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1 Agua y Efecto Hidrofóbico

1 Agua y Efecto Hidrofóbico. 2 The Water Environment 70% of cell is water Hydrogen bond Hydrophilic and hydrophobic Acid and base Proton and hydroxyl

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Page 1: 1 Agua y Efecto Hidrofóbico. 2 The Water Environment 70% of cell is water Hydrogen bond Hydrophilic and hydrophobic Acid and base Proton and hydroxyl

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Agua y Efecto Hidrofóbico

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The Water Environment

• 70% of cell is water• Hydrogen bond• Hydrophilic and hydrophobic• Acid and base• Proton and hydroxyl• Non-covalent interactions in water: Ionic

bonds, hydrogen bonds, van der waals attractions, hydrophobic “effect” (force)

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AcidDonate a proton

BaseAbsorb a proton or donate OH-

NH3+H2O->NH4++OH-

NaOH->Na++OH-

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Ionic bonds in Water

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• Since butane and acetone are both organic compounds having a C—C and C—H backbone, they are soluble in the organic solvent CCl4. Butane, which is nonpolar, is insoluble in H2O. Acetone is soluble in H2O because it contains only three C atoms and its O atom can hydrogen bond with an H atom of H2O.

Physical Properties—Solubility

Introduction to Organic Molecules and Functional Groups

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• To dissolve an ionic compound, the strong ion-ion interactions must be replaced by many weaker ion-dipole interactions.

Physical Properties—Solubility

Introduction to Organic Molecules and Functional Groups

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• The size of an organic molecule with a polar functional group determines its water solubility. A low molecular weight alcohol like ethanol is water soluble since it has a small carbon skeleton of five C atoms), compared to the size of its polar OH group. Cholesterol has 27 carbon atoms and only one OH group. Its carbon skeleton is too large for the OH group to solubilize by hydrogen bonding, so cholesterol is insoluble in water.

Physical Properties—Solubility

Introduction to Organic Molecules and Functional Groups

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• The nonpolar part of a molecule that is not attracted to H2O is said to be hydrophobic.

• The polar part of a molecule that can hydrogen bond to H2O is said to be hydrophilic.

• In cholesterol, for example, the hydroxy group is hydrophilic, whereas the carbon skeleton is hydrophobic.

Physical Properties—Solubility

Introduction to Organic Molecules and Functional Groups

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Vitamins are either lipid or water soluble.

Introduction to Organic Molecules and Functional Groups

Application—Vitamins

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• Water is an effective solvent as it can form hydrogen bonds.

– Water clings to polar molecules causing them to be soluble in water.

Hydrophilic - attracted to water

– Water tends to exclude nonpolar molecules.

Hydrophobic - repelled by water

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• Water transports molecules dissolved in it– Blood, a water-based solution, transports

molecules of nutrients and wastes organisms

– Nutrients dissolved in water get transported through plants

– Unicellular organisms that live in water absorb needed dissolved substances

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Soap:

Soap molecules have two distinct parts—a hydrophilic portion composed of ions called the polar head, and a hydrophobic carbon chain of nonpolar C—C and C—H bonds, called the nonpolar tail.

Application—Soap

Introduction to Organic Molecules and Functional Groups

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Introduction to Organic Molecules and Functional Groups

Application—The Cell Membrane

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Transport Across a Cell Membrane:

• Polar molecules and ions are transported across cell membranes encapsulated within molecules called ionophores.

• Ionophores are organic molecules that complex cations. They have a hydrophobic exterior that makes them soluble in the nonpolar interior of the cell membrane, and a central cavity with several oxygens whose lone pairs complex with a given ion.

Introduction to Organic Molecules and Functional Groups

Application—The Cell Membrane

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Transport Across a Cell Membrane:

Introduction to Organic Molecules and Functional Groups

Application—The Cell Membrane

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Several synthetic ionophores have also been prepared, including one group called crown ethers.

Crown ethers are cyclic ethers containing several oxygen atoms that bind specific cations depending on the size of their cavity.

Application—The Cell Membrane

Introduction to Organic Molecules and Functional Groups

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Properties of Liquids

Surface tension is the amount of energy required to stretch or increase the surface of a liquid by a unit area.

Strong intermolecular forces

High surface tension

11.3

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Properties of Liquids

Cohesion is the intermolecular attraction between like molecules

11.3

Adhesion is an attraction between unlike molecules

Adhesion

Cohesion

attracted to glass

attracted to each other

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Cohesion

• Water clings to polar molecules through hydrogen bonding

– Cohesion refers to attraction to other water molecules.

responsible for surface tension

a measure of the force necessary to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

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– Adhesion refers to attraction to other substances.

Water is adhesive to any substance with which it can form hydrogen bonds.

Adhesion

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Capillary actionwater evaporates from leaves = transpiration

adhesion, cohesion and

capillary action

All thanks

to hydrogen

bonding!

water taken up by roots

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•trees have specialized structures to transport water: xylem and phloem “plumbing”

• water molecules are “dragged” from the roots to the top of the tree by capillary action and cohesion: hydrogen bonds help water molecules to each other

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Properties of Liquids

Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow.

11.3

Strong intermolecular forces

High viscosity

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Maximum Density40C

Ice is less dense than water

Density of Water

11.3

Water is a Unique Substance

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La naturaleza La naturaleza dipolar de la dipolar de la molécula de aguamolécula de agua en modelos: (a) de esferas y en modelos: (a) de esferas y varillas, y (b) espaciales.varillas, y (b) espaciales.

hay un ordenamiento hay un ordenamiento tetraédrico de las uniones O—H tetraédrico de las uniones O—H y de los pares de electrones y de los pares de electrones libres del oxígeno.libres del oxígeno.

los H tienen cargas parciales los H tienen cargas parciales positivas y el O carga parcial positivas y el O carga parcial negativa.negativa.

