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Guinean fisheries, past, present and...future-Belhabib et al. 91
Guinean fisheries, past, present and...future?1
Dyhia Belhabib1, Alkaly Doumbouya2, Ibrahima Diallo2, Sory Traore2, Youssouf Camara2, Duncan Copeland1, Beatrice Gorez3, Sarah Harper1, Dirk Zeller1 and Daniel Pauly1
1Sea Around Us Project, Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
2Centre National des Sciences Halieutiques de Boussoura – CNSHBBP: 4334–Conakry/ République de GUINEE
3Coalition for fair fishing agreementsChaussée de Waterloo 244 Bruxelles 1060 Belgique
[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected];
[email protected]; [email protected]
abstract
Guinea is known for the wealth of its fisheries resources, targeted by both the domestic as well as foreign legal and illegal fleets. Domestic fisheries catches along the Guinean coast between 1950 and 2010 were estimated at 8.3 million t, compared to 2 million t of landings as reported to FAO. Small-scale fisheries subsectors accounted for over 5.6 million t. Foreign fisheries, with an estimated 22.6 million t between 1950 and 2010, constituted the bulk of fisheries removals in Guinean waters, and threaten the sustainability of Guinea’s already over-exploited fisheries. These fleets caught over 3 times the maximum potential catch estimated by the Guinean government. This poses serious concerns regarding the domestic food security of Guinea, as well as livelihood of fishers and the local economy, as thousands of jobs are lost to illegal foreign fishing.
introduction
Guinea is located in the ‘corner’ of North West Africa, with Guinea Bissau to the North and Sierra Leone, Liberia and Côte d’Ivoire to the south (Figure 1). With an Exclusive Economic Zone of 59,400 km2 (www.seaaroundus.org) and the largest continental shelf of North West Africa (second in all of West Africa), Guinea enjoys a productive marine environment induced by the Guinea Current upwelling system.
Historically, Guinea was one of the first countries of the West African French colonial empire to gain independence from France in 1958. After independence, Guinea suffered governance issues, a succession of political conflicts, poverty and food security crises, and the Guinean population has been under the risk of serious hunger for decades (Anon. 2004; von Grebmer et al. 2010; Anon. 2011b). With an annual per capita consumption spendings of US$ 175-452, half of the population lives under the poverty line and 13% in extreme poverty (Anon. 2004; www.worldbank.org [2012]).
More than 1.5 million people directly depend on fish for their livelihoods, with 60% of the protein intake of the Guinean population from fish (Goujet et al. 1992; Anon. 2003; N’Dia 2004; WFC 2005). The Guinean population suffers from malnutrition and animal protein deficits (Lopriore and Muehlhoff 2003; Touré 2006), which can be related to declining fish productivity (Figure 2) caused by over-exploitation (Gascuel et al. 2009). It is clear, however, that fisheries, if well managed, could provide more security in terms of food and income to local communities. Fisheries management initiatives should be supported by fisheries catch data for local and foreign sectors in the Guinean EEZ. This is far from being the case. Moreover, Guinea is known to be the country most strongly affected by illegal fishing in West Africa, which makes it one of the worst cases of illegal fishing in the world (Godoy 2010). It is important to better understand how much fish is taken from Guinean waters, before attempting to make any plan on how management incentives should be implemented. Not surprisingly, without proper knowledge of long-term
1 Cite as: Belhabib, D., Doumbouya, A., Diallo, I., Traore, S., Camara, Y., Copeland, D., Gorez, B., Harper, S., Zeller, D. and Pauly, D. (2013) Guinean fisheries, past, present and... future?. pp 91-104. In: Belhabib, D., Zeller, D., Harper, S. and Pauly, D. (eds.), Marine fisheries catches in West Africa, 1950-2010, part I. Fisheries Centre Research Reports 20 (3). Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, Canada [ISSN 1198-6727].
Figure 1. Map of Guinea showing the Guinean EEZ.
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fisheries removals in Guinean waters, many fisheries development initiatives since the 1950s have failed, since they prioritized the expansion of fishing as key to ‘sustainable development’ (Kaczynski and Fluharty 2002).
The available literature on fisheries in Guinea documents an artisanal sector comprised of traditional fishing with pirogues of less than 12 m since the 1950s, and advanced artisanal fishing (or semi-industrial fishing) with trawlers under 100 GRT, and to a lesser extent, an industrial demersal fishing sector (Chavance and Diallo 1996; Damiano 1999; Gascuel et al. 2009) alongside the foreign industrial sector which is prominent in Guinean waters (Lesnoff et al. 1999). Subsistence fishing is also important in Guinea and constitutes an important source of protein for the Guinean population (Chavance and Diallo 1996; Chauveau et al. 2000; Sidibe 2003). Guinea was handing out fishing licenses to foreign fleets in the early 1950s, even before the declaration of the Guinean EEZ in 1980, and the definition of artisanal fishing zones in 1985 (Lesnoff et al. 1999). Artisanal fishing zones are also subject to non-authorized exploitation by foreign vessels operating illegally (Gorez 2010). This paper analyses the fisheries in one of the poorest countries of the world and reconstructs historic fisheries catches (1950-2010) using the method described by Zeller et al. (2007) in an attempt to provide a more realistic estimate of Guinean fisheries removals including the prominent foreign catches.
Methods
Reported fisheries landings time series were extracted from the Food and Agriculture Organisation database (FishstatJ) covering the 1950-2010 time-period, and used as a reporting baseline for this study. Effort time series including the number of artisanal and industrial vessels were available through the ‘Centre national des sciences halieutiques de Boussoura’ (CNSHB) and an extensive literature review that covered the period from 1950 to 2010. Effort estimates combined with catch per unit of effort estimates (CPUE) allowed estimating total catches for industrial (domestic and foreign) and artisanal sectors in the Guinean Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), from which subsistence fisheries and discards were inferred.
Artisanal fisheries
Artisanal fishing in Guinea is conducted by canoe-type boats of less than 12 m. This sector includes all motorized and unmotorized canoes as long as their activity is defined as artisanal for commercial purposes by the Guinean legislation. This sector operates in Guinea since 1950. This definition excludes the Senegalese Yoli-type pirogues that target sharks for their fins since the mid-1980s. Official artisanal fishing effort surveys in Guinea started in 1989 (Gascuel et al. 2009). These surveys included catches since the mid-1990s (Chavance 2002). The number of traditional artisanal pirogues was documented in the 1950s, 1980s, 1990s and 2000s (Table 1), from which we derived a complete series for the 1950-2010 time-period by linear interpolations. We estimated a catch per unit of effort (CPUE) of 29.8 t·boat-1·year-1 by dividing a catch of 53,300 t·year-1 in 1989 (Chavance and Domalain 1999) by the corresponding effort of 1,788 pirogues (Gascuel et al. 2009; Anon. 2011a). Given that most fishers (also farmers) were operating part-time (50%) in the agricultural sector in the early 1950s (Chavance and Domalain 1999), we divided the 1989 CPUE by two, which accounted for the time spent fishing, then again by two to account for the lower efficiency of the non-motorized pirogues used in the 1950s compared to the 1980s (Sidibe 2003), considering that increasing technology and modernization (motorization) lead to considerably higher catches (Mathew 2001). Therefore, the CPUE in 1950 was estimated at 75% of the CPUE in 1989, i.e., 22.4 t·boat-1·year-1. Discussions with local representatives or artisanal fisheries revealed that although Guinean waters are heavily over-exploited (Figure
Table 1. Artisanal effort anchor points and the corresponding CPUE. Interpolations are indicated by ‘-’.
