1
Dark Rhod Meta I Meta-II 12 13 14 16 26 27 28 30 31 32 44 98 101 103 125 176 178 179 181 182 183 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 212 276 284 285 Retinal Contacts • 7 transmembrane (7TM) α-helical proteins • 800 GPCRs in the human genome • Binding of G protein to the active form of the receptor induces: - Conformational change - Signal transduction across membrane - Signaling cascade • Biomedically relevant - More than 30% drugs target GPCRs • Rhodopsin is the mammalian dim- light receptor - Retinal: covalently bound - 11-cis: inverse agonist - All-trans: agonist •Box size: 74 Å x 74 Å x 90Å •Forceeld: CHARMM27/36 - Retinal parameters obtained from the Feller lab •Ensemble: NPγT - γ = 30 dyn/cm • Helix 6 principal axis cosine with membrane normal - Cytoplasmic half of the helix - Opsin and Meta II more tilted, broader range • Other ligands - Better agonists - Weaker inverse agonists • Extend accessible timescales with simple models - Structure-based potentials - Transitions in equilibrium Given their function as tranducers of molecular signals across the cell membrane, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute a major target for drugs in a wide variety of physiological scenarios. Understanding the course of structural transitions that allosterically modulate their activation is therefore fundamental towards improving rational drug design. Here, we analyze unbiased microsecond-scale all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to characterize distinct ensembles of the class A GPCR rhodopsin that correspond to both active- and inactive-like conformations, in the presence and absence of the ligand. By monitoring the ligand's orientation and interactions within the binding pocket, we show that retinal adopts heterogeneous conformations that are consistent with ensemble- dependent dynamics. • PCA calculated on aggregate basis set - All 5 ensembles - Transmembrane Cα's only - Trajectories downsampled to 5 ns resolution • Average displacement by ensemble - PC1 distinguishes active-like from inactive - Amplitude of uctuations: diversity • System size: ~46,000 atoms - 123 SDPE lipids - ~ 8,000 waters - 100 mM NaCl • Internal solvation - H-bonding patterns by ensemble Water and salt • Lipid-protein interactions • Predict 2 H NMR spectra for retinal • Enhanced sampling using Markov State Models • Thermostat: Langevin - 310 K - 1 bar •Electrostatics: PME • VDW cuto: 10 Å •Timestep: 2 fs - RATTLE • Software: - NAMD 2.8 - BlueGene/Q • Ensemble projected onto PC1 and PC2 - Every dot represents a single structure in the corresponding ensemble Opsin overlaps with all four en- sembles Dark Rhod and Meta II are compact Meta I explores some unique states • One representative time series per ensemble - Residue number colored by helix - Ensemble-dependent interactions - Contacts vary on the timescale of hundreds of ns Average occupancy - Residue number colored by helix - Meta I is the most heterogeneous • Retinal changes during acti- vation - More transient contacts in Meta I - Prefered orientation switches upon isomerization - Retinal elongates in Meta I and Meta II - Retinal dynamics are strongly coupled to protein motions • Transitions involve protein's most collective motions • H6 orientation and contacts are ensemble-dependent • Overall slow relaxation times - Events require hundreds of ns - Multiple simulations essential • Transient intermediates Meta I and Meta II are in equilibrium - Only Meta II activates G protein Opsin is apo form - Crystal looks active-like - Experimentally has minimal activity Dark Opsin is a proposed inactive-like, ligand-free state • Retinal isomerizes from 11-cis to all-trans when a photon is captured by dark-state rhodopsin. • To understand state-dependent dynamics and their correlation with retinal motions we analyzed the following all-atom MD simulations: • Cosine of methyl orientation with membrane normal - Meta II and Dark Rhod: retinal orien- tations distinctly polarized near C5 and C13 - Meta I: more heterogeneous confor- mations Correlation between rhodopsin and retinal's most collective motions - Principal component analysis (PCA) - Each trajectory of every ensemble for ligand and receptor - Alignment on transmembrane Cα's Representative time series of PC1 for protein and retinal • Protein-retinal correlation per ensemble - Compute PCA for protein and retinal for each trajectory - Correlation between PC1 for each - Average over 6 trajectories per