(c) dos moléculas de agua (c) dos moléculas de agua formando un puente hidrógeno.formando un puente hidrógeno.

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Cada molécula de agua forma el Cada molécula de agua forma el máximo de máximo de 44 puentes hidrógeno en puentes hidrógeno en una red cristalina regular.una red cristalina regular.

En el agua líquida, cada En el agua líquida, cada molécula forma un promedio de molécula forma un promedio de 3.43.4 puentes hidrógeno con otras puentes hidrógeno con otras moléculas de agua.moléculas de agua.

La red cristalina del hielo ocupa La red cristalina del hielo ocupa mas espacio que el mismo número mas espacio que el mismo número de moléculas de agua líquida. El de moléculas de agua líquida. El hielo es menos denso que el aguahielo es menos denso que el agua líquida y por eso flota. líquida y por eso flota.

Estructura del hieloEstructura del hielo

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Fatty Acids

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Phospholipid (amphipathic)

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La unión hidrofóbica (1)La unión hidrofóbica (1)

Los compuestos Los compuestos apolares apolares restringen la restringen la movilidad de los movilidad de los puentes puentes hidrógenohidrógenodel agua y del agua y producen producen cambios cambios energéticos energéticos desfavorables en desfavorables en la estructura del la estructura del aguaagua

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La unión hidrofóbica La unión hidrofóbica (2)(2)

Los ácidos grasos de Los ácidos grasos de cadena larga tienen cadena larga tienen cadenas alquílicas cadenas alquílicas hidrofóbicas, que al ser hidrofóbicas, que al ser introducidas en el agua, introducidas en el agua, se rodean de moléculas se rodean de moléculas de agua altamente de agua altamente ordenadasordenadas

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Cuando las moléculas de ácidos Cuando las moléculas de ácidos grasos se agrupan lateralmente grasos se agrupan lateralmente disminuye el número de moléculas disminuye el número de moléculas de agua “ordenadas”de agua “ordenadas”

Similarmente al agruparse en Similarmente al agruparse en micelas, los acidos grasos exponen micelas, los acidos grasos exponen una superficie hidrofílica y una superficie hidrofílica y minimizan el ordenamiento de las minimizan el ordenamiento de las moléculas de agua. La micela se moléculas de agua. La micela se estabiliza por el efecto entrópico de estabiliza por el efecto entrópico de aumentar el agua desordenadaaumentar el agua desordenada

La unión hidrofóbica La unión hidrofóbica (3)(3)

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Vista superior de la generación de una unión hidrofóbica Vista superior de la generación de una unión hidrofóbica Cada cadena hidrocarbonada (de 9 C) está rodeada por 4 Cada cadena hidrocarbonada (de 9 C) está rodeada por 4 columnas de 6 moléculas de agua cada una. La asociación de columnas de 6 moléculas de agua cada una. La asociación de dos moléculas de ácido cáprico (10 C) elimina 2 columnas de dos moléculas de ácido cáprico (10 C) elimina 2 columnas de moléculas agua de la “celda del solvente”moléculas agua de la “celda del solvente”

G = G = H – T H – T S S H = HH = H22 –H –H11 y y S = SS = S22 – S – S11

Cálculo deCálculo de H (para el complejo molecular descripto):H (para el complejo molecular descripto): Ruptura de 12 uniones HRuptura de 12 uniones H22O/CHO/CH22= + 120 kJ= + 120 kJ

Formación de 9 uniones =HFormación de 9 uniones =H22C/HC/H22C= - 36 kJC= - 36 kJ

Formación de 6 uniones HFormación de 6 uniones H22O/HO/H22O - 120 kJO - 120 kJ

H = - 36 kJH = - 36 kJ

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Cálculo deCálculo de S:S:

Asimilando el cambio a aguaAsimilando el cambio a agua(s)(s) => agua => agua (l) (l)

con con S = 22 J/K . mol de agua y 12 moles de aguaS = 22 J/K . mol de agua y 12 moles de agua (22 J/K x 12 x 300 K) = 79.2 kJ (22 J/K x 12 x 300 K) = 79.2 kJ TTS = - 79 kJS = - 79 kJ

A los dominios (espacios) hidrofóbicos compartidos entre moléculas, A los dominios (espacios) hidrofóbicos compartidos entre moléculas, que excluyen a las moléculas de agua, se los denomina que excluyen a las moléculas de agua, se los denomina unión unión

hidrofóbica. hidrofóbica. En realidad, no hay una unión hidrofóbica, sino una serie En realidad, no hay una unión hidrofóbica, sino una serie de atracciones tipo van der Waals y tipo London sumados a los de atracciones tipo van der Waals y tipo London sumados a los

puentes hidrógeno del solvente (agua). Las puentes hidrógeno del solvente (agua). Las uniones hidrofóbicasuniones hidrofóbicas son son responsables de la formación de micelas, monocapas y bicapas responsables de la formación de micelas, monocapas y bicapas lipídicas, membranas biológicas y plegamientos de proteínas. lipídicas, membranas biológicas y plegamientos de proteínas.

G = G = H – T H – T SSG = G = - 36 kJ – 79 kJ- 36 kJ – 79 kJ

G = G = - 115 kJ- 115 kJProceso espontáneoProceso espontáneo

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Membranas Biológicas Membranas Biológicas Constituidas por una bicapa de fosfolípidos y proteínas Constituidas por una bicapa de fosfolípidos y proteínas

integrales y periféricas (Singer y Nicholson, 1961)integrales y periféricas (Singer y Nicholson, 1961)

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La Nación, jueves 9 de octubre de 2003

Nobel de Química 2003: hallazgos sobre diminutos canales de la membrana celular