Year Number of boats
Source CPUE (t·boat-1·year-1)
1950 1,000 Bouju (1993) 22.4a
1951-1982 - -1983 1,700 Pollnac (1985) -1984 1,700 Weber and Durand (1986) -1985-1988 - -1989 1,788 Gascuel et al. (2009) 29.8b
1990-1991 - -1992 2,306 Chavance and Diallo (1996) -1993-1994 - -1995 2,343 CNSHB 1995-2004 in Gascuel et al. (2009) -1996 2,358 CNSHB 1995-2004 in Gascuel et al. (2009) -1997 2,561 CNSHB 1995-2004 in Gascuel et al. (2009) -1998 2,361 CNSHB 1995-2004 in Gascuel et al. (2009) -1999 2,361 CNSHB 1995-2004 in Gascuel et al. (2009) -2000 2,564 CNSHB 1995-2004 in Gascuel et al. (2009) -2001 3,637 CNSHB 1995-2012, unpub. data -2002 3,636 CNSHB 1995-2004 in Gascuel et al. (2009) -2003 3,636 CNSHB 1995-2004 in Gascuel et al. (2009) -2004 3,636 CNSHB 1995-2004 in Gascuel et al. (2009) -2009 6,025 CNSHB 1995-2012, unpub. data2010 6,030 CNSHB 1995-2012, unpub. datad 26.8a
a) Assumption; b) Chavance and Domalain (1999).
Figure 2. Relative abundance in the marine environment from 1985 to 1995, adapted from trawl surveys documented Domain et al. (1999), updated by the CNSHB.
Guinean fisheries, past, present and...future-Belhabib et al. 93
2), artisanal fishers increased the time spent at sea per day, and the distance to fishing grounds, as well as the total number of days per year. Therefore, we assumed the catch per year was 10% lower in 2010 compared to 1989 (i.e., 26.8 t·boat-1·year-1) to account for this increase in the intensity of fishing, which illustrates via increasing costs the over-exploitation of Guinean coastal fisheries resources (Domain 1999; Gascuel et al. 2009). Furthermore, during discussions within the CNSHB with local experts, fishers representatives noted that annual artisanal catch per boat was much higher than the official estimate of 16 t·boat-1·year-1. We believe this further illustrates the importance of the unreported component in the 2000s as shown previously in the study of Chavance and Domalain (1999). Thereafter, we performed a linear interpolation between CPUE anchor points (Table 1), and then multiplied the resulting rates by the estimated number of pirogues. To derive a taxonomic breakdown, we applied the average species disaggregation provided by Gascuel et al. (2009), accounting for a multi-gear artisanal fishery from 1985 to 2004 (Table 2).
Semi-industrial fisheries
Semi-industrial fishing is also commonly called advanced-artisanal fishing in some countries of West Africa2. This sector in Guinea is operated by trawlers of which the capacity is under 100 GRT. Although this sector started in 1981, it only expanded from 1985 onward (Chavance and Diallo 1996), with the first vessels delivered from Spain (Damiano 1999). Anchor points for the number of vessels (exclusively trawlers) were available from Damiano (1999), Bah et al. (2002) and Richard et al. (2006). We assumed effort from 2006 to 2010 was constant since the overall artisanal effort was constant over the same time period (Table 3). We then interpolated linearly to complete the time series. CPUE rates were estimated at 122 t·boat-1·year-1 for 1981 and 111 t·boat-1·year-1 for 2002 based on catch and effort estimates by Damiano (1999), Chavance and Diallo (1996) and Bah et al. (2002). We assumed a 10% lower CPUE for 2010, i.e., 100 t·boat-
1·year-1. This rather low decreased in CPUE, despite strong over-exploitation of Guinean fisheries resources, is justified by the increasing fishing capacity (e.g., the number of fishing days per year per boat). We interpolated linearly between the CPUE rates and applied these to the estimated effort (Table 3). Thereafter, we disaggregated catches using the taxonomic breakdown provided by Damiano (1999, Table 4).
Subsistence fisheries
Small-scale fishing before the 1980s was mainly for subsistence (Chavance 1999). Guineans, along with other migrant fisher groups from Ghana and Sierra Leone, were catching fish for personal consumption. Subsistence fishing in Guinea can be land-based or operated by dugout-canoe type boats propelled by paddle, sail and/or motor of less than 25 hp, mostly of 8 and 15 hp. The most important part of small-scale fishing was thus for subsistence in the 1950s and 1960s (Chauveau et al. 2000). Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that at least the equivalent of the commercial catch (i.e., the equivalent of 100% of artisanal catch) was caught for personal consumption, i.e., subsistence from 1950 to 1980 when the Guinean EEZ was declared. In the last decade (2000s), a portion of small-scale catches intended for commercialization were kept for personal consumption (N’Dia 2004). Consequently, we assumed that subsistence catches from 2000 to 2010 were equivalent to 10% and 5% of the artisanal catch respectively, which we interpolated. We interpolated from 100% in 1980 to 30% in 2000 to complete 2 For the purposes of the Sea Around Us Project, the semi-industrial sector was treated as ‘industrial’.
Table 2. Breakdown of artisanal species by Gascuel et al. (2009).
Taxon name Scientific name Percentage (%)Bonga shad Ethmalosa fimbriata 53Bobo croaker Pseudotolithus elongatus 8Sardinellas Sardinella spp. 7Guinean sea catfish Arius spp. 7Croakers Pseudotolithus spp. 6Seabreams Sparus spp. 6Mullets Mugilidae 3Royal threadfin Pentanemus quinquarius 2Demersal fishes - 2Jacks Caranx spp. 1Grunt Pomadasys spp. 1Soles Solea spp. 1Giant African threadfin Polydactylus quadrifilis 0.9Rays Elasmobranchii 0.5Sharks Elasmobranchii 0.5Large pelagics Scombroids 0.5Barracudas Sphyraena spp. 0.5Lesser African threadfin Galeoides decadactylus 0.1
Table 3. Semi-industrial effort anchor points and the corresponding CPUE. ‘-’ indicate Interpolations.
Year Number of boats
Source CPUE(t·boat-1·year-1)
1950 0 Assumptiona 01980 0 Assumptiona 01981 1 Damiano (1999) 122b
1982 1 Damiano (1999) -1983 1 Damiano (1999) -1984 1 Damiano (1999) -1985 2 Damiano (1999) -1986 5 Damiano (1999) -1987 7 Damiano (1999) -1989 17 Damiano (1999) 122c
1990 11 Damiano (1999) -1991 9 Damiano (1999) -1992 11 Damiano (1999) -1993 16 Damiano (1999) -1995 10 CNSHB, unpub. data1996 11 CNSHB, unpub. data -1997 10 CNSHB, unpub. data1998 4 CNSHB, unpub. data1999-2000 0 CNSHB, unpub. data2001 - -
2002 18 Bah et al. (2002) 111d
2003-2005 - -2006 14 Richard et al. (2006) -2007-2009 - -2010 14 Assumed constant 100c
a) Advanced artisanal fishing started in 1981 (Damiano 1999);b) Derived from the available average catch per day of 0.9653 t·boat-1·day-1 for 1989 and the number of fishing days for 1981 (126 days) (Damiano 1999);c) Assumption;d) Derived from a catch of 2000 tonnes and an effort of 18 vessels for 2002 (Bah et al. 2002).
