Tataouine
Al MarjAs-Suwayda
Karaman
Medenine
Abu KamalGafsa
Nalut
Beja
Zarzis
El Kharga Isna
Ma'an
Al Mafraq
Matruh
Zuwarah
Al-Hasakah
Burdur
Ghat
Mugla
Al Wajh
Monastir
Siliana
Kasserine Kyrenia
Kebili
Bani Walid
Eregli
Gharyan
Palmyra/Tadmur
Soke
El Kef
Dawmat al Jandal
Tozeur
Kom Ombo
Siwa
Rashid
Beni Mazar
At Tafilah
Al-Mayadin
Çesme
Masyaf
Al Bada'i`
Az Zuwaytinah
Tayma'
Silifke
Kozan
Anamur
Sidi Barrani
PazarcikBeysehir
Dinar
Qus
Bor
Al Qusayr
Bodrum
Awbari
Aksehir
ErdemliFethiye
Sharm ash Shaykh
Çumra
Manavgat Ayn al-Arab (Kobane)
King AbdullahEconomic City
Idfu
Göksun
Al Jumum
Gölbasi
Naj` Hammadi
Tukrah
Souk Ahras
Guelma
Ismailia
Trablous
Jijel
Antakya
Douma
Misratah
Biskra
IrbidAz Zawiyah
Tartus
Constantine
Asyut
Nabeul
El Faiyum
Yanbu al Bahr
ZagazigShibin el Kom
Girga
El Minya
Beni Suef
Sfax
Sabha
Mallawi
Tebessa
Tarsus
Damanhur
AdiyamanDenizli
Sousse
Nigde
Oum el Bouaghi
Tanta
El Oued
Tubruq
Surt
Batna
Ajdabiya
Kahramanmaras
Idlib
Aqaba
Isparta
Skikda
Latakia
Aydin
Deraa
L'Ariana
Deir ez-Zor
Ar-Raqqa
Al Khums
Qairouan
Gabes
Annaba
Aswan
El Arish
Bizerte
Kafr el Sheikh
Benha
Sohag
Hurghada
Qena
Sanliurfa
IskenderunSamandagi
Saida
Samalut
Turgutlu
As-Safira
Rafah
AlanyaKiziltepe
Viransehir
SiverekNazilli
Ceyhan
Tarhunah
Osmaniye
Zlitan
El Eulma
Sabratah
Soûr
Houmt Souk Ba`albek
Hulwan
BarikaKhenchela
Aksaray
Aïn Beïda
El Mansura
Antalya
Bur Said
Banghazi
Icel
Diyarbakir
Suez
Gaziantep
Luxor
Zarqa
Konya
HomsHama
Tabuk
MakkahJeddah
Medina
Adana
Alexandria
Aleppo
El GizaShubra al Khaymah
NICOSIA
BEIRUT
CAIRO
DAMASCUS
AMMAN
TRIPOLI
TUNIS
Nile
Lake Nasser R e d Se a
Gulf of Gabès
Sea o f S ic i ly
Gulf of Sidra
L ibyan Sea
Levant ine Sea
Gulf of Antalya
Sea o f Cre te
Ion ian Sea
MyrtoanSea
IcarianSea
Lake Assad
Dead Sea
Gulf of Suez Gul
f of A
qaba
Byk Mendere s
Ceyh
an
Crete
Sicily
Cyprus
Chios
Naxos
Rhodes
Kefalonia
Djerba
Samos
Zakynthos
Kerkenna
Lampedusa
EgyptLibya
Niger SudanChad
I taly
Tunisia
Greece
Syr ia
Jordan
LebanonCyprus
Malta
Gaza
WestBank
Golan
Northern Cyprus
Halaib Triangle
Bir Tawil
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
5959
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
5959 59
59
59
60
60
58
58
58
57
57
57
52
52
53
53
53 53
51
51
55
55
5555
59/52
59/52 59/52
59/54
59/5459/54
59/54
59/54
59/54
59/54
59/60
59/60
59/60
Tropic of Cancer
10° 15° 25° 35°
20°
25°
30°
35°
20° 30°
M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a
Alger ia
Iraq
Saudi Arabia
Turkey
Religious groups Middle East 1
BOUNDARIESinternational borderinternational maritime border (notional)disputed border
WATERSlakestream, river
