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Contents
Introduction Ad-hoc Routing Protocols Autoconfiguration Technology for IPv6 MANET Global Connectivity for IPv6 MANET Conclusion
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Introduction (1/2)
Categories of Wireless Networks Infrastructured Networks
Cellular Networks, Wireless LAN (WLAN) Infrastructureless Networks
Ad-hoc Networks
Ad-hoc Networks 유선 기반 망 (Infrastrured Networks) 없이 무선 이동단말로만
구성된 망 Multi-hop Routing 을 위해 각 이동단말이 Router 역할을 수행함 용도
긴급구조 , 전쟁 , 홈 네트워크 , Shopping Mall, 임시 공동작업 ,도로에서의 차량 간의 통신 , 공항에서의 티켓팅 , 사무실 등 .
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Infrastructured N/W vs. Infrastructureless N/W
Internet
WLAN
Cellular
Mobile Ad-hoc Networks
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Introduction (2/2)
MANET 에서의 이슈 Ad-hoc Unicast Routing Ad-hoc Multicast/Broadcast Routing Power Saving Automatic Support of Networking Facility in MANET
Autoconfiguration Technology Global Connectivity for MANET
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Ad-hoc Routing Protocols
Ad-hoc Unicast Routing Protocols IPv6 Ad-hoc Routing Protocols
IPv6 AODV IPv6 MAODV
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Ad-hoc Unicast Routing Protocols
Ad-hoc routing protocols
Table-drivenSource-initiatedDemand-driven
DSDV
CGSR
WRP AODV DSR LMR ABR
TORA SSR
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Table-driven Routing Protocols
Characteristics Maintenance of consistent, up-to-date routing information
from each node to every other node in the network Each node
maintains one or more tables to store routing information propagates updates of network topology
Criterion of Classification of Routing Protocols Number of necessary routing-related tables Methods by which changes in network structure are broadcast
Examples DSDV, CGSR, WRP, TBRPF, OLSR
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Demand-driven Routing Protocols
Characteristics Creation of routes only when desired by the source node
By Route Discovery Process Route Discovery Process is completed
Once a route is found When all possible route permutations have been examined
Maintenance of a Route Until the destination becomes inaccessible along every path
from the source Until the route is no longer desired
Criterion of Classification of Routing Protocols Method by which route finding is performed
Examples AODV, DSR, LMR, TORA, ABR, SSR
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IPv6 Ad-hoc Routing Protocols
IPv6 Ad-hoc Unicast Routing Protocol AODV (Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector) Routing Protocol
AODVv6 which is IPv6 AODV has been being implemented byETRI & ICU.
AODV has been already implemented by some organizations including NIST.
Linux Kernel Version: 2.4
IPv6 Ad-hoc Multicast Routing Protocol MAODV (Multicast AODV) Routing Protocol
MAODV works very similarly to PIM-DM. MAODVv6 which is IPv6 MAODV has been being implemented by
ETRI & ICU.
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AODV (1/3)
AODV is improved DSDV algorithm AODV minimizes the number of required broadcasts by
creating routes on a demand basis.
AODV doesn’t maintain a complete list of routes as in DSDV algorithm.
Nodes that are not on a selected path don’t maintain routing information or participate in routing table exchanges
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AODV (2/3)
Path Discovery process When source node doesn’t already have a valid route to that
destination, it initiates a path discovery process to locate the other node.
Path Discovery broadcasts a route request (RREQ) packet to its neighbors. Neighbors forward the request to their neighbors, and so on
until either the destination or an intermediate nodewith a “fresh enough” route to the destination is located.
Loop-free AODV utilizes destination sequence numbers to ensure all
routes are loop-free
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AODV (3/3)
a) Propagation of the RREQ
b) Path of the RREP to the source
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Autoconfiguration Technologyfor IPv6 MANET
Autoconfiguration Technology? Autoconfiguration Technology for IPv6 MANET
Unicast Address Autoconfiguration Multicast Address Autoconfiguration Multicast Name Resolution Service Discovery
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Autoconfiguration Technology?
What is Autoconfiguration? The technology that let IP-enabled devices be able to communicat
e one another in infrastructureless environment.
Why is Autoconfiguration needed? To provide hosts with the automatic configuration related to networ
king. To let it possible for hosts communicate when either dynamic or st
atic configuration is impossible. To provide the quick and easy configuration related to the network
facility in MANET environment.|
Issues of IETF Zeroconf Working Group Unicast Address Autoconfiguration Multicast Address Allocation Name Resolution (DNS) Service Discovery
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Autoconfiguration Technology for IPv6 MANET
Unicast Address Autoconfiguration Automatic configuration of a unique IP address within the scope in w
hich the address will be used.
Multicast Address Autoconfiguration Allocation of a unique multicast address for the application which nee
ds a new multicast address.
Multicast Name Resolution Translation between name and
IPv6 address
Service Discovery Discovery of the necessary service
on the network without priorconfiguration.