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the time series, and then applied the resulting rates to the reconstructed artisanal catch from 1950 to 2010. Bonga shad (Ethmalosa fimbriata), sardinellas (Sardinella spp.) and other small pelagics (Clupeidae) are the main taxa kept for subsistence in Guinea (Goujet et al. 1992), and were assigned to the estimated subsistence catch equally (33% per taxon).
Industrial
Domestic
Guinean industrial fishing is mostly composed of trawlers operating under joint venture arrangements (Sidibe 2003). Joint ventures are second-generation fishing agreements which allow the transfer of part of a vessel ownership to a third party in the host country and commonly translate into reflagging vessels. In Guinea, it mainly consists of reflagging foreign vessels, but with highly variable or no real Guinean ownership. This fishery started in 1950 (Moal 1961 in Lesnoff et al. 1999). N’Dia (2004) provided effort data with 23 vessels in 1985, 13 in 2002, and 12 in 2004, which then represented 7% of the total industrial fleet including foreign vessels. We assumed that this rate remained constant until 2010, and calculated the number of vessels to be 13 trawlers. To reconstruct catches by these joint venture vessels, we first interpolated effort data of the number of trawlers per year from zero vessels in 1950 to 23 trawlers in 1985, and performed a series of linear interpolations to complete the time series. We multiplied this effort by the CPUE of 2,400 t·boat-1·year-1 (Kaczynski 1989) from 1950 to 2010, assuming the resulting decline in CPUE caused by over-exploitation (Gascuel et al. 2009) would be compensated for with increasing vessel capacity and the number of fishing trips.
Foreign
Herein, we first estimated total foreign catches by the legal fleets using an overall average CPUE, then we separately estimated catches by the Chinese fleet, as a subset, using a CPUE that is typical of the Chinese fleet. Catches by the EU fleet were also estimated as a subset of total foreign catches. The remaining foreign catch (after subtracting Chinese and EU catches) were disagregated per beneficial country of origin and per taxon.
Total foreign catches: Although Guinea declared its EEZ in 1980, the first formal industrial fishing licences were distributed in the early 1970s (Lesnoff et al. 1999; Sidibe 2003), and Moal (1961 in Lesnoff et al. 1999) already documented foreign industrial trawlers operating in Guinea’s EEZ equivalent waters in the 1950s. Industrial fishing effort by gear type from 1950 to 2003 was reconstructed and interpolated for years when data were not available (Table 5), while the 2005 data point was fragmentary, the total effort was available for 2004 (177 vessels) and 2010 (169 vessels) including all gear types
Table 5. Anchor points for annual industrial fishing effort by foreign fleets.Year General
bottom trawlers
Demersal fish
trawlers
Cephalopod trawlers
Shrimp trawlers
Small pelagic seiners
Large pelagics (longline and purseiners)
Mixed
1950 12a 1f 1f 1f 0f 0f 0a
1961 12a,b - - - - - -1966 10c - - - - - -1971 - 4g - 1f - - -1972 - 5f - 0f - - -1973 - 9f - 2f - - -1974 - 10f - 3f - - -1975 - 6f - 1f - - 43h
1976 10c 10f - 6f - 0f -1977 - 25f - 4f - 0f -1978 - 48f - 5f - 2f -1979 - 47f 5f 8f - 8f -1980 - 58f 5f 10f - 9f -1981 - 45f 7f 12f - 11f -1982 - 46f 3f 12f - 7f -1983 - 49f 9f 13f - 11f -1984 14d 43f 10f 12f - 21f -1985 - 23f 14f 11f - 45f -1986 - 33f 24f 10f - 28f 0g1987 - 41f 24f 7f - 47f 21g1988 - 31f 18f 9f - 40f 13g
1989 - 11f 19f 8f - 51f 15g
1990 - 49f 31f 13f 0f 41f 11g
1991 - 49f 24f 3f 11f 23f 7g
1992 - 40f 15f 6f 9f 19f 0g
1993 - 36f 64f 8f 8f 23f 0g
1994 - 34f - 5f 4f 24g -1995 - 42g 34g 6h 2g 26g -1996 - 37g 25g 16g 4g 37g -1997 - 72g 55g 24g 6g 38g -1998 - 76g 55g 11g 4g 49g -1999 - 54g 38g 17g 3g 50g -2000 - 75g 58g 45i 5g 43g -2001 - 67g 46g 43i 5g 47g -2002 - 55g 38g 58i 4g 39g -2003 - 61g 42g 18g 5g 43g -a) Assumption ; b) Moal (1961) in Lesnoff et al. (1999); c) Caverivière (1979) in Lesnoff et al. (1999); d) Weber and Durand (1986); e) Richard et al. (2006); f) Lesnoff et al. (1999); g) Sidibe (2003); h) Chavance and Diallo (1996); i) CNSHB (2004).
Table 4. Semi-industrial catches taxonomic breakdown.Taxon name Scientific name Percentage (%)Cassava croaker, longneck croaker and law croaker
Pseudotolithus senegalensis, P. typus and P. brachygnathus
30
Bobo croaker Pseudotolithus elongatus 11Cameroon croaker, Guinea croaker Pseudotolithus epipercus, P. moori 7Royal threadfin Pentanemus quinquarius 6African sicklefish Drepane africana 2Sompat grunt Pomadasys jubelini 1Lesser African threadfin Galeoides decadactylus 17Guinean sea catfish Arius spp. 13Rays Rajiformes 7Other demersal species - 6
Guinean fisheries, past, present and...future-Belhabib et al. 95
(N’Dia 2004; Fontana 1998, in Richard et al. 2006; Diop and Dossa 2011). We calculated the annual sum representing the total effort from 1950 to 2003, then interpolated linearly the total effort by year to 2004 and 2010 to complete the time series. The effort between 1950 and 2003 was documented on the basis of licences; we conservatively assumed each licence accounted for one vessel. Thereafter, we applied an average CPUE of 2,400 t·boat-1·year-1 (Kaczynski 1989) to the total number of vessels. These estimates are considered conservative especially for the earlier time period when fishing licences and vessels were not all reported (Lesnoff et al. 1999). Total foreign catch by all authorized fishing under foreign flags in Guinea’s waters includes catches by the European fleet under EU Fisheries Partnership Agreements (FPAs), China, Japan, Korea, African countries and other fleets notably those from Flag of Convenience countries (FoC).