ensemble - Dierences are not statistically signicant (p-value > 0.05) - Retinal remains strongly coupled • Retinal-protein interactions - Contact: Residue-retinal centroid- to-centroid distance < 8 Å - Retinal taken as a single residue • Ilustration: Five highest occupancy contacts - Ballesteros-Weinstein numbering in superscript • C3-NZ distance vs. time - Ensemble average over 6 trajec- tories Meta I: all-trans • Average helix 6 interactions - Contact: Centroid-to-centroid distance < 10 Å - Helix 6 taken residue by residue Abstract Class A GPCR Rhodopsin Retinal Dynamics Distinguish Protein State Simulation Details Large-Scale Protein Motions Vary Between Ensembles Future Directions Retinal-Protein Contacts Conclusions Retinal Orientation Varies with Ensemble Retinal Motions Correlate with Overall Protein Dynamics Helix 6 Dynamics Characterize Rhodopsin Ensembles Ensemble-Average Contacts Dynamic Ligand-Protein Interactions Alter Rhodopsin's Conformational Ensemble: Simulations of Rhodopsin and Opsin Dynamic Ligand-Protein Interactions Alter Rhodopsin's Conformational Ensemble: Simulations of Rhodopsin and Opsin Letty Salas-Estrada, Nicholas Leioatts, Tod D. Romo, Shairy Azmy Danial, Alan Grosseld University of Rochester Medical School, Rochester, NY, USA Letty Salas-Estrada, Nicholas Leioatts, Tod D. Romo, Shairy Azmy Danial, Alan Grosseld University of Rochester Medical School, Rochester, NY, USA Rhodopsin Photocycle Intracellular Extracellular (1) Grosseld et al., J. Mol. Biol. 2008, 381: 478-486 T118 3.33 G121 3.36 M207 5.42 H211 5.46 F212 5.47 W265 6.48 Y268 6.51 A269 6.52 Retinal Dark Rhod Meta I Meta II * : p-value vs. Meta II < 0.05 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 |Correlation| Dark Rhod Meta I MetaII Meta II Meta I Dark Rhod Opsin Dark Opsin Dark Rhod Dark Opsin? Opsin Meta II Meta I Bathorhodopsin Lumirhodopsin all-trans retinal retinal cis-trans isomerization 11-cis retinal photon Ensemble Structure Simulation Time (µs) Dark Rhod 1U19 6 runs x 1.8 Meta I previous work (1) 6 runs x 6.0 Meta II 3PXO 6 runs x 4.5 Opsin 3CAP 6 runs x 4.5 Dark Opsin 1U19 (ligand removed) 6 runs x 4.5 Total 130 µs C5 C9 C13 C5 C9 C13 Data analysis was performed using LOOS (Lightweight Object-Oriented Structure library), an open source C++ library designed by the Grosseld lab. LOOS is adaptable and compatible with all major simulation packages, providing a leveled and friendly platform for developing analysis applications. The source code is available at: http://loos.sourceforge.net Retinal Elongation 12 12.5 13 13.5 14 14.5 15 15.5 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 Elongation (Å) Time (ns) Meta I Meta II Dark Rhod • Retinal rapidly elongates after isomerization Retinal 0 0.1 0.2 0 0.1 0.2 Population 0 0.1 0.2 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 cos Θ Meta I Meta II Dark Rhod 0 1000 2000 Time (ns) 12 13 14 16 26 27 28 30 31 101 176 178 179 181 182 183 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 284 0 Retinal Contacts Dark Rhod 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 Time (ns) Meta I 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 Time (ns) Meta II *: p-value vs. Dark Rhod < 0.05 http://tinyurl.com/rtn-rhod-dyna Poster PDF 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 2 1 0 1 2 0 500 1000 1500 Time (ns) Protein Retinal PC1 Displacement (Å) 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 Time (ns) 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 Time (ns) Dark Rhod Meta I Meta II 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 PC1 Displacement (Å) Time (ns) 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 PC2 Displacement (Å) PC1 Displacement (Å) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Dark Rhod Meta I Meta-II Opsin Dark Opsin M1 N2 G3 T4 E5 G6 P7 N8 F9 Y10 V11 P12 F13 S14 N15 K16 K66 K67 L68 C140 K141 M143 S144 N145 W175 S176 R177 Y178 E181 G182 M183 G188 I189 D190 Y191 Y192 T193 P194 H195 E196 E197 A235 Q236 Q237 Q238 E239 S240 A241 T242 T243 Q244 K245 H278 Q279 G280 S281 D282 F283 G284 M309 N310 K311 Q312 F313 R314 N315 C316 M317 V318 T319 L321 C322 C323 K325 N326 H6 Contacts * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Meta II Meta I Dark Rhod Opsin Dark Opsin 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Population cos Θ Dark Rhod: 11-cis Meta II: all-trans Residues Contacting Retinal Residues Contacting Retinal Residues Contacting Helix 6 Dark Rhod Meta I Meta II Opsin Dark Opsin

