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1
Authority & JurisdictionAuthority & Jurisdiction
CPT Kennebeck, JA
USAMPS, Law Division
2
Why Study This Stuff?Why Study This Stuff?
You are a part of the justice system Hesitation kills You need to know the basic rules that
give you authority (power) You must understand where and when
you have power (jurisdiction)
3
Terminal Learning ObjectiveTerminal Learning Objective
ACTION: Enforce the laws governing authority and jurisdiction
CONDITION: Given classroom instruction, a discussion of current case law, and applicable statutes and regulations.
STANDARD: Enforced the laws governing authority and jurisdiction IAW applicable statutes, regulations and court decisions.
4
A. General IntroductionA. General Introduction
What is Authority?– It is the right to exercise power….to
implement and enforce laws
What is jurisdiction?– Power and authority of a court to hear and
determine cases
5
Jurisdiction and YouJurisdiction and You
Authority and jurisdiction spill over to you. – You are part of the process just like the
courts.– You need to know who you can control with
your “power” (UCMJ, orders, etc.)
6
B. Sources of AuthorityB. Sources of Authority
U.S. Constitution– Article 1: Congress can pass laws– Article 2: President is commander in chief– Article 3: U.S. Supreme Court interprets– Bill of rights
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Laws from Congress– UCMJ - Uniform Code of Military Justice– USC - United States Code
Rules from President– Article 36, UCMJ: Congress gives the
President power to decide sentences and other rules.
B. Sources of AuthorityB. Sources of Authority
8
Army Regulations Post regulations SOPs Custom
What if one of those sources conflicts?– Constitution = “minimum rights”– Rules can be added – nothing taken away
B. Sources of AuthorityB. Sources of Authority
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C. Military OffensesC. Military Offenses
ALL authority can be traced to the punitive articles of the UCMJ.
What do I mean?
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Disrespect of Superior Disrespect of Superior Commissioned Officer Commissioned Officer
[Art. 89 UCMJ][Art. 89 UCMJ]
Certain language to or concerning a commissioned officer
Behavior/language was directed toward officer
Officer was accused’s superior
Knowledge
Behavior or language was disrespectful
11
What is disrespect?– Behavior that detracts from good order and
discipline– Name-calling, refusal to salute, marked disdain– Insolence, undue familiarity, other rudeness
Must “victim” be in the execution of his office?– NO, on-duty or off-duty
Disrespect of Superior Disrespect of Superior Commissioned Officer Commissioned Officer
[Art. 89 UCMJ][Art. 89 UCMJ]
12
Disrespect of Superior Disrespect of Superior Commissioned Officer Commissioned Officer
[Art. 89 UCMJ][Art. 89 UCMJ]
When is victim “superior” to accused?– Same armed force?
Must be superior but need not be in chain
– Different armed forces? Must be superior AND in chain of command
What if accused didn’t know “victim” was her superior commissioned officer?– Must have knowledge
13
Disrespect of Superior Disrespect of Superior Commissioned Officer Commissioned Officer
[Art. 89 UCMJ][Art. 89 UCMJ]
Do contemptuous, but truthful, remarks violate this UCMJ offense?– Yes– TRUTH IS NO DEFENSE
What if “victim” was not present when contemptuous remarks were made?– Need not be present
14
Disrespect of Superior Disrespect of Superior Commissioned Officer Commissioned Officer
[Art. 89 UCMJ][Art. 89 UCMJ]
Is “victim’s” behavior always irrelevant?– NO, victim can lose protected “status”– DIVESTITURE: behavior that departs
substantially from required standards appropriate to rank or position
– Marine said, “Let me see you put me flat on my back”
What about assault though?