Industrial catches under EU agreements: Guinea and Europe signed their first fishing access agreements in the early 1980s (N’Dia 2004), for shrimp trawlers from Spain, Portugal and Greece; demersal fish and cephalopod trawlers from Spain, Italy and Greece; tuna seiners and pole and line vessels from France and Spain; and tuna longliners from Portugal and Spain (EU 2004). The number of vessels were available from formal agreements between 1980 and 2010 from the EU agreements database ( http://eur-lex.europa.eu[2012]) which corresponded to the number of EU vessels operating in Guinea (N’Dia 2004) (Table 6). We converted the effort expressed in GRT to the number of vessels using an average of 141 GRT·vessel-1. We then multiplied the number of vessels by the average CPUE of 2,400 t·boat-1·year-1 (Kaczynski 1989) to estimate total catches by the European countries under EU-Guinea agreements. Although European countries benefiting from these agreements are often not specified, based on the European Community – Guinea 2003 agreement (EU 2004), 59% of the effort was from Spain, 20% was from France, 9% was from Greece, 6% from Portugal and 6% from Italy. We assumed these rates were constant from 1980 to 2010, except for Portugal who started fishing in Guinea in 1981 and was no longer under EU agreements after 2007. We allocated 0% of EU catches to Portugal in 1980 and from 2007 to 2010; the remaining 6% (originally Portuguese) was distributed evenly to the remaining countries, i.e., Spain, France, Greece and Italy. Effort estimates under agreements are conservative, since they only include agreements between Guinea and the EU on behalf of EU countries, whereas other occasional government fishing agreements and joint ventures (for example with Spain and Greece) were documented for the 1970s and 1980s, but not accounted for in this estimation (Weber and Durand 1986).
The Chinese distant water fleet: The Chinese distant water fishing fleet was operating in Guinea between the 1950s and 2010 (Lesnoff et al. 1999), until the 2000s with formal fishing access agreements mainly for cephalopod and demersal resources (Lesnoff et al. 1999; Sidibe 2003; Anon. 2012). To estimate the number of Chinese vessels operating under licence in Guinea, we divided the reported total GRT (N’Dia 2004) by an average GRT of 250 GRT·vessel-1 (Anon. 2003) (Table 7) of which 55% were targeting cephalopods and 45% demersal fish and crustaceans (N’Dia 2004). We performed a series of linear interpolations to complete the effort time series between 1950 and 2010 (Table 7). We then multiplied the derived effort time-series by a CPUE of 221 t·boat-1·year-1 for cephalopod vessels
Table 6. Number of vessels per gear type from the European Union under formal agreements (EU 2004; N’Dia 2004; EU 2009).
Year Tuna seiners Small pelagic seiners Longliners (tuna) Trawlers1950 to 1979 0 0 0 01980 25 25 0 121981 25 25 0 121982 25 25 0 121983 25 25 0 121984 25 25 0 121985 45 25 6 121986 45 25 6 121987 45 25 6 121988 45 25 6 121989 45 25 10 121990 45 25 10 121991 24 8 5 121992 24 10 5 171993 24 10 5 171994 28 7 7 201995 28 7 7 201996 33 13 28 201997 33 13 28 201998 36 14 22 181999 38 14 16 162000 38 14 16 162001 38 14 16 162002 38 14 16 162003 38 14 16 162004 34 12 16 702005 31 10 15 602006 28 8 15 502007 24 6 15 412008 21 4 15 312009 17 2 14 212010 14 0 14 12
Table 7. Anchor points for annual fishing effort in capacity converted to number of Chinese vessels operating in the Guinea EEZ.
Year GRT trawlers GRT CephalopodTrawlers
Number of vessels
Source
1950 0 0 0 assumption1996 1,500 2,048 26 N’Dia (2004)1997 1,500 2,048 26 N’Dia (2004)2000 1,000 2,200 22 N’Dia (2004)2001 1,000 2,200 22 N’Dia (2004)2003 800 1,500 16 N’Dia (2004)2004 800 1,500 16 N’Dia (2004)2010 NA NA 30 Anon. (2012)
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and 1,252 t·boat-1·year-1 for trawlers (Pauly et al. 2012). Assuming a constant CPUE overtime for the Chinese fleet particularly highlights the compensation due to first increasing fishing capacity per boat, but also refflects upon the increasing unregulated practices of the Chinese fleet fishing in the artisanal and near-shore zones of Guinea, on contrast to fleets of other origin. These vessels were operating under licence with Guinea. Although we assumed all catches were exclusively from the Guinean EEZ, these estimates remain conservative since they do not account for the occasional and seasonal Chinese fleets operating in Guinea. Catches of the demersal and cephalopod fleets consist to 50% of scianids (Pseudotolithus senegalensis, P. typus, P. elongatus, Cynoglossus canariensis, C. monody, C. senegalensis, Arius heudeloti, A. istiscutatus, A. parkii, Galeoides decadactylus, Pomadasys incisus, P. jubelini), 44% of cephalopods (Sepia spp. and other cephalopods), 2.4% of sparids (Pagellus bellottii and Sparus caeruleostictus) and 3.6% of crustaceans (Penaeus notialis, P. kerathurus and Perapenaeopsis atlantica) (Lesnoff et al. 1999). We used these rates to disaggregate Chinese catches from Guinean waters.
Other fleets: The difference between the total estimated catch and the sum of European (Greece, Italy, Portugal, Spain and France) and Chinese catches was allocated to other flags operating under licences in the Guinean EEZ (Table 8). We determined the presence or absence of a foreign fishing country per year based on a literature review, i.e., when a country is mentioned as fishing in Guinea’s waters, then that country was present during that year. We assumed the absence of literature documenting a country fishing in Guinea meant the absence of that country during that period/year, and the first time this country was mentioned would correspond to the first year it started fishing in Guinea. According to the presence or absence of a country in the Guinean EEZ, we first assumed an even distribution by country depending on the number of countries operating and the start and end of fishing operations by country. For example, the former USSR (Russia and Ukraine) were the only fleet fishing in Guinea from 1950 to 1957, therefore, we allocated 100% of catches to these former Soviet republics from 1950 to 1957. In 1958, Korea, Poland and Germany started fishing in the Guinean EEZ, we allocated 0% of the catch to these countries in 1957, and then interpolated from these rates to 20% for each country (USSR, Korea, Poland, Germany) in 1965 assuming approximately the same catch per country. In 1966, USA, Japan, Liberia, Ghana Ivory Coast and Senegal started industrial fishing operations in Guinea; therefore they were allocated 0% in 1965 increasing linearly to 10% for each country in 1970, right before Malta (mostly Korean reflagged vessels), Sierra Leone and Senegal started fishing in Guinea etc. This rationale assumes an even distribution of catches where countries which started fishing earlier get a higher percentage of unallocated catches in the earliest time-periods, decreasing thereafter when other countries start fishing.