1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Opsin Dark Opsin Large-Scale Protein

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Page 1: 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Opsin Dark Opsin Large-Scale Protein

12131416262728303132374041448693949798101

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295 Retinal Contacts

Dar

k R

hod

Met

a I

Met

a-II

00.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

12131416262728303132374041448693949798101

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295 Retinal Contacts

Dar

k R

hod

Met

a I

Met

a-II

00.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

• 7

tra

nsm

em

bra

ne (

7T

M) α

-heli

cal

p

rote

ins

• 8

00

GP

CR

s in

th

e h

um

an

gen

om

e

• B

ind

ing

of

G p

rote

in t

o t

he a

cti

ve f

orm

of

t

he r

ecep

tor

ind

uces:

-

Con

form

ati

on

al

ch

an

ge

-

Sig

nal

tran

sdu

cti

on

acro

ss m

em

bra

ne

-

Sig

nali

ng

casc

ad

e

• B

iom

ed

icall

y r

ele

van

t -

More

th

an

30

% d

rug

s ta

rget

GP

CR

s• R

hod

op

sin

is

the m

am

mali

an

dim

- l

igh

t re

cep

tor

-

Reti

nal:

covale

ntl

y b

ou

nd

-

11

-cis

: in

vers

e a

gon

ist

-

All

-tra

ns:

ag

on

ist

•B

ox

size

: 7

4 Å

x 7

4 Å

x 9

•F

orc

efi

eld

: C

HA

RM

M2

7/3

6 -

Reti

nal

para

mete

rs o

bta

ined

fr

om

th

e F

ell

er

lab

•E

nse

mb

le:

NPγT

-

γ =

30

dyn

/cm

• H

eli

x 6

pri

nci

pal

axi

s co

sin

e

w

ith

mem

bra

ne n

orm

al

-

Cyt

op

lasm

ic h

alf

of

the h

eli

x

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psi

n a

nd

Meta

II

more

til

ted

,

b

road

er

ran

ge

• O

ther

lig

an

ds

-

Bett

er

ag

on

ists

-

Weaker

inve

rse a

gon

ists

• E

xten

d a

ccess

ible

tim

esc

ale

s w

ith

sim

ple

mod

els

- S

tru

ctu

re-b

ase

d p

ote

nti

als

- T

ran

siti

on

s in

eq

uil

ibri

um

Giv

en

th

eir

fu

nct

ion

as

tran

du

cers

of

mole

cula

r si

gn

als

acr

oss

th

e

cell

m

em

bra

ne,

G p

rote

in-c

ou

ple

d r

ece

pto

rs (

GP

CR

s) c

on

stit

ute

a m

ajo

r ta

rget

for

dru

gs

in a

wid

e v

ari

ety

of

ph

ysio

log

ical

scen

ari

os.

Un

ders

tan

din

g t

he

cou

rse o

f st

ruct

ura

l tr

an

siti

on

s th

at

all

ost

eri

call

y m

od

ula

te t

heir

act

ivati

on

is

th

ere

fore

fu

nd

am

en

tal

tow

ard

s im

pro

vin

g r

ati

on

al

dru

g d

esi

gn

. H

ere

, w

e

an

aly

ze

un

bia

sed

m

icro

seco

nd

-sca

le

all

-ato

m

mole

cula

r d

ynam

ics

sim

ula

tion

s to

ch

ara

cteri

ze

dis

tin

ct

en

sem

ble

s of

the

class

A

G

PC

R

rhod

op

sin

th

at

corr

esp

on

d t

o b

oth

act

ive-

an

d i

nact

ive-l

ike c

on

form

ati

on

s,

in

the

pre

sen

ce

an

d

ab

sen

ce

of

the

lig

an

d.

By

mon

itori

ng

th

e

lig

an

d's

ori

en

tati

on

an

d i

nte

ract

ion

s w

ith

in t

he b

ind

ing

pock

et,

we s

how

th

at

reti

nal

ad

op

ts

hete

rog

en

eou

s co

nfo

rmati

on

s th

at

are

co

nsi

sten

t w

ith

en

sem

ble

-d

ep

en

den

t d

ynam

ics.

• P

CA

calc

ula

ted

on

ag

gre

gate

b

asi

s se

t

- A

ll 5

en

sem

ble

s

- T

ran

smem

bra

ne Cα

's o

nly

-

Tra

ject

ori

es

dow

nsa

mp

led

to 5

ns

reso

luti

on

• A

vera

ge d

isp

lace

men

t b

y e

nse

mb

le

- P

C1

dis

tin

gu

ish

es

act

ive-l

ike

fro

m i

nact

ive

-

Am

pli

tud

e o

f fl

uct

uati

on

s:

d

ivers

ity

• S

yste

m s

ize:

~4

6,0

00

ato

ms

-

12

3 S

DP

E l

ipid

s -

~ 8

,00

0 w

ate

rs -

10

0 m

M N

aC

l

• I

nte

rnal

solv

ati

on

- H

-bon

din

g p

att

ern

s b

y en

sem

ble

‧ W

ate

r an

d s

alt

• L

ipid

-pro

tein

in

tera

ctio

ns

• P

red

ict

2H

NM

R s

pect

ra f

or

r

eti

nal

• E

nh

an

ced

sam

pli

ng

usi

ng

M

ark

ov

Sta

te M

od

els

• T

herm

ost

at:

