1. an Overview on Comuter System

8/3/2019 1. an Overview on Comuter System

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MBA 508

Lesson - 1

An Over view on

Computer System

Spring2011


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This Lesson Includes Following section


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A computer is a electronic device which-

can responds to a specific set ofinstructions in a well-defined manner.

can execute a prerecorded list of

instructions (a program).


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User Data

Software Hardware

What How

WhoWhich

A complete computer system includes four distinct parts


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A computer hardware consists of electronicdevice; the part we can see and touch.

The term "device" refers to any piece of hardwareused by the computer, keyboard, monitor, modem,mouse, etc.

A computer hardware consists of many differentpart. They are divided in two different groups.

Internal Hardware

External Hardware


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Internal Hardware: An Internal Hardware meanshardware that surrounded by the computer's casing.

External Hardware: By external hardware we mean allthe computer device that we can see from outside.


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Software

What isSoftware?

Software is a set of electronic instructions that tells the

computer how to do certain tasks. A set of instructions is

often called a program.

The two most common types of programs are :

System software

Application software.

What is System Software?

System Software refers to the operating system and all

utility programs that manage computer resources at a low

level. Systems software includes compilers, loaders,

linkers, and debuggers.

What is Application Software?

Applications software comprises programs designed for an

end user, such as word processors, database systems,

and spreadsheet programs.


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System Software Operating System

Operating Systems

An Operating system is a program that controls the hardware directly.

They provides an interface between the user and the computer

hardware.

They provide a way for applications software to communicate with the

hardware. The OS is a program that conducts the communication between

the various pieces of hardware like the video card, sound card, printer, the

motherboard and the applications.

They manage the system resourses such as memory and also allocateCPU time to the task being run.

They manage system security.


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Function oftheOperating Systems

UserInterface

ResourseManagement

TaskManagement

FileManagement

Secuity Utilities

UserInterface

The User interface is what you see when you turn on the computer. It

Consists of the cursors, prompts, icons, menus, etc.


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Operating System User Interface

Type of UserInterface

User Interfaces can be:

1

Command Driven

2 Menu Driven

3

Graphical (GUI Graphical User Interface)


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Operating systems role in running software programs

1Basic Services

2 Sharing Information

3Multi-Tasking


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Application Software

Software

SystemSoftware

SystemManagement

Program

SystemSupportProgram

SystemDevelopment

Program

ApplicationSoftware

GenarelApplicationProgram

SpecificApplication

Progral


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The Part of Computer system - Data

Data consists of raw facts, which the computercan manipulate and process into informationthat is useful to people.

Computerized data is digital, meaning that it hasbeen reduced to digits, or numbers. Thecomputer stores and reads all data asnumbers.

Although computers use data in digital form, theyconvert data into forms that people canunderstand, such as text, numerals, sounds,and images.


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The Part of Computer system - USERS

People are the computer's operators, orusers.

Some types of computers can operate

without much intervention from people,but personal computers are designedspecifically for use by people.


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Looking inside the machine

A computer hardware devices are categorizedas follows:

CPU

Processor

Memory / Storage Device

Control Unit

CPU

Processor

Memory / Storage Device

Control Unit

(I/O) Device

Input DeviceOutput Device

(I/O) Device

Input DeviceOutput Device


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What Are Input And Output Device ?

Input Device

Sends data INTO a system

Some Input Device

Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner,

Optical InputDevice, Digital Camera, Joystic, Microphone,

Pen, Touch Screen

Output Device

data OUT from a system to anothermedium

Some Output Device

Monitor, Printer, Projector, Sound Card,

Speaker, VedioCard


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How Computer Process Data

Where Processing Occurs:The Control Unit

The Arithmetic Logic Unit

Machine Cycles

Processing takes place in the PC's central processing unit (CPU).

The system's memory also plays a crucial role in processing data.

Both the CPU and memory are

attached to the system's

motherboard, which connects allthe computer's devices together,

enabling them to communicate.


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The Control Unit

The two main parts of a CPU are the control unit and the arithmetic logic

unit (ALU)

The control unit directs the flow of data through the CPU, and to

and from other devices.

The control unitstores the CPU's

microcode, which

contains the

instructions for

all the tasks the

CPU canperform.


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The Arithmatic Logic Unit

The actual manipulation of data takes place in the ALU.

The ALU can perform arithmetic and logic operations.