Illegal fishing
There are three main types of illegal fishing in Guinea: fishing without a licence (42% of the cases), industrial fishing in artisanal zones (21%, i.e., the equivalent of 50% of illegal unlicensed vessels), and fishing using illegal gear (31%) (EJF 2006; Gorez 2010). In this study, we only estimated catches by non-licenced or non-authorized foreign vessels as a conservative approach to avoid double counting, since legal vessels may have been using illegal mesh size or operating in artisanal zones. Foreign fleets operate increasingly in Guinea without authorizations (Godoy 2010). In 2006, illegal fishing by foreign fleets represented the equivalent of 63% of legal landings, when 22 boats of an observed total of 104 boats were illegal (EJF 2006). Chinese vessels (including under flags from Belize and Panama) represented 50% to 60% of illegal fishing vessels (Dobo 2009; EJF 2009; Mallory 2012). The remaining countries include South Korea (with flags from Korea, and FoC countries like Malta, Panama and Belize), vessels reflagged to Guinea and to Senegal and others (Anon. 2006; EJF 2009). We estimated that illegal vessels represented the equivalent of 13% of the legal fleet in 2006, i.e., 22 vessels (EJF 2006) divided by the total legal fleet in 2006 (176 vessels). We then applied this percentage to the total legal fleet from 1950 to 2010. Catches taken before the declaration of the EEZ are considered legal but unregulated in this study. Thereafter, we distributed catches by flag, where China represented 60% of catches, and the remaining catch was allocated evenly between Korea, Guinea, Senegal and others.
Although industrial catches in artisanal areas are already accounted for here, since the catch reconstruction disregards the zone of the catch, it is important to establish an estimated amount taken from reserved artisanal fishing zones in Guinea. The equivalent of 50% of illegal catches are caught within artisanal zones (Gorez 2010).
Table 8. Countries operating in the Guinean EEZ under agreements.Country Period SourceRussia 1950-2000s Lesnoff et al. (1999); Sidibe (2003)Ukraine 1950-2000s Lesnoff et al. (1999); Sidibe (2003)Korea 1958-2010 Weber and Durand (1986); Lesnoff et al. (1999);
Sidibe (2003); Gorez (2010)Poland 1958-2010 Lesnoff et al. (1999)Japan 1966-mid 2000s Weber and Durand (1986); OECD (2010)Yugoslavia 1966-1984 Weber and Durand (1986)Maltaa 1971-2000 Sidibe (2003)Germany 1958-1984 Lesnoff et al. (1999)Liberiaa, b 1966-1986 Weber and Durand (1986); Lesnoff et al. (1999);
Sidibe (2003); Dobo (2009)Ghanaa, b 1966-1986 Weber and Durand (1986); Lesnoff et al. (1999);
Sidibe (2003); Dobo (2009)Côte d’ivoire 1966-2010 Weber and Durand (1986); Lesnoff et al. (1999);
Sidibe (2003); Dobo (2009)USA 1966-2010 Weber and Durand (1986); Lesnoff et al. (1999);
Sidibe (2003); Dobo (2009)Senegal 1971-2010 Weber and Durand (1986); Lesnoff et al. (1999);
Sidibe (2003); Dobo (2009)Sierra Leone 1971-2010 Weber and Durand (1986); Lesnoff et al. (1999);
Sidibe (2003); Dobo (2009)a) Korean vessels reflagged.b) Operating under joint ventures with Guinea.
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Therefore, we applied the latter rate to the estimated illegal catch from 1950 to 2010, to retrace illegal catches in artisanal areas.
Discards
Discards in the industrial fisheries of Guinea (domestic and foreign) are important and range between 40% and 67% of demersal fish catches (discarding mainly cephalopods), 78% to 150% of shrimp catches and 82% of cephalopod catches from 1986 to 1998 (Weber and Durand 1986; Sidibe 2003). Artisanal fisheries discards ranged between 10% and 15% of the artisanal catches (Weber and Durand 1986) and here were assumed to be constant. Therefore, to estimate discards by sector, we assumed discard rates were constant from 1950 to 1986 for industrial fisheries, and during the 1950-1986 and 1998- 2010 time periods for artisanal fisheries. Comparative results by Sidibe (2003) show a 6% decrease in the catch kept onboard industrial vessels since 1998, i.e., here increase in discards by 6% from 1998 to 2010. We interpolated linearly the above mentioned discard rates by sector from 1986 to 1998 for artisanal fisheries, and from 1986 to 1998, then from 1998 to 2010 for industrial fisheries. We applied these discard rates to the reconstructed demersal fish, shrimp and cephalopod catch for the domestic and foreign sectors along with artisanal domestic reconstructed catches. We performed a species breakdown for large-scale shrimp and cephalopod sector discards using the estimated discard rates per species by Sidibé et al. (2003), i.e., 71% of lesser African threadfin catches, 53% of bobo croaker catches, 35% of longneck croaker catches and 28% of the Cassava croaker catch by calculating corresponding species rates and assuming 20% is unknown fish species, we disaggregated the remaining 80% to include the four species listed above.
results
Total reconstructed catches in Guinea
Total catches (domestic and foreign) taken in Guinea’s waters between 1950 and 2010 accounted for 31.8 million t (Figure 3a). Guinean domestic catches were estimated at 8.4 million t between 1950 and 2010 compared to 2 million t of landings as reported by FAO, i.e., 4.2 times as high (Figure 3b). Domestic catches in the Guinean EEZ increased from 47,800 t·year-1 in 1950 to a first peak of around 178,000 t·year-1 in 1985, decreasing in the late 1990s, and then increased again and reach their maximum of 231,000 t·year-1 in 2009, i.e., over twice as high as the data supplied to FAO (81,000 t·year-1) (Figure 3b). Over a total of 8.4 million t, 130,000 were caught by industrial vessels of foreign beneficial ownership reflagged to Guinea.
Guinean domestic catches were almost as high as foreign industrial catches including illegal removals between 1950 and the early-1970s, with a total domestic catch of 2.3 million t compared to a foreign catch of 2.3 million t between 1950 and 1973 (Figure 3a). This trend has changed since the early 1980s, after Guinea declared its EEZ, when foreign catches (19.2 million t) were over three times the reconstructed
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Figure 4. Total reconstructed artisanal catches by Guinea compared to data supplied to the FAO, 1950-2010.
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domestic catch (5.1 million t) between 1980 and 2010 (Figure 3a).
Domestic catch breakdown is dominated by Bonga shad, other small pelagics including sardinella, and cephalopods (Figure 3c).
Reconstructed catches by sector
Artisanal
Artisanal landed catches (i.e., excluding discards) were estimated at 3.4 million t for the period between 1950 and 2010, increasing from around 22,000 t·year-1 in 1950, to a plateau of 101,000 t·year-1 in the eary 2000s (Figure 4). Thereafter, catches increased, driven by the increase in the fishing effort to a maximum of 156,000 t·year-1 in 2009 (Figure 4). Artisanal catches were constituted mainly of Bonga shad, sardinellas and croakers.
Semi-industrial fisheries
Semi-industrial catches were estimated at around 40,000 t between 1950 and 2010, which is less than 1% of the total reconstructed catch (Figure 3b). Catches increased from 0 t·year-1 in 1950 to a peak of around 1,900 t·year-1 in 2001 then decreased steadily thereafter. Semi-industrial catches were dominated by croakers (Scianidae).