Lan

gevi

n -

31

0 K

-

1 b

ar

•E

lect

rost

ati

cs:

PM

E• V

DW

cu

toff

: 1

0 Å

•T

imest

ep

: 2

fs

-

RA

TT

LE

• S

oft

ware

: -

NA

MD

2.8

-

Blu

eG

en

e/Q

• E

nse

mb

le p

roje

cted

on

to

P

C1

an

d P

C2

- E

very

dot

rep

rese

nts

a s

ing

le

st

ruct

ure

in

th

e c

orr

esp

on

din

g

en

sem

ble

• O

psi

n o

verl

ap

s w

ith

all

fou

r en

-

sem

ble

s• D

ark

Rh

od

an

d M

eta

II

are

com

pact

• M

eta

I e

xplo

res

som

e u

niq

ue

s

tate

s• O

ne r

ep

rese

nta

tive

tim

e

s

eri

es

per

en

sem

ble

- R

esi

du

e n

um

ber

colo

red

by

heli

x

- E

nse

mb

le-d

ep

en

den

t in

tera

ctio

ns

-

Con

tact

s va

ry o

n t

he t

imesc

ale

of

hu

nd

red

s of

ns

• A

vera

ge o

ccu

pan

cy

- R

esi

du

e n

um

ber

colo

red

by

heli

x

-

Meta

I i

s th

e m

ost

hete

rog

en

eou

s

• R

eti

nal

chan

ges

du

rin

g a

cti-

v

ati

on

- M

ore

tra

nsi

en

t co

nta

cts

in M

eta

I

-

Pre

fere

d o

rien

tati

on

sw

itch

es

up

on

iso

meri

zati

on

-

Reti

nal

elo

ng

ate

s in

Meta

I a

nd

M

eta

II

-

Reti

nal

dyn

am

ics

are

str

on

gly

co

up

led

to p

rote

in m

oti

on

s

• T

ran

siti

on

s in

volv

e p

rote

in's

m

ost

coll

ect

ive m

oti

on

s• H

6 o

rien

tati

on

an

d c

on

tact

s a

re e

nse

mb

le-d

ep

en

den

t• O

vera

ll s

low

rela

xati

on

tim

es

- E

ven

ts r

eq

uir

e h

un

dre

ds

of

ns

-

Mu

ltip

le s

imu

lati

on

s ess

en

tial

• T

ran

sien

t in

term

ed

iate

s• M

eta

I a

nd

Meta

II

are

in

eq

uil

ibri

um

-

On

ly M

eta

II

act

ivate

s G

pro

tein

• O

psi

n i

s ap

o f

orm

- C

ryst

al

looks

act

ive-l

ike

- E

xperi

men

tall

y h

as

min

imal

act

ivit

y

• D

ark

Op

sin

is

a p

rop

ose

d

i

nact

ive-l

ike, li

gan

d-f

ree

s

tate

• R

eti

nal

isom

eri

zes

from

11

-cis

to a

ll-t

ran

s w

hen

a p

hoto

n

i

s cap

ture

d b

y d

ark

-sta

te r

hod

op

sin

.

• T

o u

nd

ers

tan

d s

tate

-dep

en

den

t d

yn

am

ics

an

d t

heir

corr

ela

tion

wit

h r

eti

nal

moti

on

s w

e a

naly

zed

th

e f

oll

ow

ing

all

-ato

m M

D

sim

ula

tion

s:

• C

osi

ne o

f m

eth

yl o

rien

tati

on

wit

h

m

em

bra

ne n

orm

al

- M

eta

II

an

d D

ark

Rh

od

: re

tin

al

ori

en

-

t

ati

on

s d

isti

nct

ly p

ola

rize

d n

ear

C5

a

nd

C1

3

-

Meta

I:

more

hete

rog

en

eou

s co

nfo

r-

m

ati

on

s

• C

orr

ela

tion

betw

een

rh

od

op

sin

a

nd

reti

nal's

most

coll

ect

ive m

oti

on

s

- P

rin

cip

al

com

pon

en

t an

aly

sis

(PC

A)