15
Insubordinate Conduct Toward Insubordinate Conduct Toward a Noncommissioned Officer a Noncommissioned Officer
[Art. 91 UCMJ][Art. 91 UCMJ]
A warrant officer or enlisted member Did or omitted certain acts or used certain
language Toward and within the sight or hearing Of a warrant, NCO or petty officer in the
execution of office Knowledge Behavior or language was disrespectful
16
Disrespect to Officer VERSUSDisrespect to Officer VERSUSDisrespect to NCO Disrespect to NCO
Commissioned officer cannot be found guilty of Disrespect to NCO (but try Article 133)
Disrespect to NCO does not require that “victim” be accused’s superior (required in Article 89)
Disrespect to NCO requires that “victim” be in execution of office (not true for officers, Article 89)
Disrespect to NCO requires that disrespectful behavior or language be within the sight or hearing of the “victim” (not true for officers, Article 89)
17
Disrespect & Insubordination Disrespect & Insubordination ExamplesExamples
Accused contemptuously turned and walked away from superior who was still talking to accused - Ferenczi, 27 CMR 77
Accused greeted female superior with “Hi, sweetheart” - Dornick, 16 MJ 642
Accused pointed finger at trial counsel and said, “You are going to get it.” - Gray, 14 MJ 551
18
Disrespect & Insubordination Disrespect & Insubordination ExamplesExamples
“Sergeant, well, if you don’t like it, I’ll take you in the back room and fight you too” - Richardson, 6 CMR 88
[When read his Art. 31 rights] “Aw, man, I don’t have time to listen to this sh*t” - Lewis, 7 MJ 348
“If you have something to say, say it to my face.” - Barber, 8 MJ 153
19
Disobedience of Superior Disobedience of Superior Commissioned OfficerCommissioned Officer
[Art. 90, UCMJ][Art. 90, UCMJ]
Accused received lawful command from a certain commissioned officer [“victim”]
“Victim” was superior commissioned officer of accused
Knowledge Accused willfully disobeyed
order
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Disobedience of Warrant, NCO or Disobedience of Warrant, NCO or Petty OfficerPetty Officer
[Art. 91, UCMJ][Art. 91, UCMJ]
Accused was enlisted or warrant officer Accused received lawful order from a warrant,
NCO or petty officer [“victim”] Knowledge Accused had duty to obey order Accused willfully disobeyed order
21
Failure to Obey Other Lawful Failure to Obey Other Lawful Order or Regulation Order or Regulation
[Art. 92, UCMJ][Art. 92, UCMJ]
1. Lawful general orders or regulation– Lack of knowledge not a defense
2. Other lawful orders– Knowledge required– MPs, guards, and sentinels– Also policy orders from CO
3. Dereliction of duty imposed by:– Treaty, Statute, Regulation, Lawful order, SOP, or
custom of the service
22
DisobedienceDisobedienceCommon ThemesCommon Themes
Lawfulness of orders presumed– You disobey a superior’s order at your peril
Order must relate to a military duty– accomplish a military mission or safeguard
or promote the morale and discipline
From someone with authority
23
DisobedienceDisobedienceCommon ThemesCommon Themes
Ideally, an enforceable order is:– A positive command– Specific– Contains time for compliance
But something less will often do– Politely phrased orders are still orders– Lack of suspense implies immediate
compliance expected
24
Lawful OrdersLawful Orders
Personal orders [Arts. 90 (Officer), 91(NCO), and 92 (MP, sentinel)– Knowledge of “victim’s” status must be proven– Can be proven by circumstantial evidence
“Impersonal” orders [Art. 92]– AR or general order (GO or GCMCA)– Accused’s lack of knowledge not a defense
25
NCO DefinedNCO Defined
Army/Air Force– Corporal and higher (not Specialist)
Navy/Marines– All E-4 and higher
26
18 U.S.C. section 111418 U.S.C. section 1114
Protection of officers/employees of US– Defines WHO is protected– Includes MPs and investigators (DoD also)
18 U.S.C. section 111– Anyone who “forcibly assaults, interferes, resists,
opposes, impedes or intimidates”– Refers to section 1114– 3 years, $5,000 fine
(Extraterritorial application)
27
Apprehension & AuthorityApprehension & Authority
28
ApprehensionApprehension
Civilian World = Arrest Military World = Apprehension
– Formal apprehension means “taking into custody”
– ONLY soldiers can be apprehended
29
DetainDetain
Detain versus Custody:– Detain is more temporary in nature– Detain is any time you stop somebody– Detention can become “custody”
Civilians are “detained” Think “Terry Stop” when you think
detain – temporary
30
CustodyCustody
Custody = 1. formal arrest; or 2. restraint on the freedom of movement of
the degree associated with a formal arrest.
Objective Test:– What a “reasonable person” would believe– Subjective belief of officer or suspect is
irrelevant.
31
CUSTODY?CUSTODY?
32
Who Can Apprehend?Who Can Apprehend?
1. MPs on duty (NO off-duty authority!!)
2. ALL Officers; Warrant; Petty; and NCOs
3. Civilian police (deserters)
4. Investigators, guards, and police appointed by proper authority and executing assigned duties
5. Federal law enforcement officers
33
Who Can be Apprehended?Who Can be Apprehended?
SERVICEMEMBERS only!!
Civilians CANNOT!!
Can an Army MP apprehend an airman or a sailor?
Can an MP apprehend a superior?
34
Special NotesSpecial Notes
KNOW YOUR LOCAL SOP!!! – Officer apprehensions– Civilian apprehensions
R.C.M. 302(d)– Notify soldier– Notify CDR ASAP– Use of Force
35
When can you apprehend?When can you apprehend?