Subsistence
Subsistence catches increased from 22,400 t·year-1 in 1950 to about 46,000 t·year-1 in 1980 then decreased to 8,200 t·year-1 in 2010 (Figure 5). Subsistence catches totalled around 1.7 million t from 1950 to 2010 which represents 20% of the total reconstructed catch in Guinea since 1950 (Figure 5). This included small pelagic species, mostly sardinella and bonga shad, which accounted for 66% of total subsistence catches.
Industrial
Domestic: Domestic industrial landed catches (i.e., excluding discards) were estimated at 2.1 million t between 1950 and 2010, accounting for 25% of the total domestic catch (Figure 6), and equivalent to over half of the Guinean artisanal catch. Around 130,000 t of these domestic industrial catches were taken by foreign vessels reflagged to Guinea. Industrial catches in the Guinean EEZ increased from 325 in 1950, when the fishery started, to a peak of 58,500 t·year-1 in 1985, then decreased to around 36,000 t·year-1 in 2001 (Figure 6). Guinean industrial catches remained relatively constant during the last decade at about 36,000 t·year-1 (Figure 6).
Foreign: Foreign legal catches (excluding discards)in the Guinean EEZ were estimated at nearly 15 million t over the period from 1950 to 2010. Industrial foreign catches increased from 36,400 t·year-1 in 1950 to their first peak of 351,600 t·year-1 in 1988, i.e, twice as high as total domestic catches (166,400 t·year-1), then decreased to 338,000 t·year-1 in 1993 after the first attempt to limit foreign industrial fishing by Guinea (Figure 7). Thereafter, foreign industrial catches increased drastically to reach a peak of 551,000 t·year-1 in 2000, over 3 times higher than the reconstructed domestic catch in Guinean EEZ (Figure 7), then decreased again to 424,000 t·year-1 in 2010. Overall,
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Figure 5. Reconstructed subsistence compared to total domestic catches in Guinea, 1950-2010.
Figure 6. Domestic industrial catches in Guinean EEZ compared to total reconstructed catches, 1950-2010. Semi-industrial catches, also called advanced-artisanal, are not included in the industrial catch shown in this figure.
Figure 7. Foreign catches by legal fleets in Guinea, 1950-2010.
Guinean fisheries, past, present and...future-Belhabib et al. 99
industrial foreign catches (15 million t) were almost twice as high as the domestic catch (8.4 million t) during the 1950-2010 time-period. Countries from Eastern Europe (Russia, Ukraine, Yugoslavia and Poland) and East Asia (Korea, Japan and China) accounted for the bulk of foreign industrial catches in the Guinean EEZ between 1950 and 1980, with 68% of the total foreign catch (Figure 7). After 1980, when Guinea declared its EEZ, foreign industrial catches were dominated by Western European countries accounting for 50% of the industrial reconstructed catch and East Asian countries with 20% of the total foreign industrial catch from 1981 to 2010 (Figure 7). More recently, western European industrial catches decreased to account for 43% of industrial catches in Guinean EEZ between 2005 to 2010, whereas African vessel (mostly non-African reflagged) catches increased from being 14% of the total foreign catch in Guinea waters from 2005 to about 20% in 2010 (Figure 7).
Illegal
Illegal foreign catches totalled around 1.3 million t from 1950 to 2010 (Figure 8). Illegal catches increased from around 3,300 t·year-1 in 1950 to around 26,700 t in 1980, when Guinea declared its EEZ. Catches prior to the EEZ declaration were considered unregulated rather than illegal. Illegal catches remained relatively constant from 1980 to 1993 at around 27,000 t·year-1. Thereafter, illegal catches increased, after Guinea reduced the number of foreign fishing licences, to a peak of at least 47,400 t·year-1 in the late 1990s, then decreased to remain at a relatively constant catch of around 37,000 t·year-1 in the 2000s (Figure 8). Overall, China was responsible for the bulk of illegal catches in Guinea, with over 60% of the illegal catches between 1950 to 2010 (approximately 800,000 t), whereas vessels reflagged to Guinea and Senegal were responsible for 20% of the total illegal catch in the Guinean EEZ, followed by Korea with 10% (approximately 130,000 t, Figure 8).
Discards
Domestic discards were estimated at 1.2 million t between 1950 and 2010 (Figure 9), which is 14% of the total reconstructed domestic catch (Figure 2b). Discards increased from 2,800 t·year-1 in 1950 to a peak of 31,000 t·year-1 in the mid-1980s, before declining substantially in the late 1990s. By 2010, discards had increased again to around 27,000 t·year-1 (Figure 9). Industrial fisheries were responsible for the bulk of discards with 64% (782.171 million t) of the total discards by the Guinean fleet from 1950 to 2010, of which 40% was by the demersal sector. Artisanal discards were estimated at 436,000 t·year-1 between 1950 and 2010, i.e., 36% of the total discard by the Guinean fleets (Figure 9).
Foreign discards were estimated at 7.2 million t between 1950 and 2010, 48% of which were by demersal trawlers, 20% by shrimpers, and 32% by cephalopod trawlers (Figure 10). Foreign discards increased from 16,300 t·year-1 in 1950 to a peak of 426,000 t·year-1 in 2000 then decreased to be 205,000 t·year-1 by 2010 (Figure 10).
discussion
This study is the first attempt to reconstruct the recent history of Guinean fisheries catches, including all the sectors that have been identified from 1950 to 2010. Although results were based on a number of assumptions, they were supported by well documented facts, evidence and external expertise. Thus, while uncertainty around these estimates exists, they are probably more accurate than the data provided to the FAO on behalf of Guinea and the distant water
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Figure 9. Discards by the domestic sectors in Guinea, 1950-2010.
Figure 10. Discards by the foreign fleet by taxonomic group from the waters of Guinea, 1950-2010.
Figure 8. Illegal catches in the Guinean EEZ by country of origin, 1950-2010.
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fleet countries that exploit its EEZ. Furthermore, while this study uses CPUEs documented in published literature, in-country discussions with representatives of the artisanal fishing community revealed that the CPUE could be 40% higher than the one used here on average. However, the decreasing CPUE shown in the literature was validated (Aboubacar Kaba, ROPPA, pers. comm.). Along with the over-exploitation of formerly important species such as the giant African threadfin, ray species and snappers; a major decrease in fish size was also reported (Abdullaye Soumah, Artisanal Fishers Association, pers. comm.), which is another sign of over-exploitation.
Foreign fleets can significantly reduce catch opportunities for artisanal fishers, which have been declining over the last decades (EJF 2009). Indeed, the obvious spatial conflict between artisanal and foreign industrial sectors has further reduced the ability of artisanal fishers to improve their livelihoods. The poorly regulated and little monitored or enforced distant water fleets are clearly not helping here, but rather handicapping domestic fisheries and socio-economic development in Guinea. Therefore, the validity of fishing access agreements (let alone the substantial illegal fishery) offered to capture a ‘surplus’ in the Guinea EEZ is highly questionable, as the benefits to the Guinean population should be seriously considered. Repetitive evidence of illegal fishing, which is considered an international trans-boundary crime (INTERPOL 2010), by European and Asian fleets was available for decades (Anon. 2006). This, along with an obvious lack of monitoring and enforcement of Guinean fisheries (direct exports, trans-shipment, subsistence fisheries, industrial discards, processed fish3) (Solie 2004), raises serious concerns about the long term sustainability of Guinean fisheries. Furthermore, catches by foreign fleets are substantially higher than the potential catch of 200,000 t·year-1 estimated by the Guinean government (Anon. 2003). Moreover, in the mid-1990s, stocks of targeted and non-targeted species were already over-exploited, and abundance decreased (Figure 2). Therefore, the very recent 60% decrease in IUU catches (Aboubacar Kaba, ROPPA, pers. comm.) is related to the decrease in fishing opportunities for the illegal fleet in terms of ressource availability and surveillance capacity. While decreasing industrial presence is believed to have decreased the conflicts between artisanal and industrial sectors, the increasing presence of Senegalese pirogues fishing in Guinea but landing in Senegal, creates a new type of conflict with the Guinean artisanal fishers (Abdullaye Soumah, Artisanal Fishers Association, pers. comm.).