-

Each

tra

ject

ory

of

eve

ry e

nse

mb

le f

or

lig

an

d a

nd

rece

pto

r

- A

lig

nm

en

t on

tra

nsm

em

bra

ne Cα

's• R

ep

rese

nta

tive

tim

e s

eri

es

of

PC

1

f

or

pro

tein

an

d r

eti

nal

• P

rote

in-r

eti

nal

corr

ela

tion

per

e

nse

mb

le

- C

om

pu

te P

CA

for

pro

tein

an

d r

eti

nal

for

each

tra

ject

ory

- C

orr

ela

tion

betw

een

PC

1 f

or

each

- A

vera

ge o

ver

6 t

raje

ctori

es

per

en

sem

ble

-

Diff

ere

nce

s are

not

stati

stic

all

y

s

ign

ifica

nt

(p-v

alu

e >

0.0

5)

-

Reti

nal

rem

ain

s st

ron

gly

cou

ple

d

• R

eti

nal-

pro

tein

in

tera

ctio

ns

-

Con

tact

: R

esi

du

e-r

eti

nal

cen

troid

-

t

o-c

en

troid

dis

tan

ce <

8 Å

-

Reti

nal

taken

as

a s

ing

le r

esi

du

e• I

lust

rati

on

: F

ive h

igh

est

o

ccu

pan

cy c

on

tact

s -

Ball

est

ero

s-W

ein

stein

nu

mb

eri

ng

in

su

pers

crip

t

• C

3-N

Z d

ista

nce

vs.

tim

e

- E

nse

mb

le a

vera

ge o

ver

6 t

raje

c-

t

ori

es

M

eta

I:

all

-tra

ns

• A

vera

ge h

eli

x 6

in

tera

ctio

ns

- C

on

tact

: C

en

troid

-to-c

en

troid

dis

tan

ce <

10

Å

- H

eli

x 6

taken

resi

du

e b

y re

sid

ue

Ab

str

act

Cla

ss A

GP

CR

Rh

od

op

sin

Reti

nal D

yn

am

ics D

isti

ng

uis

h P

rote

in S

tate

Sim

ula

tion

Deta

ils

Larg

e-S

cale

Pro

tein

Moti

on

s

Vary

Betw

een

En

sem

ble

s

Fu

ture

Dir

ecti

on

s

Reti

nal-

Pro

tein

Con

tacts

Con

clu

sio

ns

Reti

nal O

rien

tati

on

Vari

es w

ith

En

sem

ble

Reti

nal M

oti

on

s C

orr

ela

te w

ith

Overa

ll P

rote

in D

yn

am

ics

Helix 6

Dyn

am

ics C

hara

cte

rize

Rh

od

op

sin

En

sem

ble

s

En

sem

ble

-Avera

ge C

on

tacts

Dynam

ic L

igan

d-P

rote

in Inte

racti

ons

Alt

er

Rh

odopsi

n's

Con

form

ati

onal

Ense

mble

: Sim

ula

tions

of

Rhodopsi

n a

nd O

psi

nD

ynam

ic L

igan

d-P

rote

in Inte

racti

ons

Alt

er

Rh

odopsi

n's

Con

form

ati

onal

Ense

mble

: Sim

ula

tions

of

Rhodopsi

n a

nd O

psi

nLe

tty

Sala

s-Est

rad

a,

Nic

hola

s Le

ioatt

s, T

od

D.

Rom

o,

Shair

y A

zmy

Dania

l, A

lan G

rossfield

Univ

ers

ity

of

Roch

est

er

Med

ical S

chool, R

och

est

er,

NY,

US

ALe

tty

Sala

s-Est

rad

a,

Nic

hola

s Le

ioatt

s, T

od

D.

Rom

o,

Shair

y A

zmy

Dania

l, A

lan G

rossfield

Univ

ers

ity

of

Roch

est

er

Med

ical S

chool, R

och

est

er,

NY,

US

A

Rhod

op

sin P

hoto

cycl

e

Intr

ace

llula

r

Extr

ace

llula

r

(1) G

rossfi

eld

et

al.

, J.

Mol.

Bio

l. 2

00

8,

38

1:

47

8-4

86

T1

18

3.3

3G

12

13

.36

M2

07

5.4

2H

21

15

.46

F21

25

.47

W2

65

6.4

8Y2

68

6.5

1A

26

96

.52

Reti

nal

Dark

Rh

od

Meta

IM

eta

II

*:

p-v

alu

e v

s. M

eta

II

< 0

.05

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.81

|Correlation|

Dar

k R

hod

Met

a I

Met

a−II

Met

a II

Met

a I

Dar

k R

hod

Opsi

n

Dar

k O

psi

n

Dark

Rh

od

Dark

Op

sin

?

Op

sin

Meta

II

Meta

I

Bath

orh

od

op

sin

Lu

mir

hod

op

sin

all-

tran

sre

tinal

reti

nal ci

s-tr

ans

isom

eri

zati

on

11

-cis

reti

nal

photon

Ens

embl

eSt

ruct

ure

Sim

ulat

ion

Tim

e (µ

s)D

ark

Rho

d1U

196

runs

x1.

