C k1.75 2.2 Kühn,2001

Twidell and Gaudiosi,2009

15m/sI15 0.08 0.15 Frandsen and Christensen,1994

Kühn,2001

0.001

0.04 DS472 1992

Krohn,1998

3 JIS C1400-3 2.1.1-1

semi-offshore ,1999

2.1.1-1

Wind turbine with a floating sub-structure which is subject to hydrodynamic loading,vertically supported by the buoyancy of the structure itself and the horizontal forces induced by wave, current, wind, etc. are supported by the station-keeping facilities. [Wind Turbines-Part3 Design requirements for floating offshore wind turbines(TS61400-3-2 IEC2009)]

50 60m

2.1.2-1 ( ) () ( ) 3

PC Twisted Jacket Inward Battered Guide Structure 2.1.2-1

50 60m2.1.2-2

60m

71.6%

9.7%

4.4%

2.7%2.6%

0.5%0.2% 0.1% 6.6% 1.5%

2011 2011 100m 200m2.1.2-2 30m

30m 60m

,2010: ,2013

2.1.2-3 1990 2014

71.6% 9.7% 4.4%2.7% 2.6% 0.5 %

:3027

2.2-1

80m 7.0m/s

Petersen 19922.2.1-1

Matthies et al. 1995 EC

EC 60m7.0m/s 0-30m 0-30km 6MW 1

km 1 2.2.1-1

50m

:>9.0m/s >800W/m2

:8.0-9.0m/s 600-800W/m2 :7.0-8.0m/s 400-600W/m2 :5.5-7.0m/s 200-400W/m2 :<5.5m/s <200W/m2

2.2.1-2 EC

2009 2010EC

30km7,200km2 7

EC

2.2.1-1 80% 10km

20-30km 3% 20-30km

7m/s 60m 0-30m

8-30%

2.2.1-1

270GW(2.7 kW) 80GW(0.8 kW)50GW(0.5 kW)

2 (100GW:1 kW)

Schwartz et al. 20104 2.2.1-2: 90m 7m/s

0-30m,30-60m,60m 3 50 92.6km 5MW/km2

2.2.1-33

60m60m 896.5GW 9 kW

51.3GW 0.5 kW 170-30

30-60m 1.7 60m2450GW 24.5 kW 0-30m 30-60m 1.4

2.2.1-2

750GW(7.5 kW) Chan(2007) 45GW(0.45 kW) Henderson, et al.(2009)

(70m ) :BTM Consult(2010)

7.9GW(790 kW) Kim(2009) 25GW(0.25 kW) Henderson, et al.(2009)

(80m ) Kim(2009)

1993 5

6

1999 2000a;2000b2003 2010 2010

2011 20112013 2.2.2-1

2.2.2-1 80m :7.07.5m/s

2.2.2-1 4 kW

2 1 kW

22.2.2-2 200m 30km120 MW 12 kW 0-50m

2.1 MW 2.1 kW 18% {50-200m 99 MW 9.9 kW 82% }

4.650m

10km 30km 20%

5

2.2.2-2

:7.0m/s 80m , 50m , :30km

,2014

1990 Nogersund 220kW1 5m 1000m

1991 Vindeby 450kW 11 1994 Tunø Konob 500kW 10 1994 Ijssel Lely 500kW 4

20002000

20022.3.1-1

2.3.1-2; 2.3.1-3 (2)Round3 EEZ

2014 1,052 kW 10,520 MW3027 2.3.1-4

2014 3 7 kW 3 344% 5

49.0% 19.3% 13.0% 8.0 % 4.1%5

5.2 kW 0.5 % 8 0.5 kW 0.1% 12

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2.3.1-5 11990 500kW 2

2000 2005 2000kW 4500kW2005 2010 3000kW

5000kW 2014 4000kW 7000kW20 14

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

1990

1991

1994

1995

1996

1997

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

(MW)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000(kW) (kW)

1990 2014 Siemens 55.1% Vestas 22.1% Senvion2.8% Bard 2.7% REpower 1.7% Sinovel 1.1% Bonus 1.0% Nordtank 0.9%

12.6% SiemensVestas 1/4

Simens 2004 Bonus REpower 2007 SuzlonREpwer 2014 REpower

Senvion Siemens Bonus 56.1%Senvion REpower 4.5%

( 2.3.1-6

12.3.1-7 1990

1 5MW 2000 2009100MW 209MW 2010 300MW

630MW 20 300

55.1%22.1%

2.8%2.7%1.7%1.1%

1.0% 0.9%12.6%

Siemens

Vestas

Senvion

Bard

REpower

Sinovel

Bonus

Nordtank

10 2.3.1-110 2013

London Array Phase 630MW Phase1,000MW(1GW

Anholt Walney Thomton Bank

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700(MW) (MW)