Another aspect of Guinean fisheries which most likely contributed to the decrease in catches inspite of an increasing capacity, is the high level of corruption involving European fleets (mostly Spanish tuna vessels) and members of the Guinean government, resulting in foraged licenses4. These fleets, along with other Asian fleets, were fishing in Guinean waters but exporting catches relabelled as Senegalese, Mauritanian or under the name of any West African country obeying the EU hygiene and health standards (Aboubacar Kaba, ROPPA, pers. comm.), which is now the new fashion in West Africa.
Economically, in the 1980s Guinea received compensation 5 times lower than the ex-vessel value of landings by foreign fleets fishing under Guinean access agreements (Kaczynski 1989), and this has further increased in recent years. As the amount of fish taken from Guinean waters by foreign fleets increased, the compensation decreased from 20% in the 1980s to 3% of the landed value of catches in 2010. While this mirrors a pattern seen elsewhere in West and East Africa (Iheduru 1995; Kaczynski and Fluharty 2002; Le Manach et al. in press), the repercussions in Guinea are extensively perceived, since fishing agreements had almost no benefit on local fishing communities, now facing the expansion of their own (over-exploited) fisheries at higher fishing costs. This study highlights the importance of fisheries resources in Guinea; both as protein source and an avenue of livelihood for coastal populations. Fish is more accessible to a large part of the population than any other animal protein sources. With increasing frequency of droughts caused by climate change, this dependency on fish is likely to increase (Allison et al. 2009), and therefore the present challenges persist, the economic future of Guinean fisheries is highly uncertain.
acknowledGeMents
This report is a contribution of the Sea Around Us Project toward the project “Marine Conservation Research, Collaboration and Support in West Africa”, funded by the MAVA Foundation. The Sea Around Us Project is a scientific collaboration between the University of British Columbia and The Pew Charitable Trusts. D.B and D.C. thank the CNSHB team, Mr. Aboubacar Kaba, ROPPA and UNPAG for their hospitality during a short stay in Guinea and for answering transparently to the authors questions.
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island areas in the western Pacific: the last 50 years. Fishery Bulletin 105(2): 266-277.
Guinean fisheries, past, present and...future-Belhabib et al. 103
Appendix Table A1. Annual catches by Guinea.Year Data reported to FAO Artisanal Industrial Subsistence Discards Reconstructed catches
1950 900 22,357 0 22,357 2,795 47,509 1951 900 23,013 1,445 23,013 3,709 51,180 1952 900 23,690 3,022 23,690 4,708 55,111 1953 900 24,376 4,599 24,376 5,713 59,064 1954 1,800 25,069 6,176 25,069 6,616 62,931 1955 1,800 25,771 7,753 25,771 7,611 66,906 1956 1,800 26,481 9,330 26,481 8,612 70,904 1957 2,600 27,199 10,907 27,199 9,480 74,785 1958 2,600 27,925 12,484 27,925 10,479 78,813 1959 2,600 28,659 14,061 28,659 11,483 82,862 1960 3,400 29,401 15,638 29,401 12,325 86,766 1961 3,400 30,152 17,215 30,152 13,329 90,848 1962 3,400 30,910 18,792 30,910 14,338 94,950 1963 3,400 31,677 20,369 31,677 15,350 99,073 1964 4,200 32,451 21,946 32,451 16,173 103,022 1965 4,200 33,234 23,523 33,234 17,187 107,178 1966 4,200 34,025 25,100 34,025 18,204 111,354 1967 5,000 34,824 26,677 34,824 19,016 115,342 1968 5,000 35,631 28,254 35,631 20,035 119,552 1969 5,000 36,446 29,831 36,446 21,057 123,781 1970 5,000 37,270 31,408 37,270 22,082 128,030 1971 7,300 38,101 32,985 38,101 22,471 131,658 1972 7,300 38,941 34,562 38,941 23,493 135,936 1973 8,500 39,788 36,139 39,788 24,175 139,891 1974 11,100 40,644 37,716 40,644 24,450 143,454 1975 12,370 41,508 39,293 41,508 25,099 147,408 1976 8,920 42,380 40,870 42,380 27,130 152,760 1977 8,120 43,260 42,447 43,260 28,398 157,365 1978 9,000 44,148 44,024 44,148 29,170 161,490 1979 17,453 45,044 45,601 45,044 27,661 163,351 1980 18,900 45,949 47,219 45,989 28,250 167,406 1981 20,700 46,861 48,837 44,830 28,729 169,256 1982 22,600 47,782 50,454 43,592 29,174 171,002 1983 24,400 48,728 52,031 42,255 29,643 172,656 1984 26,200 49,053 53,649 40,356 29,989 173,047 1985 28,000 50,229 55,524 39,179 30,601 175,532 1986 30,500 50,988 51,733 37,636 27,967 168,324 1987 32,000 51,753 50,698 36,117 27,489 166,058 1988 35,000 52,524 49,745 34,549 26,602 163,420 1989 38,000 53,300 48,465 32,677 25,624 160,065 1990 41,000 56,899 46,898 32,115 25,239 161,152 1991 46,000 62,355 45,206 32,115 24,603 164,279 1992 51,000 67,755 43,955 31,824 24,245 167,779 1993 56,000 67,798 42,727 28,807 22,685 162,017 1994 60,000 67,787 41,380 25,695 21,218 156,080 1995 64,760 67,623 39,879 22,480 19,345 149,327 1996 60,580 67,683 38,377 19,360 19,819 145,238 1997 58,841 73,088 36,806 17,482 21,256 148,633 1998 65,764 66,782 35,307 12,900 17,086 132,075 1999 83,314 66,055 34,038 9,741 11,802 121,637 2000 87,513 71,498 32,665 7,276 12,343 123,782 2001 101,227 98,735 31,464 9,806 14,189 154,193 2002 87,358 101,511 32,575 9,296 20,947 164,329 2003 114,845 101,154 31,638 8,757 15,890 157,439 2004 88,550 100,637 30,534 8,190 20,082 159,443 2005 98,566 100,121 30,793 7,629 17,712 156,255 2006 94,489 113,524 31,367 8,224 21,331 174,445 2007 70,823 128,280 31,895 8,651 27,095 195,922 2008 81,240 141,722 32,511 8,915 28,108 211,256 2009 81,000 155,868 33,083 9,015 29,676 227,642 2010 93,000 154,045 33,810 8,159 27,010 223,024
104
Appendix Table A2. Total reconstructed catches by taxon caught by the domestic fisheries of Guinea, 1950-2010. Year Pseudotolithus
spp.Threadfins Arius
spp.Ethmalosa fimbriata
Clupeoids Pomadasys spp.