8M

eta

Ipr

evio

usw

ork(1

)6

runs

x6.

0M

eta

II3P

XO

6 ru

nsx

4.5

Ops

in3C

AP

6 ru

nsx

4.5

Dar

k O

psin

1U19

(liga

ndre

mov

ed)

6 ru

nsx

4.5

Tota

l≈

130

µs

C5

C9

C1

3

C5

C9

C1

3

Dat

a an

alys

is w

as p

erfo

rmed

usi

ng L

OO

S (L

ight

wei

ght

Obj

ect-

Orie

nted

Str

uctu

re li

brar

y),

an o

pen

sour

ce C

++

lib

rary

des

igne

d by

the

Gro

ssfie

ld l

ab.

LOO

S is

ada

ptab

le a

nd

com

patib

le w

ith a

ll m

ajor

sim

ulat

ion

pack

ages

, pro

vidi

ng a

leve

led

and

frien

dly

plat

form

fo

r dev

elop

ing

anal

ysis

app

licat

ions

. The

sou

rce

code

is a

vaila

ble

at:

http://loos.sourceforge.net

Reti

nal Elo

ng

ati

on

1212

.51313

.51414

.51515

.5

010

0020

0030

0040

0050

0060

00

Elongation (Å)

Tim

e (n

s)

Met

a I

Met

a II

Dar

k R

hod

• R

eti

nal

rap

idly

elo

ng

ate

s

aft

er

isom

eri

zati

on

Reti

nal

0

0.1

0.2 0

0.1

0.2

Population

0

0.1

0.2 −1

.0−0

.50.

00.

51.

0co

Met

a I

Met

a II

Dar

k R

hod

12131416262728303132374041448693949798101

103

110

113

114

117

118

120

121

122

124

125

167

168

170

171

176

178

179

181

182

183

185

186

187

188

189

190

191

192

193

194

203

204

206

207

208

210

211

212

261

264

265

266

267

268

269

270

271

272

273

275

276

284

285

286

287

288

289

291

292

293

295 0

1000

2000

Retinal Contacts

Tim

e (n

s)

1111111112131416262728303132374041448693949798101

103

110

113

114

117

118

120

121

122

124

125

167

168

170

171

176

178

179

181

182

183

185

186

187

188

189

190

191

192

193

194

203

204

206

207

208

210

211

212

261

264

265

266

267

268

269

270

271

272

273

275

276

284

285

286

287

288

289

291

292

293

295 0

1000

2000

Retinal Contacts

Tim

e (n

s)

Dark

Rh

od

010

0020

0030

0040

0050

0060

00Ti

me

(ns)

Meta

I

010

0020

0030

0040

00Ti

me

(ns)

Meta

II

*:

p-v

alu

e v

s. D

ark

Rh

od

< 0

.05

htt

p:/

/tin

yurl

.com

/rtn

-rhod

-dyna

Post

er

PD

F

−1−0

.500.

51 −2−1012

050

010

0015

00Ti

me

(ns)

−1−0

.500.

51

Protein

−2−1012

050

010

0015

00

Retinal

Tim

e (n

s)

−1−0

.500.

51

Protein

−2−1012

050

010

0015

00

Retinal

Tim

e (n

s)

−1

−0.50

0.51

PC1 Displacement (Å)

010

0020

0030

0040

0050

0060

00Ti

me

(ns)

010

0020

0030

0040

00Ti

me

(ns)

Dark

Rh

od

Meta

IM

eta

II

−1.5−1

−0.50

0.51

1.52

010

0020

0030

0040

0050

0060

00

PC1 Displacement (Å)

Tim

e (n

s)

−2.5−2

−1.5−1

−0.50

0.51

1.5 −1

.5−1

−0.5

00.

51

1.5

2

PC2 Displacement (Å)

PC

1 D

ispl

acem

ent (

Å)

