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Accepted DSM-V definition:1. Behavioral, cognitive, and/or emotional

dysfunctions

2. Unexpected in cultural context

3. Personal distress

4. Substantial impairment in function

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-V (DSM-V) outlines criteria for disorders based on prototypes/typical profiles

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Study of psychological disorders description, causes (etiology),

assessment, and treatment

Scientist-practitioner modelStaying current.Objectively evaluating

assessment and treatment efficacy.

Conducting scientific research.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mNoRxCRJ-Y0

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As understanding of abnormal behavior changes, so do treatment approaches.

Traditions of understanding psychopathology:SupernaturalBiologicalPsychological

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supernatural tradition: psychological problems

have supernatural causes; mental illness is a battle between good and evilexorcism: religious ritual performed to eliminate

evil spirits

Modern examples? Astrology http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=z11DeKK13vM&NR=1 Barnum effect

Hippocrates (460-377 BC)Father of modern Western medicine

Etiology = a combination of, brain pathology, head trauma, genetics, psychosocial factors, stress, and family factors

Galen (129-198 AD)Humoral theory of mental illness

Treatments = bloodletting and inducing vomit

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SyphilisSTD with psychosis-like symptoms (i.e.,

delusions and hallucinations)Etiology = bacterial microorganism

The 1930’sInsulin shock therapy Brain surgery

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_0aNILW6ILk

20,000 procedures by early 1950’sElectro-Convulsive Therapy (ECT)

Remains a treatment for depression

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The 1950’s◦ Psychotropic medications

Increasingly available Systematically developed

◦ Antipsychotic medication (Neuroleptics) Chlorpromazine (Thorazine), Reserpine

and treatment of psychosis

◦ Anti-anxiety medication (Tranquilizers) Benzodiazepines (Valium, Xanax) and

treatment of anxiety

Cons of medications

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Bethlem Royal Hospital (a.k.a. Bedlam) opened in 1403 as a hospital for mentally ill in London

Became infamous for brutal treatment 18th century - people paid admission to see

“lunatics”Could bring a stick to poke patients

Moral Therapy“Moral” = emotional or psychologicalFrequent observation and human

contactEncouraging social interactionIndividual attentionPinel was originator

Replaced bleeding and other treatments with moral therapy

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Id Pleasure principle Illogical, emotional, irrational

Ego Reality principle Logical and rational

Superego Moral principles“Conscience”

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Ego fights to stay on top of the Id and Superego

Loss of control = anxiety

Coping strategies include:Displacement DenialRationalization Reaction formationProjectionRepressionSublimation

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free association: saying freely whatever

comes to mind catharsis: release of emotional

material transference: client transfers

emotional feelings for his or her parents to the therapist

countertransference: therapist transfers feelings for significant others onto the client

Theoretical constructs◦ Intrinsic goodness ◦ Striving for self-actualization◦ “Blocked” growth

Person-centered therapy◦ Carl Rogers (1902–1987)

Hierarchy of Needs◦ Abraham Maslow ◦ (1908-1970)

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Therapeutic process◦ Unconditional positive regard

◦ Empathy◦ Non-directive, client-

centered approach◦ http://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=RX_Y3zUPzEo&feature=related

Outcomes◦ Efficacy data is limited◦ Limitation: Severe

psychopathology15

Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

◦ Ever-present form of learning of relationships(associations) in our environment

◦ Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) Unconditioned response (UCR)

◦ Conditioned stimulus (CS) Conditioned response (CR)

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Behaviorism--John B. Watson (1878 - 1958) “Little Albert” experiment

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xt0ucxOrPQE Concept of stimulus generalization.

Skinner (1904 - 1990) Operant Conditioning: learning from

consequences Reinforcements and Punishments Behavior “shaping”

Reinforce “successive approximations” in order to train a complex behavior

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Mary Cover Jones ◦ Rabbit phobia extinguished by

exposure and modeling

Joseph Wolpe (1915 -1997)◦ Systematic desensitization◦ Relaxation

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