NAMES AND MUNICIPAL REPRESENTATIONcountrydisputed territorycapitalsettlement more than 5 million inhabitantssettlement 1 million to 5 million inhabitantssettlement 500 000 to 1 million inhabitantssettlement 100 000 to 500 000 inhabitantssettlement 20 000 to 100 000 inhabitantsislandwaters
LEGEND
Tamanrasset
Alanya
SuezKaraj
TUNISGolan
Er i t rea
Lampedusa
Lake Van
Istanbul
0 100 400 km200 300
SCALE 1 : 10 000 000
PROJECTIONRobinson, WGS84
RELIGIOUS GROUPSSunni MuslimsTwelver Shia MuslimsSunni Muslims and Twelver Shia MuslimsAlevisSunni Muslims and AlevisAlawitesIsmailisDruzeChristiansYezidis/Kaka‘i/Yarsani/Ahl-e HaqqSunni Muslims and Copts
5960
59/6052
59/525158
555361
59/54
This map only illustrates the main areas of settlement of religious and sectarian groups. There may be minority groups that are not depicted (e.g. Jews, Bahai, Hindus). Especially in urban centers the population is very heterogeneous and cannot be shown on this type of map. For further information regarding methodology and country information see: http://www.ecoi.net/atlas_mena_sources.pdf. Christians are depicted as one group regardless of their ethnic origin (except Copts in Egypt). Due to its complexity and relative size on this map, the religious map of Lebanon is presented in a simplified form. Regarding Iraq, this map shows the main settlement areas before spring 2014. Regarding Syria, it shows main settlement areas before March 2011. Due to the subsequent armed conflicts the Syrian and Iraqi societies have been partly subjected to significant changes.
51
Yozgat
Rafha
Cankiri
Dumyat
Bitlis
Ammochostos
Artvin
Sinop
Darnah
Kastamonu
Rodos
Al Karak
Manbij
Bilecik
Madinat ath-Thawra
Zahle
Luleburgaz
Kars
Shahhat
Nabatiye et Tahta
Kilis
As-Suwayda
Karaman
Abu Kamal
Al-Musayyib
Bijar
Mus
Agri
El Kharga Isna
Amasya
Ma'an
Al Mafraq
Tunceli
Ash-ShatraMatruh
Polatli
Bingol
Tatvan
Tikrit
Nevsehir
Al-Hasakah
BurdurMugla
Al Wajh
Kirklareli
Mardin
Kyrenia
Eregli
Palmyra/Tadmur
Canakkale
Soke
Dawmat al Jandal
Siwa
Rashid
Beni Mazar
At Tafilah
Al-MayadinDehgolan
Az Zilfi
Çesme
Masyaf
Al Bada'i`
Igdir
Ash-Shirqat
Qa'emiyeh
Darab
Bartin
Tayma'
Silifke
Ramsar Bandar-e Torkaman
Al Faw
Tosya
Kozan
Shahr-e Babak
Keskin
Anamur
Sirnak
Aliaga
Abarkuh
Sidi Barrani
NurabadHendijan
Pazarcik
Tafresh
Hakkâri
Sonqor
PatnosAyvalik
Borazjan
Dogubeyazit
Bandar-e Lengeh
SardrudBeysehir
SardashtDamghan
Ramhormoz
Meybod
Dinar
Oltu
Mobarakeh
Fuman
Lar
Takab
Tuz Khurmatu
Evaz
Piranshahr
Qus
Bor
Beypazari
Al Qusayr
Sereflikoçhisar
Bodrum
Bandar-e Kangan
Susehri
Bandar-e Ganaveh
Ercis
Badreh
Abqaiq
Susangerd
Biga
Emirdag
`Ajab Shir
Dehloran
Garmsar
Aksehir
Chalus
Mianeh
Bayburt
Develi
Khvormuj
Golpayegan
Marivan
Safashahr
Hadishahr
Asharat
Borujen
Na`in
Talesh
Tajrish
Osmancik
Firuzabad
Yerköy
Sarab
Tavsanli
Erdemli
Oshnaviyeh
Takestan
Fethiye
Sharm ash Shaykh
A