The ALU is connected to a set of registerssmall memory areas in the CPU, which hold

data and program instructions while they are being processed

Arithmetic

Operations

Logical

Operations

+ Add !,{ equal to, not equal to

Subtract >,> greater than, not greater than

x Multiply


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Machine Cycle

The CPU follows a set of steps-called a machine cycle-for each instruction itcarries out.

By using a technique called pipelining, many CPUs can process more than one

instruction at a time.

The machine cycle includes two smaller cycles:

During the instruction cycle, the

CPU "fetches" a command or data

from memory and "decodes" it for the

CPU.

During the execution cycle, the CPU

carries out the instruction, and may

store the instruction's result in

memory.


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Looking inside the machine Memory

(Count.) The smallest usable unit of measure for memory is the byte

The amount of memory required to hold one character, like theletter A or the numeral 2.

Computers work with larger chunks of data, measured in multiplebytes, as shown below:

1byte = 8 bits

1kilobyte (K / Kb) = 2^10 bytes = 1,024 bytes

1megabyte (M / MB) = 2^20 bytes = 1,048,576 bytes

1gigabyte (G / GB) = 2^30 bytes = 1,073,741,824bytes

1terabyte (T / TB) = 2^40 bytes = 1,099,511,627,776 bytes

1petabyte (P / PB) = 2^50 bytes = 1,125,899,906,842,624 bytes

11 exabyte (E / EB) = 2^60 bytes = 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 bytes


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Computers Today

Supercomputers

Mainframe Computers

Minicomputers

Workstations

Microcomputers, orPersonal Computers


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Supercomputer

A supercomputer is a computer that is considered, or was considered atthe time of its intr oduction, to be at the fr ontline in terms of processingcapacity, particularly speed of calculation.

Supercomputers introduced in the 1960s were designed primarily bySeymour Cray at Control Data Corporation (CDC), and led the marketinto the 1970s until Cray left to form his own company, Cray Research.

Today, supercomputers are typically one-of-a-kind custom designsproduced by "traditional" companies such as IBM and HP, who had

purchased many of the 1980s companies to gain their experience,although still specializes in building supercomputer

The term supercomputer itself is rather fluid, and today's supercomputertends tobecome tomorrow's normal computer.


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Supercomputer

Common Uses

Supercomputers are used for

Highly calculation-

Intensive tasks such as problems involving quantummechanicalphysics,

Weather forecasting, climate research (including research into globalwarming),

Molecularmodeling (computing the structures and properties ofchemical compounds, biological macromolecules, polymers, andcrystals),

Physical simulations (such as simulation of airplanes in wind tunnels,

Simulation of the detonation of nuclear weapons, and research intonuclear fusion),

Cryptanalysis, and the like. Major universities, military agencies.

Scientific research laboratories are heavy users.


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Supercomputer Today

Roadrunner is a supercomputer built by IBMat the Los Alamos National Laboratory inNew Mexico, USA. Currently the world'sfastest computer,

Price - US$133-million = TK 919,99,99,977.00


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Mainframe Computer

Mainframes are computers used mainly by large organizations for criticalapplications, typically bulk data processing such as census, industry and

consumer statistics, ERP, and financial transaction processing.

Mainframe computers can support hundreds or thousands of users,

handling massive amounts of input, output, and storage.

Mainframe computers are used in large organizations where many users

need access to shared data and programs.Mainframes are also used as e-

commerce servers, handling transactions over the Internet.

Nearly all mainframes have the ability to run (or host) multiple operating

systems and thereby operate not as a single computer but as a numberof

virtual machines. In this role, a single mainframe can replace dozens or

even hundreds of smaller servers, reducing management and

administrative costs while providing greatly improved scalability and

reliability.


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Workstations

Workstations are powerful single-usercomputers.

Workstations are used for tasks that require agreat deal of number-crunching power, such asproduct design and computer animation.

Workstations are often used as network andInternet servers.


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Microcomputers

Microcomputers are more commonly known as personalcomputers. The term "PC" is applied to IBM-PCs orcompatible computers.

Full-size desktop computers are the most common type of

PC.

Notebook (laptop) computers are used by people whoneed the power of a desktop system, but also portability.

Handheld PCs (such as PDAs) lack the power of adesktop or notebook PC, but offer features for users whoneed limited functions and small size.


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Microcomputers Today


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Any Question ?


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Thank You

Its not the end, its not even the beginning of the end.

Its only the end of beginning.

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1. an Overview on Comuter System