AutoconfigurationTechnology
in IPv6-based MANET
Unicast Address Autoconfiguration
Mu
ltic
as
t N
am
e R
es
olu
tio
n
Se
rvic
e D
isc
ov
ery
Multicast Address Autoconfiguration
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Autoconfiguration for IPv6 MANET
Network Configuration
B C D
EA
Mobile Node
Wireless Link
Protocol Stack of Mobile Node
Application
TCP / UDP
Ad-hoc Multicast Routing
IPv6
Unicast AddressAutoconfiguration
Multicast AddressAutoconfiguration
NIC
Multicast NameResolution
Ad-hoc Unicast Routing
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Unicast Address Autoconfiguration (1/2): Extended DAD Procedure in MANET
Host A
Router
Host B
Wireless Link
NS message NA message
Host C
Where NS : Neighbor Solicitation, NA : Neighbor Advertisement
MAC & IPv6 Address of Host C MAC Address – a9:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff IPv6 Address - fec0:0:0:ffff:abbb:ccff:fedd:eeff
1st Try of Host A MAC Address - a9:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff IPv6 Address - fec0:0:0:ffff:abbb:ccff:fedd:eeff
The address of Host A conflicts with that of Host C. Host C sends NA message to Host A.
MANET Prefix
EUI-64
2nd Try of Host A 64-bit Random Number – 1111:2222:3333:4444 IPv6 Address - fec0:0:0:ffff:1111:2222:3333:4444
The address of Host A doesn’t conflict with that of any other host. This address can be used as the unicast address of Host A.
Random Number
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Unicast Address Autoconfiguration (2/2): Procedure of Unicast Address Configuration
Generation of Tentative address with MANET_PREFIX and Lower 64 bits
Generation of 64-bitRandom Number
Was any extended NA message received
from other node?
YES NO
Configuration of Unicast address in NIC
Transmission of Extended NS message
MANET_INIT_PREFIX
fec0:0:0:fffe::/64
MANET_PREFIX
fec0:0:0:ffff::/64
Generation of Lower 64 bits in EUI-64
Generation of Temporary address withMANET_INIT_PREFIX and Lower 64 bits
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Multicast Address Autoconfiguration
Format of Site-local Unicast Address (a) andFormat of Site-local Multicast Address (b)
Interface IDNetwork PrefixSubnet
ID
Group IDffSubnet
ID
FlagsP=1, T=1
Scope5
48-bit 16-bit 64-bit
8 4,4 3216 64
(a)
(b)Interface ID
RandomNumber
Generation of Unused Group ID
Generation of a multicast address
Delivery of the multicast address
Request ofMulticast Address Allocation
Procedure of Multicast Address Allocation
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Service of Multicast Application
Multicast Service Scenario1. Unicast Address Autoconfiguration - Booting of each Mobile Node (MN)
- Unicast address configuration in NIC
2. Multicast Address Autoconfiguration - Run of Video-conferencing Tool
& Creation of a new Session
- Allocation of a multicast address
3. Advertisement of Sesstion information
4. Join to the new Session in MN A
5. Join to the new Session in MN E
6. Transmission of Video/Audio data
by MN A
7. Transmission of Video/Audio data
by MN E
B C DEA
A B C D E
1
2 3
456
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1 1 1 1
Multicast Address Autoconfiguratio
n
Unicast Address Autoconfiguratio
n
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Multicast Name ResolutionMulticast Name Resolution (MNR) is performed by
mDNS (Multicast DNS)
Procedure of the resolutionfrom domain name to IPv6 address in MNR
Sender Responder
MNR query (What is IPv6 address of “host.private.local.”?)via site-local multicast over UDP
MNR response (IPv6 address of “host.private.local.”)via unicast over UDP
Verification of MNR response - Does the value of the response conform to the addressing requirements?
If the result is valid, then the Sender caches and uses the response. else the Sender ignores the response and continues to wait for other responses.
1
2
3
4
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Service DiscoveryService Discovery can be performed by MNR &DNS SRV Resource Record
Simple Zone File containing DNS SRV resource recordsfor service discovery
$TTL 3600
;; Name to Address Lookups
localhost.private.local. IN AAAA ::1; Localhost with Loopback Addresshost.private.local. IN AAAA fec0:0:0:ffff::202:2dff:fe1b:e851; MN’s Domain Name with Site-Local Address
;; DNS SRV Resource Records
_multimedia1._tcp.private.local. 4000 IN SRV 0 1 3000 host.private.local._multimedia2._udp.private.local. 4000 IN SRV 0 1 3001 host.private.local.
_service-name._protocol.domain-name TTL Class SRV Priority Weight Port Target
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Global Connectivity for IPv6 MANET
Internet Connectivity for IPv6 MANET Internet Gateway Discovery Network Mobility (NEMO)
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Internet Connectivity for IPv6 MANET
Why do we need to support the Internet connectivity in MANET? When mobile nodes in MANET want to communicate
with hosts in the global Internet IETF NEMO BoF has started to study the support the
network mobility.