Anholt

http://www.anholt-windfarm.com/en/environment http://www.anholt-windfarm.com/en/the-project

Walney

http://www.walneyoffshorewind.co.uk/en/about-walney/about-the-project http://www.walneyoffshorewind.co.uk/en

Thornton Bank

http://www.c-power.be/presentation http://www.c-power.be/

BTM Consult(2012) 202178,000MW(78GW) 1/3

% 2.3.1-8

10{ 2000 Blyth 4MW:2MW 2

The Crown Estate:

,2013 Blyth

2.3.1-2 2.31-9 Round1 Round2 Round3

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

90,000

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

USAsiaEurope

Forecast Prediction

Round1 4-21m 2-13km Round2 6.5-29m 7-30km Round3 EEZ 35-53m 20-160km

Round1 100MW 2000

Round 400MW 2008 2014

Round 1000MW 2014

2.3.1-10 2005

Round3

2011 2010 LCOE:Levelized Cost of Energy 149 191/MWh 25.3 32.5 /kWh;170 / 2020 100/MWh

17 /kWh

UK Energy Research Center,2010

100/MWh 17 /kWh

ROCS Renewable

Obligation Certificate System: RPS

1ROC/MWh 5 1.5ROC/MWh 2009-2012

2013-2014 2ROC/MWh,2015 1.9ROC/MWh 20161.8ROC/MWh 2011 ROCS ROCS FiT-CfD

FiT-CfD 2013FiT-CfD

CCS Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage

150/MWh 25.5 /kWh100/MWh 17 /kWh

Triton Knoll12000MW,Round2 Argyll Array:18000MW,Round3FiT-CfD 15

2004 2008Enercon,Nordex,Bard2009 29m 43km Alpha Ventus60MW:5MW 12 Senvion REpower /AREVA Multibrid 6

6 1

2.3.1-1112 1 EEZ

EEZ

http://www.offshore-windenergie.net/en/wind-farms

2010 Energiekonzept

2020 35% 2030 50% 2050 80%

2011 2022

2020 10GW 2030 25GW 2050 39.3GW2.4.1-1 FIT

EEG 20142020 6.5GW 2030 15GW

2

KfW 20119

FIT 15 /kWh 20.3

/kWh 19 /kWh 25.7 /kWh 125 8.77 /kWh 11.8 /kWh <

2013 135 / >

2 3 1 1FIT

12 ) 8 )

20m1.7 /m 22km EEZ) 0.5 / 1.9km)

)

:1-12 , :13-20 ) :1-8 ,:9-20 ) )

2018 7%/

EEG:Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz,2012) 2012-2017 : 15 kWh 20 3 kWh

19 kWh 25 7 kWh3 5 kWh 4 7 kWh

EEZ2.3.1-3 2010 520MW 2013

520MW 1,871 5,343 8,905MW5,342 26,382 31,888MW

10

,LCOE:Levelised Cost of energy2013 13-15 cent/kWh 18-20 /kWh

2023 3%10% 32-39% 6-8 /kWh

Hobohm,et al.,2013 2.5

2013

:EnWG

Knight,2011

2010 201391,412MW 318,105MW 29% GWEC 2013

2007 Goldwind 1500kW 12013 400MW0.4% 2020 30GW

30,000MW;3,000 kW 2007 9

2011

5 2015 5GW30%

2.3.1-4 2009

2020 23.78GW 23,780MW; 2,378 kW2020 30GW

2.2.1

2.3.1-12

2 3 1 2FIT BTM Consult 2010 2012

0 6 kWh 0 8 kWh 9 8 kWh 13 1kWh 16 35

Rudong Intertidal Trial Project 30MW 0 8 kWh 2010Rudong Intertidal Project 150MW 0 788 kWh 2011 2012Dafeng 200MW 0 6396 kWh 2010Dongtai 200MW 0 62 36 kWh 2010

0 7 kWh 1 0 kWh 11 4 kWh 16 4kWh

Shanghai Donghai Phase1 102MW 0 978 kWh 2009Binhai 300MW 0 737 kWh 2010Sheyang 300MW 0 705 kWh 2010

0 51 kWh 0 61 kWh 8 3 kWh 10 0kWh

BTM Consult 2012

2010 201361,091MW 318,105MW 20%

GWEC2013 DOE DOI 2011 2

202010GW 2030 54GW 2.3.1-22013 750kW

2.3.1 2.3.1-13Cape Wind Block Island Mid-

Atlantic Wind Park Wolf Island Shoals 4PPA Cape Wind

DOI 2014 53 47 47

New Jersey :Fishermen’s Energy,XEMC 5MW 5 , Virginia :Dominion Virginia Power,Alstom 6MW 2 , Oregon :Priciple Power,Siemens 6MW 5 ,