Cynoglossusspp.
Cephalopods Scombroids Sparidae Othersa
1950 3,062 356 1,464 19,225 16,432 127 0 0 347 1,238 5,2581951 3,659 590 1,746 19,831 16,920 239 161 675 359 1,312 5,6901952 4,308 846 2,052 20,453 17,423 360 337 1,415 371 1,391 6,1561953 4,959 1,103 2,360 21,075 17,931 483 514 2,160 382 1,470 6,6271954 5,446 1,321 2,589 21,870 18,396 588 672 2,821 382 1,503 7,3421955 6,096 1,576 2,896 22,523 18,918 709 847 3,556 395 1,583 7,8091956 6,748 1,832 3,204 23,176 19,445 831 1,022 4,295 407 1,664 8,2801957 7,240 2,043 3,435 24,166 19,939 932 1,173 4,926 410 1,706 8,8151958 7,893 2,298 3,744 24,836 20,479 1,054 1,348 5,662 423 1,788 9,2901959 8,549 2,554 4,053 25,507 21,024 1,175 1,524 6,401 436 1,870 9,7691960 9,034 2,759 4,282 26,397 21,539 1,273 1,668 7,008 440 1,915 10,4511961 9,691 3,015 4,592 27,086 22,097 1,395 1,844 7,745 453 1,998 10,9311962 10,351 3,272 4,904 27,777 22,660 1,518 2,020 8,486 466 2,081 11,4161963 11,013 3,530 5,216 28,471 23,228 1,640 2,197 9,228 479 2,165 11,9041964 11,494 3,730 5,443 29,277 23,770 1,735 2,337 9,816 485 2,214 12,7211965 12,158 3,988 5,757 29,988 24,351 1,858 2,513 10,558 498 2,298 13,2111966 12,824 4,247 6,071 30,703 24,937 1,981 2,690 11,302 512 2,383 13,7041967 13,304 4,443 6,297 32,339 25,498 2,075 2,828 11,879 518 2,434 13,7251968 13,972 4,702 6,613 33,063 26,097 2,198 3,005 12,623 532 2,520 14,2271969 14,643 4,962 6,929 33,792 26,701 2,322 3,182 13,369 546 2,606 14,7311970 15,315 5,222 7,247 34,665 27,310 2,445 3,360 14,115 559 2,693 15,0981971 15,432 5,292 7,302 36,704 27,843 2,480 3,415 14,346 554 2,683 15,6091972 16,104 5,551 7,619 37,456 28,465 2,603 3,592 15,089 568 2,771 16,1191973 16,485 5,709 7,799 38,875 29,051 2,678 3,703 15,556 572 2,809 16,6541974 16,521 5,747 7,815 41,071 29,594 2,697 3,735 15,692 565 2,790 17,2271975 16,882 5,896 7,985 42,559 30,191 2,768 3,840 16,130 569 2,827 17,7621976 18,411 6,453 8,708 41,407 30,957 3,031 4,210 17,688 613 3,059 18,2231977 19,289 6,784 9,123 41,738 31,636 3,188 4,434 18,625 634 3,182 18,7321978 19,752 6,968 9,341 43,023 32,263 3,276 4,561 19,161 642 3,236 19,2671979 18,319 6,481 8,663 48,410 32,642 3,048 4,249 17,848 589 2,982 20,1191980 18,651 6,617 8,817 50,050 33,293 3,111 4,339 18,229 593 3,016 20,6911981 18,894 6,719 8,929 51,198 32,523 3,158 4,409 18,520 595 3,036 21,2761982 19,112 6,812 9,028 52,403 31,698 3,200 4,471 18,784 596 3,053 21,8451983 19,340 6,908 9,136 53,517 30,811 3,246 4,539 19,068 598 3,075 22,4201984 19,477 6,986 9,198 54,181 29,513 3,283 4,597 19,312 592 3,064 22,8451985 19,853 7,131 9,364 55,477 28,750 3,343 4,683 19,671 598 3,105 23,5571986 18,380 6,413 8,678 55,508 27,813 2,984 4,151 17,436 580 3,082 23,2991987 17,854 6,181 8,397 55,622 26,778 2,848 3,945 16,977 576 3,024 23,8541988 17,760 5,894 8,376 54,476 26,167 2,658 3,665 16,143 559 3,355 24,3671989 17,542 5,557 8,331 53,179 25,335 2,466 3,387 15,266 541 3,691 24,7711990 17,490 5,290 8,350 52,979 25,378 2,326 3,170 14,611 557 4,005 26,9951991 17,495 4,945 8,424 54,721 25,987 2,141 2,881 13,680 581 4,479 28,9461992 18,469 4,734 9,005 54,762 26,879 1,989 2,643 12,858 599 5,406 30,4341993 17,875 4,292 8,809 53,036 25,225 1,758 2,326 11,618 544 5,671 30,8621994 16,705 3,838 8,272 52,758 23,060 1,550 2,041 10,272 828 5,541 31,2151995 17,383 3,496 8,807 47,271 22,198 1,307 1,708 8,936 896 6,645 30,6821996 16,307 3,604 8,237 48,957 21,096 1,349 1,750 9,204 2,834 5,897 26,0041997 15,983 3,606 7,561 55,084 18,237 1,435 1,838 9,894 1,998 6,032 26,9631998 13,152 2,372 6,220 46,931 16,621 1,013 1,296 7,653 1,652 4,725 30,4391999 7,352 1,042 3,965 48,496 16,270 413 510 4,078 500 4,083 34,9282000 10,796 1,047 6,150 41,596 19,003 396 483 2,873 427 2,654 38,3562001 13,419 835 8,391 59,830 16,429 290 190 1,378 1,481 6,162 45,7892002 20,036 2,484 10,023 61,268 14,942 1,005 1,180 6,510 1,159 4,866 40,8572003 16,484 1,985 13,446 67,130 10,471 378 440 2,435 225 2,254 42,1912004 18,568 3,655 9,823 57,452 9,112 905 1,056 5,876 533 3,052 49,4122005 21,186 3,373 7,946 35,800 7,480 637 720 4,021 3,306 2,027 69,7602006 25,597 4,233 9,406 57,665 10,376 898 951 5,337 1,257 3,240 55,4842007 24,136 4,340 11,331 73,962 13,406 1,449 1,488 8,380 1,224 6,456 49,7482008 27,864 4,313 16,440 81,826 13,076 1,385 1,348 7,624 1,757 5,875 49,7492009 29,827 4,488 17,336 89,873 14,184 1,439 1,292 7,332 1,993 6,742 53,1362010 27,175 3,767 16,173 84,100 20,521 1,173 987 5,417 4,289 6,081 53,339a) include Elasmobranchii, Carangidae, Mugilidae, Sparidae, Drepane africana, P. notialis, Penaeus kerathurus, and various fishes.