When you have PROBABLE CAUSE– UCMJ offense– UCMJ offender
CANNOT apprehend civilians– More to follow…
36
Proof ContinuumProof Continuum100%
Probable Cause
Preponderance
Beyond a Reasonable Doubt98%
51%
30%
0%
Reasonable Suspicion
No Proof
20%
APPREHEND
37
Probable Cause?Probable Cause?
You are the expert! What do you think?
38
Probable Probable Cause?Cause?
39
RegulationsRegulations
AR 190-30: MPI can apprehend
AR 195-2: CID can apprehend
AR 190-56: Federally employed civilians can apprehend
(RCM 302 applies to all these)
40
Jurisdiction Over CiviliansJurisdiction Over Civilians
General rule is: – No UCMJ jurisdiction
UNLESS, in time of “declared war” and the civilian is accompanying the armed forces in the field
Does that mean we cannot control what civilians do when they are on-post?
41
Jurisdiction Over CiviliansJurisdiction Over Civilians
Civilians can be “DETAINED”– NOT arrested or apprehended– They are turned over to civilian
authorities ASAP Power to detain:
– Comes from “inherent authority” of the installation commander.
– You are an “agent” of installation commander when you are on duty
42
Jurisdiction over CiviliansJurisdiction over Civilians
AR 190-30: civilians can be detained
AR 195-2: civilians can be held and turned over
AR 190-56: contract controls DA policeman’s power, they can detain also
Can apprehend soldiers off-post
Cannot apprehend civilians OFF-post unless helped by civilian police
43
Citizen’s ArrestCitizen’s Arrest
AR 195-2: nothing prevents citizen’s arrest
AR 600-40: members of armed forces have ordinary rights of citizen’s arrest
BUT, remember:
– You MUST know state law
– You MUST not act in official capacity
– You are liable for your actions
44
Summary Summary
CRIME + Soldier = Apprehend (anywhere)
CRIME + Civilian = Detain (ONLY on-post)
45
Get it RIGHT!Get it RIGHT!
Using too much force or an otherwise bad apprehension can result in a “Get Out Of Jail Free Card.”
– NO PC for apprehension?NO evidence!
– Too much force?NO evidence.
46
Review Review
PFC Chuckles is an MP and sees PVT Smith vandalize a car on post. Chuckles is just off-duty. Can Chuckles apprehend Smith?
SGT Norm sees the same incident, and he is off duty as well. Can he apprehend Smith?
SGT Norm and PFC Chuckles are both on duty and observe John Longhair smoking dope in his car in the housing area on post. Can they apprehend?
47
Review Review
Can civilians be apprehended?
Who gives us the authority to detain civilians? What rank must that person be?
48
MP Authority over CiviliansMP Authority over Civilians
Posse Comitatus Act:– The military cannot be used to directly
participate in civilian law enforcement.
– BUT, we can enforce federal criminal lawApplies to all persons on-post (if there is jurisdiction)Cases are tried in U.S. District and Magistrate Court
49
Bar LettersBar Letters
CG can protect installation– 13 U.S.C. section 1382: Trespass
– If someone violates the order, they are guilty of trespass
– Also, 50 U.S.C. section 797:Gives power to CG to prevent entry and
protect equipment
50
Types of JurisdictionTypes of Jurisdiction
Can civilians be tried for their on-post offenses?
Who tries them?
How do we decide?
51
Types of JurisdictionTypes of Jurisdiction
Exclusive Federal - only federal law
Concurrent - both state & federal law
Proprietary - only state law
(every post is different; some are mixed)
52
Jurisdiction Over CiviliansJurisdiction Over Civilians
In United States:– Federal District Court or Magistrate Court– State Court
Outside United States:– Host Nation Law– Extraterritorial Statutes– Command Measures
(Status of Forces Agreement [SOFA])
53
Federal &UCMJ
State
ForeignCountry
Double Jeopardy
54
Federal LawFederal Law
Some federal laws apply nationwide:
– “Special maritime and territorial jurisdiction” 18 U.S.C. section 13: Makes state laws a
federal offense (assimilate)
Also includes several other offenses like arson, murder, assault, robbery, child porn, etc.
55
Federal LawFederal Law
Some federal laws apply outside the US– Extraterritorial statutes (bribery,
counterfeit, fraud claims, murder federal officer, etc.)
– Many anti-terrorism laws– Extradition
56
Magistrate CourtMagistrate Court
For installations with exclusive or concurrent jurisdiction
Can try misdemeanor offenses (less than 1 year max)
Assimilates state law in federal court DD Form 1805 (ticket) Soldiers and civilians are triable
57
ReviewReview
If a civilian commits a crime on a post with concurrent jurisdiction, who can prosecute?– What if it’s proprietary jurisdiction?