Broehl 2010 2013

SEP

2 3 1 32013

DOE DOI BOEM 2013 7 31

667km2

DW 384 3 84200 100 kW 60 kW

FTC30 BOEM 10

6 COP 4 5COP 25

DW 50 5

2013 2014

(50kW NEDO,2008) 5( 2.3.2-1) 2MW

5MW2 ( )

2013 ( 10kW )

266.1 kW 5 kW( 264.2 kW) 1.9%

2.3.2-2 ( )

(NEDO )2,400kW 2000kW 2013

2 16MW(1.6 kW 2000kW8 ) 30MW(3 kW2000kW 15 ) 2.3.2-1 2.3.2-4

2.3.2-1a

1.ver.1( , 24 6 )

( )

1 kW

( , ,, , )

( : / ,/ / / , )

(/ / )

( 1 kW,

)

2.3.2-1b 2.

(http://www.mlit.go.jp/common/001084179.pdf)

(

) ( 27 )

( )

( ) : : : ( ) (

) :

: :

:

1.2M

W;6

00kW

×2(

HP)

(10

MW

;200

0kW

×5)

HP

14M

W;2

000k

W×7

16M

W;2

000k

W×8

NEDO 20092010

( )2012 8 ( 95m;

) 10 (2.300kW ) 2012 6( 85m; ) 2013 3 (2000kW

) ( 2.3.2-3, 2.3.2-5; 2.3.2-4, 2.3.2-6)

( 2.3.2-5 )

(250MW:5MW 50 )

2016 202.3.2-7

2.3.2-2

()

2

()

(

)

()

(:

.)

( NED

O:

)

(N

EDO

: )

()

(:

)

()

()

(

)

()

()

()

()

(

) (

) (

)

(

)

(/

30m

)

2.3.2-2

2011 Dong Energy ( ) 100% Gunfleet Sands( ) 49.9%

2013 Parkwind ( )

2014 9 30 Belwind Northwind

2014 Technip (

) ()

2012 3

Seajacks International2013

2011 11 Macquarie Capital1

2013 8

Barclays Infrastructure Funds ManagementLondon Array

(TenneT Holding )49 TenneT

Dong Energy ( )

100%Diamond Transmission Corporation

5

a. ( ) b. ( / ) ( / )

c. / / d. e. )

a ( The Crown Estate)

b

(2012.7)

c b

(SEP) ( )

d

2012 10(2013 4 1 )

e d

(CAPEX:Capital Expediture)(OPEX:Operating Expense) (CAPEX )

( 2.3.3-1)

Energy Research Group, LLC(2010) 2000 201034

3.6 /MW(36 /kW; 100 /$) 1.9 9.2 /MW(19 92/kW) (20kW ) 30 /kW(

,2013) 31.4 /kW( ,2014)

2012 NEDO FS( ) 42.3.3-2

O&M45 /kW 79 /kW

(30 /kW) 1.5 2.6 1.32.2

(Musial and Ram,2010)2.3.3-1

( )

(LPC:Levelized Production Cost LCC Life Cycle Cost LCOE

Levelized Cost of Energy) (Musial and Ram,2010) 2.3.3-2( ) O&M( )

Duwind(2001)

O&M

SEP

2.3.3-3 ( )

Round3

(EEZ)2.3.1

(2011 ) 2020100/MWh(17 /kWh)

(2014)

(O&M ) Rademakers et al.(2009)

O&M LPC LCC LCOE 20%-30% (Perkins and Everett,2011) 2.3.3-2 O&M

O&M Faulstich et al. (2011)( 2.3.3-3) O&M

(76.5 /kW/ ) (34.2 147.4 /kW/) (2014 5 ) (139 / ) 10,630 /kW/

( 4,750 20,500 /kW/ )

2.4.3-2 22,000 /kW/ (15,000 30,000/kW/ ) O&M

O&MO&M O&M

1.5 2.6

( ) O&M

2 3 3 1

26 3 7 2636 kWh 20

O M 2 3 3 1 222 kWh 1 6

2012 10 ( ) (2013 4 1)

NEDO 2009

2.3.3-4

(2011)( )

2.3.3-5

NIMBY(Not-In-My-Backyard) (

)

2 3 3 2a2012

( )

12 729 6 763 60 6 5 1 1052 33 131

92 692007

16 7 6 74 5 3 9 2 9 2 3

1 710m 6

12 8

50m350m 400m 500m

800m

510

26

( )

(12,879Euro/MW/ ; 174 /MW/ ) 35% 4,507 Euro/MW/ ; 61 /MW/ 50% ( )

6,440 Euro/MW/ ; 87 /MW/ 15% 1,932 Euro/MW/ ; 26 /MW/

Broehl,J.(2010):Wave of offshore hope fights against the odds. Wind Power Monthly,Dec.,2010,58-60.