M1

N2

G3

T4

E5

G6

P7

N8

F9

Y1

0V

11

P1

2F

13

S1

4N

15

K1

6T

17

Y4

3I5

4L

57

T5

8V

61

T6

2Q

64

H6

5K

66

K6

7L

68

R6

9T

70

P7

1L

72

N7

3I7

5L

76

L7

9A

80

D8

3M

86

F9

1A

11

7T

11

8G

12

1E

12

2A

12

4L

12

5S

12

7L

12

8V

12

9L

13

1A

13

2E

13

4R

13

5Y

13

6V

13

8V

13

9C

14

0K

14

1M

14

3S

14

4N

14

5F

14

6R

14

7C

16

7P

17

0W

17

5S

17

6R

17

7Y

17

8E

18

1G

18

2M

18

3G

18

8I1

89

D1

90

Y1

91

Y1

92

T1

93

P1

94

H1

95

E1

96

E1

97

T1

98

N1

99

N2

00

E2

01

S2

02

F2

03

V2

04

I20

5Y

20

6M

20

7F

20

8V

20

9H

21

1F

21

2I2

13

I21

4P

21

5L

21

6I2

17

V2

18

I21

9F

22

0C

22

2Y

22

3G

22

4L

22

6V

22

7T

22

9V

23

0K

23

1E

23

2A

23

3A

23

4A

23

5Q

23

6Q

23

7Q

23

8E

23

9S

24

0A

24

1T

24

2T

24

3Q

24

4K

24

5H

27

8Q

27

9G

28

0S

28

1D

28

2F

28

3G

28

4P

28

5I2

86

F2

87

M2

88

T2

89

I29

0P

29

1A

29

2F

29

4A

29

5K

29

6T

29

7S

29

8A

29

9V

30

0Y

30

1N

30

2P

30

3V

30

4I3

05

Y3

06

I30

7M

30

8M

30

9N

31

0K

31

1Q

31

2F

31

3R

31

4N

31

5C

31

6M

31

7V

31

8T

31

9L

32

1C

32

2C

32

3K

32

5N

32

6 H6 Contacts

Dar

k R

hodM

eta

IM

eta-

IIO

psin

Dar

kO

psin

00.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

M1

N2

G3T4E5

G6

P7

N8F9Y

10V

11P

12F13

S14

N15

K16T1

7Y

43I54

L57

T58

V61T6

2Q

64H

65K

66K

67L68

R69T7

0P

71L72

N73I7

5L7

6L7

9A

80D

83M

86F91

A11

7T1

18G

121

E12

2A

124

L125

S12

7L1

28V

129

L131

A13

2E

134

R13

5Y

136

V13

8V

139

C14

0K

141

M14

3S

144

N14

5F1

46R

147

C16

7P

170

W17

5S

176

R17

7Y

178

E18

1G

182

M18

3G

188

I189

D19

0Y

191

Y19

2T1

93P

194

H19

5E

196

E19

7T1

98N

199

N20

0E

201

S20

2F2

03V

204

I205

Y20

6M

207

F208

V20

9H

211

F212

I213

I214

P21

5L2

16I2

17V

218

I219

F220

C22

2Y

223

G22

4L2

26V

227

T229

V23

0K

231

E23

2A

233

A23

4A

235

Q23

6Q

237

Q23

8E

239

S24

0A

241

T242

T243

Q24

4K

245

H27

8Q

279

G28

0S

281

D28

2F2

83G

284

P28

5I2

86F2

87M

288

T289

I290

P29

1A

292

F294

A29

5K

296

T297

S29

8A

299

V30

0Y

301

N30

2P

303

V30

4I3

05Y

306

I307

M30

8M

309

N31

0K

311

Q31

2F3

13R

314

N31

5C

316

M31

7V

318

T319

L321

C32

2C

323

K32

5N

326 H6 Contacts

Dar

k R

hodM

eta

IM

eta-

IIO

psin

Dar

k O

psin00.

2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

M1

N2

G3T4E5

G6

P7

N8F9Y

10V

11P

12F13

S14

N15

K16T17

Y43I54

L57

T58

V61T62

Q64

H65

K66

K67L68

R69T70

P71L72

N73I75

L76

L79

A80

D83

M86F91

A11

7T1

18G

121

E12

2A

124

L125

S12

7L1

28V

129

L131

A13

2E

134

R13

5Y

136

V13

8V

139

C14

0K

141

M14

3S

144

N14

5F1

46R

147

C16

7P

170

W17

5S

176

R17

7Y

178

E18

1G

182

M18

3G

188

I189

D19

0Y

191

Y19

2T1

93P

194

H19

5E

196

E19

7T1

98N

199

N20

0E

201

S20

2F2

03V

204

I205

Y20

6M

207

F208

V20

9H

211

F212

I213

I214

P21

5L2

16I2

17V

218

I219

F220

C22

2Y

223

G22

4L2

26V

227

T229

V23

0K

231

E23

2A

233

A23

4A

235

Q23

6Q

237

Q23

8E

239

S24

0A

241

T242

T243

Q24

4K

245

H27

8Q

279

G28

0S

281

D28

2F2

83G

284

P28

5I2

86F2

87M

288

T289

I290

P29

1A

292

F294

A29

5K

296

T297

S29

8A

299

V30

0Y

301

N30

2P

303

V30

4I3

05Y

306

I307

M30

8M

309

N31

0K

311

Q31

2F3

13R

314

N31

5C

316

M31

7V

318

T319

L321

C32

2C

323

K32

5N

326 H6 Contacts

Dar

k R

hodM

eta

IM

eta-

IIO

psin

Dar

k O

psin00.

