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The StateOrigins and Development
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Elements of the State
TerritoryPopulation
GovernmentSovereignty
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Territory
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Population
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Government
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Government
A government is a body that has the power to make, and the authority to enforce rules and laws
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Sovereignty
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Sovereignty
Sovereignty is the exclusive right to exercise supreme political authority over a geographic region, group of people.
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Question
Why are none of the 50 US states ‘states’ as defined by political scientists?
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Answer
None of the states has complete sovereignty.
What can US states not do?
Origins of the State
Evolutionary Theory
Force Theory
Divine Right Theory
Social Contract Theory
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Evolutionary Theory
The natural development of government out of early family units
Examples:
Clans – made up of several related families who control conduct, movement and education
Tribes - made up of representatives from several Clans to form a governing council
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Evolutionary Theory
Force Theory
Originated from the authority of warlords and despots who took, by force, land as their own and began exercising authority over the people living on that land.
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Force Theory
Divine Right Theory
It is a doctrine that teaches that a monarch owes his rule to the will of God, and not necessarily to the will of his subjects, the aristocracy or any other competing authority, implying that any attempt to depose him or to restrict his powers runs contrary to the will of God.
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Divine Right Theory
Social Contract Theory
Legitimate state authority must be derived from the consent of the governed.
People give up some rights to a government in order to receive social order.
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Social Contract Theory
Social Contract Theorists
Thomas Hobbes (1588 – 1679)
John Locke (1632 – 1704)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712 – 1778)
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Thomas Hobbes
Leviathan (1651)
People in a state of nature cede their individual rights to create sovereignty, retained by the state, in return for their protection and a more functional society.
Social contract evolves out of pragmatic self-interest.
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John Locke
Two Treatises of Government - 1689
Believed that human nature is characterized by reason and tolerance.
In a natural state all people were equal and independent, and none had a right to harm another’s “life, health, liberty, or possessions.”
Advocated governmental checks and balances and believed that revolution is not only a right but an obligation in some circumstances.
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau The Social Contract – 1762
State of nature was a primitive condition without law or morality.
By joining together through the social contract and abandoning their claims of natural right, individuals can both preserve themselves and remain free.
Opposed idea that the people should exercise sovereignty via a representative assembly.
People should make the laws directly.
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Separation of Powers
Baron de Montesquieu (1689 – 1755)
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Baron de Montesquieu
The Spirit of the Laws – 1748
Argued that the executive, legislative, and judicial functions of government should be assigned to different bodies
Attempts by one branch of government to infringe on political liberty might be restrained by the other branches
Noted that liberty cannot be secure where there is no separation of powers, even in a republic
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Governments Classified
Political Franchise
Regional Autonomy
Executive Power
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Political Franchise
Autocracy
Oligarchy
Direct Democracy
Representative Democracy
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Autocracy
A form of government in which the political power is held by a single person
Variations:
Monarchy
Dictatorship
Totalitarian State
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Oligarchy
Form of government where political power effectively rests with a small, elite segment of society.
Examples:
Sparta
South Africa before end of Apartheid
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Direct Democracy
A form of democracy wherein sovereignty is lodged in the assembly of all citizens who choose to participate.
Direct democracy is characterized by three pillars:
Initiative
Referendum
Recall
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Direct Democracy
Examples –
Athenian Greece
Switzerland
United States – local state level only
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Representative Democracy
A form of government founded on the principles of popular sovereignty by the people's representatives. The representatives are charged with the responsibility of acting in the people's interest, but not as their proxy representatives.
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Representative Democracy
Examples –
Roman Republic
United States
United Kingdom
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Regional Autonomy
Unitary System
Federation
Confederation
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Unitary System
A unitary state is a state that is governed constitutionally as one single unit, with one legislature. The political power in such states may be transferred to lower levels, to regionally or locally elected assemblies, governors and mayors, but the central government retains the right to recall such delegated power.
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Unitary System
Examples –
France
People’s Republic of China
United Kingdom
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Federation
A federation is a union comprising a number of partially self-governing states united by a central government. In a federation, the self-governing status of the component states is typically constitutionally entrenched and may not be altered by a unilateral decision of the central government.
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Federation
Examples –
Canada
Germany
Russia
United States
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Confederation
A confederation is an association of sovereign states, usually created by treaty but often later adopting a common constitution. Confederations tend to be established for dealing with critical issues, such as defense, foreign affairs, foreign trade, and a common currency, with the central government being required to provide support for all members.
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Confederation
Examples –
Switzerland
United States prior to 1789
Confederate States of America (1861 – 1865)
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Executive Power
Parliamentary System
Presidential System
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Parliamentary System
Is distinguished by the executive branch of government being dependent on support of parliament (legislature).
There is no clear-cut separation of powers between the executive and legislative branches.
Usually have a clear differentiation between the head of government and the head of state.
The prime minister and cabinet exercise executive power on a day-to-day basis.
Actual authority is bestowed in the head of state.
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Parliamentary System
Examples –
Canada
Federal Republic of Germany
United Kingdom
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Presidential System
Also called a congressional system, is a system of government where an executive branch exists and presides (hence the term) separately from the legislature, to which it is not accountable and which cannot in normal circumstances dismiss it
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Presidential System
Examples –
Colombia
South Korea
United States
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The Purpose of Government as stated in
the Preamble to the Constitution
Form a more perfect Union
Establish Justice
Insure domestic Tranquility
Provide for the common defence
Promote the general Welfare
Secure the Blessings of Liberty
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