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8/14/2019 1. An Overview on Computer Systempage.pptx
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1
CSE 101
Lesson - 1
An Overview on
Computer System
Summer 2011
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This Lesson Includes Following section
The parts of the computer system
Looking Inside the machine
Software bring the machine to life
Computers Today
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Page:3
A computer is a electronic device which-
can responds to a specific set ofinstructions in a well-defined manner.
can execute a prerecorded list of
instructions (a program).
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• User• Data
• Software• Hardware
What How
WhoWhich
A complete computer system includes four distinct parts Page:30
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A computer hardware consists of electronicdevice; the part we can see and touch.
The term "device" refers to any piece of hardware
used by the computer, keyboard, monitor, modem,mouse, etc.
A computer hardware consists of many differentpart. They are divided in two different groups.
Internal HardwareExternal Hardware
Page: 30 to 36 Lesson 1B
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Internal Hardware: An Internal Hardware means
hardware that surrounded by the computer's casing.
External Hardware: By external hardware we mean allthe computer device that we can see from outside.
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Software
Page:39, 40 of book
What is Software?
Software is a set of electronic instructions that tells the
computer how to do certain tasks. A set of instructions is
often called a program.
The two most common types of programs are :
•System software• Application software.
What is System Software?
System Software refers to the operating system and all
utility programs that manage computer resources at a low
level. Systems software includes compilers, loaders,
linkers, and debuggers.
What is Application Software?
Applications software comprises programs designed for an
end user, such as word processors, database systems,and spreadsheet programs.
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System Software – Operating System
Operating Systems: Page 209
An Operating system is a program that controls the hardware directly.
They provides an interface between the user and the computer
hardware.
They provide a way for applications software to communicate with the
hardware. The OS is a program that conducts the communication between
the various pieces of hardware like the video card, sound card, printer, the
motherboard and the applications.
They manage the system resourses such as memory and also allocate
CPU time to the task being run.
They manage system security.
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System Software – Operating System
Function of the Operating Systems: Page 209 to 220
UserInterface
ResourseManagement
TaskManagement
FileManagement
Secuity Utilities
User Interface
The User interface is what you see when you turn on the computer. It
Consists of the cursors, prompts, icons, menus, etc.
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Operating System – User Interface
Type of User Interface: Page 212 to 216
User Interfaces can be:
1 • Command Driven
2 • Menu Driven
3 • Graphical (GUI – Graphical User Interface)
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OS – User Interface – GUI
GUI Component : Page 212 to 214Main four components found in most graphical user interfaces.
Graphical User Interface
GUI ToolsApplication
and theInterface
MenusDialoge
Box
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OS – User Interface – GUI
Designing a user interface: Page 210 to 214
To make an interface as user friendly as possible it is necessary
to take care when designing it and takes into account the
following:
User
Interface•Consistency
•Positioning of item on Screen
•Use of Color
•Use of sounds
•Availability of help
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System Software – Operating System
Operating system’s role in running software programs:
Page 212 to 220
1 •Basic Services
2 •Sharing Information
3
•Multi-Tasking
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Software
Software
SystemSoftware
SystemManagement
Program
SystemSupportProgram
SystemDevelopment
Program
ApplicationSoftware
GenarelApplicationProgram
SpecificApplication
Progral
Page 39,40
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The Part of Computer system - Data
Data consists of raw facts, which the computer canmanipulate and process into information that is useful topeople.
Computerized data is digital, meaning that it has beenreduced to digits, or numbers. The computer stores andreads all data as numbers.
Although computers use data in digital form, they convertdata into forms that people can understand, such as text,numerals, sounds, and images.
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The Part of Computer system - USERS
People are the computer's operators, orusers.
Some types of computers can operatewithout much intervention from people,
but personal computers are designedspecifically for use by people.
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Looking inside the machine
A computer hardware devices are categorizedas follows:
CPU
•Processor•Memory / Storage Device
•Control Unit
(I/O) Device
•
Input Device•Output Device
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How Computer Process Data
Where Processing Occurs:
•The Control Unit•The Arithmetic Logic Unit
•Machine Cycles
•Processing takes place in the PC's central processing unit (CPU).
•The system's memory also plays a crucial role in processing data.
•Both the CPU and memory are
attached to the system's
motherboard, which connects allthe computer's devices together,
enabling them to communicate.
Page: 142
How Computer Process Data
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How Computer Process Data –
The Control Unit
The two main parts of a CPU are the control unit and the arithmetic logicunit (ALU)
• The control unit directs the flow of data through the CPU, and to
and from other devices.
• The control unitstores the CPU's
microcode, which
contains the
instructions for
all the tasks the
CPU canperform.
Page: 142
How Computer Process Data
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How Computer Process Data –
The Arithmatic Logic Unit
•The actual manipulation of data takes place in the ALU. Page 142
•The ALU can perform arithmetic and logic operations.