Where do we try civilians for crimes committed on post:– For a misdemeanor?
– For a felony?
– What type of jurisdiction must a post have to try a civilian in magistrate court?
58
UCMJ JurisdictionUCMJ Jurisdiction
For soldiers:– UCMJ jurisdiction applies
everywhere (Art. 5, UCMJ)
– ON-post / OFF-post / 24-7On the moonIn your roomUnder the polar ice capsAnywhere, if you are a soldier!!
59
UCMJ JurisdictionUCMJ Jurisdiction
Article 2, UCMJ: Active Duty Cadet / midshipmen US Army Reserve on AD (orders) National Guard on AD (federalized) Retired members of the regular Armed
Forces Enemy Prisoners of War under US control
60
UCMJ JurisdictionUCMJ Jurisdiction
Article 2, UCMJ: Receiving hospitalization from service Fleet Reserve/USMC Fleet Reserve Serving Court-martial sentences Civilians accompanying the force,
only in time of declared war
(Who can prosecute civilians?)
ContinuedContinuedUCMJ JurisdictionUCMJ Jurisdiction
ContinuedContinuedUCMJ JurisdictionUCMJ Jurisdiction
61
Soldier about to ETS?Soldier about to ETS?
Can we keep the soldier for prosecution?– Yes, if investigation is started with a view
toward court martial;– Or, if charges have been preferred; – Or, soldier is apprehended, arrested, or
confined
(See AR 635-200 and RCM 202)
62
Off-post crimesOff-post crimes
Service Member commits crime off-post: – CONUS: subject to local law & UCMJ– Overseas: subject to Host Nation law & UCMJ– Old “service-connection” test is dead
Civilian commits a crime off-post:– We DON’T care!! (unless there is service
connection)
63
ReviewReview
Soldier is from Florida, he is stationed at Fort Irwin, CA, and he commits a crime while in leave in Cancun. Who can prosecute?
Civilian commits a crime on-post, who has jurisdiction?
Civilian commits a crime in Iraq while working for the Army, who has jurisdiction?
64
ReviewReview
If you apprehend a soldier, that means you have what?
You learn that your AWOL soldier is hanging out just off post in the local town, can you go apprehend him?
Can a soldier be tried for the same crime twice?
65
Posse Comitatus ActPosse Comitatus Act
Whoever, except in cases and under circumstances expressly authorized by the Constitution or Act of Congress, willfully uses any part of the Army or Air Force as a posse comitatus or otherwise execute the laws shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than two years, or both.
18 U.S.C. Section 1385
66
General RuleGeneral Rule
Posse Comitatus Act:– The military cannot be used to directly
participate in civilian law enforcement– States control what happens within
their territories
– But…
67
Exceptions to Posse ComitatusExceptions to Posse Comitatus
1. Off-duty
2. Reservist or National Guard who are NOT on federal status
3. Military Purpose Doctrine
4. Emergencies
5. Terrorism
6. Statutory Amendments
68
Military Purpose DoctrineMilitary Purpose Doctrine
- The Installation Cdr has the power to operate and protect the installation where there is a military necessity.
- National Security
- Safety of the people and assets on it
- He passes it onto the MP’s.
69
Enforcing the UCMJ - thus we can get to soldiers off post
Investigate actions likely to result in DOD admin actions, such as civilian labor issues
Protection of classified information Protect military-foreign affairs
Military Purpose ExamplesMilitary Purpose Examples
70
Maintain order, discipline, and security of post
Drug dealer off post selling to on-post soldiers.
A group planning to disrupt the installation operations.
Hot Pursuit - but must be immediate, continuous and uninterrupted pursuit.
Military Purpose ExamplesMilitary Purpose Examples
71
EmergenciesEmergencies
Purpose– To prevent loss of life– To restore government function– Local authorities unable
Natural disasters: FEMA controls Outside agency makes request, and we
receive orders and guidance
72
Statutory ExceptionsStatutory Exceptions
Sharing information with local authorities Equipment and facilities Training and advice Air and sea traffic monitoring Humanitarian assistance:
– To save lives– Search and rescue– EOD
73
Posse Comitatus is not…Posse Comitatus is not…
Sharing information with local authorities Going with local authorities to execute a
search warrant or to apprehend a civilian off-post
When off-post, civilians are in lead and we are not enforcing state law
74
ReviewReview
What violates Posse Comitatus?
Can we share details about an investigation with local civilian police?
Can an installation commander order a civilian to remain off-post?
75
Questions?Questions?