1

Approaches to the Study of Behavior

• __________can be defined as the way an organism responds to stimuli in its environment.

• Is behavior learned or genetic?

• _______________

2

Learning Influences Behavior

• Comparative psychologists focus on learning as the major element that shapes behavior.– __________________

Animal is not required to form association between a stimulus and a response.

• examples– ___________ - decrease in response to a

repeated stimulus with no positive or negative consequences

– ____________ - increased responsiveness to a stimulus

3

Learning

• Associative learning– Association between two stimuli or between a

stimulus and a response.• _______________conditioning - Paired presentation

of two different stimuli creates an association between the stimuli (Pavlovian conditioning).

• ______________conditioning - Animal learns to associate its behavioral response with a r______________________________– trial and errorSkinner Box- mice learn to push a lever to release

food. (They will push a lever to get cocaine and ignore

food, sex, and play, until they die.)

4

The Development of Behavior

• Parent-offspring interactions– _______________ - social attachments to

other individuals that will influence behavior later in life (Konrad Lorenz)

____________or _______________

5

Orientation and Migration

• ___________ - movement toward or away from a stimulus– positive (toward) and negative (away)

• ___________ - increase in general activity level due to increased stimulus intensity

• ___________ - long-range, two-way movements– monarch butterflies

6

Orientation and Migration

• Navigation – _____________ - ability to set or adjust a

bearing and follow it– ______________ - ability to follow a

bearing Inexperienced starlings appear to

migrate by orientation, while older birds use true navigation.

magnetic field celestial clues

7

Courtship• Pheromones and acoustic signals

– Pheromones are chemical messengers used for communication between individuals, and often serve as sex attractants

____________are the most famous example In humans- _________________are from

two individuals, right?. Also human _______________ is affected

by pheromones.– Many ___________________________produce

species-specific acoustic signals to attract mates.

8

Communication in Social Groups

• Communicated information:– _________________________– ________________________– _______________________– ________________________

Waggle dance of European honeybee relays direction and distance of a located food source.

– primate vocalizations

9

Exchange of information can affect a change in behavior.

• How can one organism influence the behavior of another?

• Give one example for each:– Fight of flight response– Predator warning alarm– Protection of young– Plant response to herbivore– Avoidance response

10

Parental Investment and Mate Choice

• Mate choice occurs when individuals do not mate at random, but appear to make decisions on mates base on quality.– common in

______________________________________________________________________________

• Parental investment refers to contributions each sex makes in producing and rearing offspring.– usually higher in females– In mormon crickets,

______________________________________________________________________________

11

Mating Systems

• Number of mates– _____________ - one male and one female– _____________ - one male and many

females– ____________ - one female and several

males• Needs of offspring

– __________- require extensive, prolonged care (ex. humans)

– ___________ - require little parental care

12

Factors Favoring Altruism and Group Learning

• __________ - performance of an action that benefits another individual at a cost to the actor (nest helpers)– Natural selection would seem to argue

against altruism. Such acts may not be truly altruistic,

and may be benefiting the actor.______________________________

______________________________

13

Factors Favoring Altruism and Group Learning

• __________________ - Individuals may form partnerships in which mutual exchanges of altruistic acts occur. Ex: __________________will share blood with those who have shared with them in the past.

• ________________- By directing aid toward close genetic relatives, an altruist may increase reproductive success of its relatives enough to compensate for the reduction in its own fitness.– The more closely related the individuals, the

more likely the potential genetic gain.

14

Altruism

• __________________Altruistic acts (acts that benefit another member of the same species) are favored when ____________

• r = relatedness –proportion of shared alleles• b = benefit• c = cost

15

Cooperative behavior increases fitness of individual and population survival

• ________________________________

• _______________________________

• _________________________________

• _________________________________

16

Examples of Alarm Signal

• _________________________– sound alarm calls when spot predators

Females are more likely to call than males because colony is mostly her relatives.

– _____________: She is “protecting” her genes when she protects her relatives.

17

Group Living - Evolution of Social Systems

• Society - group of organisms of the same species organized in a cooperative manner

• Insects– __________________________________

_________________________are social social colonies are composed of

different ______________ of workers that differ in size and morphology and have different tasks to perform.

18

Natural Selection and Behavior3.E.1 c

• Natural selection favors innate and learned behaviors that increase survival and reproductive fitness– Examples:

________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________

19

Essential Knowledge 3.E.1- b

• Animals use visual, audible, tactile, electrical and chemical signals to indicate dominance, find food, establish territory and ensure reproductive success– _________________________________– _________________________________– _________________________________– _________________________________– _________________________________– _________________________________

20

Response to EnvironmentExamples

• • ______________ and ___________ in plants

• • ____________ and __________ in animals• • _______and _________in animals• • ____________ in bacteria, sexual

reproduction in fungi• • _____________ and _________ activity:

____________ rhythms• • _______________ Shivering and sweating

in humans