2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

* * * ****

** **** * * * * * *

Met

a II

Met

a I

Dar

k R

hod

Opsi

n

Dar

k O

psi

n

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4 0.

70.

80.

91

Population

cos

Θ

Dark

Rh

od

: 1

1-c

is

M

eta

II:

all

-tra

ns

12131416262728303132374041448693949798101

103

110

113

114

117

118

120

121

122

124

125

167

168

170

171

176

178

179

181

182

183

185

186

187

188

189

190

191

192

193

194

203

204

206

207

208

210

211

212

261

264

265

266

267

268

269

270

271

272

273

275

276

284

285

286

287

288

289

291

292

293

295

Residues Contacting Retinal

Dar

k R

hod

Met

a I

Met

a-II

00.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

12131416262728303132374041448693949798101

103

110

113

114

117

118

120

121

122

124

125

167

168

170

171

176

178

179

181

182

183

185

186

187

188

189

190

191

192

193

194

203

204

206

207

208

210

211

212

261

264

265

266

267

268

269

270

271

272

273

275

276

284

285

286

287

288

289

291

292

293

295

Residues Contacting Retinal

Dar

k R

hod

Met

a I

Met

a-II

00.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

M1

N2

G3T4E5

G6

P7

N8F9Y

10V

11P

12F13

S14

N15

K16T1

7Y

43I54

L57

T58

V61T6

2Q

64H

65K

66K

67L68

R69T7

0P

71L72

N73I7

5L7

6L7

9A

80D

83M

86F91

A11

7T1

18G

121

E12

2A

124

L125

S12

7L1

28V

129

L131

A13

2E

134

R13

5Y

136

V13

8V

139

C14

0K

141

M14

3S

144

N14

5F1

46R

147

C16

7P

170

W17

5S

176

R17

7Y

178

E18

1G

182

M18

3G

188

I189

D19

0Y

191

Y19

2T1

93P

194

H19

5E

196

E19

7T1

98N

199

N20

0E

201

S20

2F2

03V

204

I205

Y20

6M

207

F208

V20

9H

211

F212

I213

I214

P21

5L2

16I2

17V

218

I219

F220

C22

2Y

223

G22

4L2

26V

227

T229

V23

0K

231

E23

2A

233

A23

4A

235

Q23

6Q

237

Q23

8E

239

S24

0A

241

T242

T243

Q24

4K

245

H27

8Q

279

G28

0S

281

D28

2F2

83G

284

P28

5I2

86F2

87M

288

T289

I290

P29

1A

292

F294

A29

5K

296

T297

S29

8A

299

V30

0Y

301

N30

2P

303

V30

4I3

05Y

306

I307

M30

8M

309

N31

0K

311

Q31

2F3

13R

314

N31

5C

316

M31

7V

318

T319

L321

C32

2C

323

K32

5N

326

Residues Contacting Helix 6

Dar

k R

hodM

eta

IM

et-II

Ops

inD

ark

Ops

in00.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

M1

N2

G3T4E5

G6

P7

N8F9Y

10V

11P

12F13

S14

N15

K16T1

7Y

43I54

L57

T58

V61T6

2Q

64H

65K

66K

67L68

R69T7

0P

71L72

N73I7

5L7

6L7

9A

80D

83M

86F91

A11

7T1

18G

121

E12

2A

124

L125

S12

7L1

28V

129

L131

A13

2E

134

R13

5Y

136

V13

8V

139

C14

0K

141

M14

3S

144

N14

5F1

46R

147

C16

7P

170

W17

5S

176

R17

7Y

178

E18

1G

182

M18

3G

188

I189

D19

0Y

191

Y19

2T1

93P

194

H19

5E

196

E19

7T1

98N

199

N20

0E

201

S20

2F2

03V

204

I205

Y20

6M

207

F208

V20

9H

211

F212

I213

I214

P21

5L2

16I2

17V

218

I219

F220

C22

2Y

223

G22

4L2

26V

227

T229

V23

0K

231

E23

2A

233

A23

4A

235

Q23

6Q

237

Q23

8E

239

S24

0A

241

T242

T243

Q24

4K

245

H27

8Q

279

G28

0S

281

D28

2F2

83G

284

P28

5I2

86F2

87M

288

T289

I290

P29

1A

292

F294

A29

5K

296

T297

S29

8A

299

V30

0Y

301

N30

2P

303

V30

4I3

05Y

306

I307

M30

8M

309

N31

0K

311

Q31

2F3

13R

314

N31

5C

316

M31

7V

318

T319

L321

C32

2C

323

K32

5N

326

Residues Contacting Helix 6

Dar

k R

hodM

eta

IM

eta

IIO

psin

Dar

k O

psin00.

2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1