What is needed to support the global connectivity? Internet Gateway Discovery
It informs the mobile nodes of the address of the gateway that connects MANET to the Internet.
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Internet Gateway Discovery (1/2)
Two ways to do Internet Gateway Discovery Extended Route Discovery
Sending RREQ (Route Request) for global prefix information &Getting RREP (Route Reply)
We need to extend RREQ / RREP of IPv6 AODV. Extended NDP (Neighbor Discovery Protocol)
Sending MANET Route Solicitation (RS) &Getting MANET Router Advertisement (RA)
We need to extend NDP.
A node uses an arbitrary address for the discovery Home Address Site-local address by Unicast Address Autoconfiguration
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Internet Gateway Discoveryby Extended Route Discovery
GW
B
A C
Internet
RREQ
RREQ
RREQ
RREP
RREP
MANET
Routing Tabledefault: GW
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Internet Gateway Discoveryby Extended NDP
GW
B
A C
Internet
MANET
Global Unicast Address Autoconfiguration
Routing Tabledefault: GW
RS
RS
RS
RA
RA
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Network Mobility (NEMO)
We need to support the Network Mobility 정의 : 단말 간의 통신과 인터넷으로의 연동 지원 응용 분야
PAN (Personal Area Network) 개인 휴대기기 이동망
Public Safety System 재해복구 임시망
Vehicular Network 항공기 , 버스 , 자동차 , 지하철 망 등 .
What is MONET? 정의 : MONET(Mobile Network) 는 인터넷 연동을 위해
이동 라우터 (Mobile Router) 를 포함한 하나 이상의 서브넷으로구성된 망 .
IETF NEMO BoF 에서 연구되고 있음 .
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NEMO Network
Internet
WLAN
Cellular
PAN
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Internet Car
Navigation AudioSpeakerPDA GW
GW
Body network
Control network
Cellular Phone
WLAN
Key
ITS
약 70 개의 정보단말이 내장 3 개의 서브넷으로 구성
Multimedia network Car audio, Navigation system, etc.
Body network Head light, Power window, etc.
Control network Engine, Break, etc.
Multi-homing 제공 외부망과의 연동을 제공하기 위해 하나 이상의 Communication Device 를 포함함 .
Cellular phone, WLAN, DSRC, PHS, etc.
Mobile Routers
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Conclusion
Ad-hoc 에서의 라우팅 , 서비스 , 인터넷 연동에 있어서 IPv6 는 IPv4 보다 유리함 . 주소 자동 설정 , 멀티캐스트 주소 할당 , DNS 서비스 ,
서비스 탐색 등 . Mobile IPv6 를 이용한 네트워크 이동성 제공
IPv6 로 누구나 쉽게 시간과 장소에 관계없이 통신 서비스를 제공 받을 수 있음 .
Ad-hoc 에서의 보안 유선망과 WLAN 같은 무선망보다 네트워크 보안
제공이 어렵다 . 라우팅 , 서비스 등의 Security 기능이 다른 네트워크 보다
더욱 필요함 .
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References
[1] Elizabeth M. Royer and Chai-Keong Toh, “A Review of Current Routing Protocols for Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks”, IEEE Personal Communications, April 1999.
[2] Charles E. Perkins, Elizabeth M. Belding-Royer and Samir R. Das, “Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing”, (work in progress) draft-ietf-manet-aodv-10.txt, January 2002.
[3] Elizabeth M. Royer and Charles E. Perkins, “Multicast Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (MAODV) Routing”, draft-ietf-manet-maodv-00.txt, July 2000.
[4] Erik Guttman, "Autoconfiguration for IP Networking:Enabling Local Communication", IEEE Internet Computing, May/June 2001.
[5] Jaehoon Jeong and Jungsoo Park, “Autoconfiguration Technologies for IPv6 Multicast Service in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks”, 10th IEEE International Conference on Networks, Aug. 2002.
[6] Jung-Soo Park and Myung-Ki Shin, “Link Scoped IPv6 Multicast Addresses”, (work in progress) draft-ietf-ipv6-link-scoped-mcast-02.txt, July 2002.
[7] Levon Esibov, Bernard Aboba and Dave Thaler, “Linklocal Multicast Name Resolution (LLMNR)”, draft-ietf-dnsext-mdns-11.txt, July 2002.
[8] A. Gulbrandsen, P. Vixie and L. Esibov, “A DNS RR for specifying the location of services (DNS SRV)”, RFC2782, Feb. 2000.
[9] Ryuji Wakikawa, et al., “Global connectivity for IPv6 Mobile Ad Hoc Networks”, draft-wakikawa-manet-globalv6-01.txt, July 2002.
[10] Thierry Ernst and Hong-Yon Lach, “Network Mobility Support Terminology”, draft-ernst-monet-terminology-01.txt, July 2002.