•The ALU is connected to a set of registers—small memory areas in the CPU, which hold
data and program instructions while they are being processed
Arithmetic
Operations
Logical
Operations
+ Add , equal to, not equal to
Subtract >, > greater than, not greater than
x Multiply <, < less than, not less than
Divide , greater than or equal to,
not greater than or equal to
^ Raise by a power , less than or equal to,
not less than or equal to
ALU Operations List
How Computer Process Data
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How Computer Process Data –
Machine Cycle
•The CPU follows a set of steps-called a machine cycle-for each instruction it
carries out.
•By using a technique called pipelining, many CPUs can process more than one
instruction at a time.
•The machine cycle includes two smaller cycles:
During the instruction cycle, the
CPU "fetches" a command or data
from memory and "decodes" it for the
CPU.
During the execution cycle, theCPU carries out the instruction, and
may store the instruction's result in
memory.
Page 142, 143
L ki i id th hi M
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Looking inside the machine – Memory(Count.) The smallest usable unit of measure for memory is the byte
The amount of memory required to hold one character, like theletter A or the numeral 2. Computers work with larger chunks of data, measured in multiplebytes, as shown below:
1 •byte = 8 bits
1 •kilobyte (K / Kb) = 2^10 bytes = 1,024 bytes
1 •megabyte (M / MB) = 2^20 bytes = 1,048,576 bytes
1 •gigabyte (G / GB) = 2^30 bytes = 1,073,741,824 bytes
1 •terabyte (T / TB) = 2^40 bytes = 1,099,511,627,776 bytes
1 •petabyte (P / PB) = 2^50 bytes = 1,125,899,906,842,624 bytes
1 •1 exabyte (E / EB) = 2^60 bytes = 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 bytes
C t T d
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Computers Today
Supercomputers
Mainframe Computers
Minicomputers
Workstations
Microcomputers, orPersonal Computers
Page 9 to 15
S t
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Supercomputer
A supercomputer is a computer that is considered, or was considered atthe time of its introduction, to be at the frontline in terms of processingcapacity, particularly speed of calculation.
Supercomputers introduced in the 1960s were designed primarily bySeymour Cray at Control Data Corporation (CDC), and led the marketinto the 1970s until Cray left to form his own company, Cray Research.
Today, supercomputers are typically one-of-a-kind custom designs produced by "traditional" companies such as IBM and HP, who had
purchased many of the 1980s companies to gain their experience,although still specializes in building supercomputer
The term supercomputer itself is rather fluid, and today's supercomputertends to become tomorrow's normal computer.
S percomp ter
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Supercomputer –
Common Uses
Supercomputers are used for
Highly calculation- Intensive tasks such as problems involving quantum mechanical
physics,
Weather forecasting, climate research (including research into globalwarming),
Molecular modeling (computing the structures and properties ofchemical compounds, biological macromolecules, polymers, andcrystals),
Physical simulations (such as simulation of airplanes in wind tunnels,
Simulation of the detonation of nuclear weapons, and research intonuclear fusion),
Cryptanalysis, and the like. Major universities, military agencies. Scientific research laboratories are heavy users.
Page 15
S t T d
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Supercomputer – Today
Roadrunner is a supercomputer built by IBMat the Los Alamos National Laboratory inNew Mexico, USA. Currently the world'sfastest computer,
Price - US$133-million = TK 919,99,99,977.00
M i f C t
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Mainframe Computer
• Mainframes are computers used mainly by large organizations for critical
applications, typically bulk data processing such as census, industry andconsumer statistics, ERP, and financial transaction processing.
• Mainframe computers can support hundreds or thousands of users,
handling massive amounts of input, output, and storage.
• Mainframe computers are used in large organizations where many usersneed access to shared data and programs. Mainframes are also used as e-
commerce servers, handling transactions over the Internet.
• Nearly all mainframes have the ability to run (or host) multiple operating
systems and thereby operate not as a single computer but as a number of
virtual machines. In this role, a single mainframe can replace dozens or
even hundreds of smaller servers, reducing management and
administrative costs while providing greatly improved scalability and
reliability.
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Mini Computer
• Minicomputers are smaller than mainframes but
larger than microcomputers.• Minicomputers usually have multiple terminals.
• Minicomputers may be used as network serversand Internet servers.
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Workstations
• Workstations are powerful single-user
computers.• Workstations are used for tasks that require a
great deal of number-crunching power, such asproduct design and computer animation.
• Workstations are often used as network andInternet servers.
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Microcomputers
• Microcomputers are more commonly known as personalcomputers. The term "PC" is applied to IBM-PCs orcompatible computers.
• Full-size desktop computers are the most common type of
PC.
• Notebook (laptop) computers are used by people whoneed the power of a desktop system, but also portability.
•
Handheld PCs (such as PDAs) lack the power of adesktop or notebook PC, but offer features for users whoneed limited functions and small size.
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Microcomputers Today
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Any Question
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Thank You
“Its not the end, its not even the beginning of the end.
Its only the end of beginning.”