BSH(Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency)HP http://www.bsh.de/en/Marine_uses/Industry/Wind_farms/, 2015 1 1 .

BTM Consult(2010):International Wind Energy Development, Offshore Report 2010.104pp. BTM Consult(2012):International Wind Energy Development, Offshore Report 2013.259pp. Burger,A.(2014):DOE 54-GWs 0f Untapped Offshore Wind Power.TriplePundit.

http://www.triplepundit.com/2014/10/doe-54-gws-offshore-wind-power-waiting-tap ped/,2014 12 30 .

(2000a): 11 ( )

.NEDO ,55pp. (2000b): 11 (

) .,149pp.

(2012): 23 . 23 427 ,23pp.

(2014): 26 . 26 37 ,37pp. http://www.meti.go.jp/committee/chotatsu_kakaku/pdf/report_003_01_00.pdf,

2014 12 30 . Dolan,D.(2004):MMI Eng. At Deepwater Wind Energy Workshop, Washington D.C.,PPT. DS472 Danish Standard(1992):DS472-Loads and Safty of Wind Turbine Construction, 1st

edition May 1992, English translated by NEL. Duwind(2001):Offshore Wind Energy Ready to Power a Suitable Europe Final report.NNE5-

1999-562,289pp. Energy Research Group, LLC(2010): Offshore Wind Energy Installation and Decommissioning Cost Estimation in the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf. BOEMRE(The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement).

EWEA(2014):Wind energy scenarios foe 2020.7pp. http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/files/library/publications/reports/EWEA-Wind-energy-scenarios-2020.pdf 2014 12 21 . http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/Wind_2013_Roadmap.pdf,

2014 12 21 . Faulstich,S.,P. Kuhn, P. Lyding and S. Pfaffel(2011):Offshore Wind Energy Deployment. It’s

the cost that counts.PO47, EWEA Offshore 2011. Frandsen,S. and C.J.Christensen(1994):Vindeby offshore wind farm-fatigue loads. Contributions from the Department of Meteorology and Wind Energy to the EWEC94

Conference in Thessaoniki, Greece. Larsen Gunner C.(ed.),Risoe National Laboratory,Roskilde,Denmark,107-111.

Henderson A.R.,D. Witcher and C.A.Morgan (2009) Floating Support Structures Enabling New Markets for Offshore Wind Energy. European Wind Energy Conference 2009,Marseille, France.1-12.

Hoboham,J.,L.Krampe,F.Peter,A.Gerken, P.Heinrich and M.Richer(2013):Cost Reduction Potentials of Offshore Wind Power. FICHTNER/PROGNOS,27pp.

IEC 61400-3 Ed.1.0, Wind Turbines – Part 3: Design Requirements for Offshore Wind Turbines, to be published in 2009-02.

IEC 88/379/NP : Standard for Floating Offshore Wind turbines, to be published in 2009-02. (2013):

.IEEJ,2013.5,1-39. eneken.ieej.or.jp/data/4885.pdf, 2015 1 1 . (2010): . .

22 , -08 ,3-10. (2011): . 2,

.2-2.3. (2013): .OHM(2013.1), 21-25.

(2011): 22 () . ,80pp. (2010): 21

.211pp. (2012): 23

.193pp. (2011):

. ,18pp. (2014):

. 26 1 10 ,PDF , http://www.meti.go.jp/committee/chotatsu_kakaku/pdf/012_02_00.pdf, 2015 1

1 . (2014):

,38(2),36-43. Kim,HG.(2009):Onshore/Offshore Wind Resource Potential of South Korea. Proceedings.

ewea.org/ewec2009/allfiles2.30_EWEC2009,7pp. KPMG(2010):Offshore Wind in Europe 2010 Market Report.90pp. Krohn,S.(1998):Offshore wind energy. Full speed ahead. Danish Wind Turbine Manufactures

Association web page. Kühn,M.(2001):Dynamics and Design Optimisation of Offshore Wind Energy Conversion

Systems.ISBN 90-76468-07-9,DUWIND Delft University Wind Energy Research Institute, Report 2001.002,281pp.

Langston,L.H.W.(2010):Offshore wind farms and birds:Round3 zones,etensions to Round1 & Round2 sites& Scottish Territorial Waters.RSPB Research Report No.39,40pp. http://www.rspb.org.uk/Images/langston_2010_tcm9-203501.pdf, , 2015 1 1

. Matthies,H.G., C.Nath, T.E.Schellin,A.D.Garrad, M.A.Wastling, D.C.Quarton,

J.Wei,M.Scherweit and T.Siebers(1995):Study of Offshore Wind Energy in the EC. JOULE (JOUR 0072) Verlag Natürliche Energie,Brekendorf,272pp.

Musial,W. and B.Ram(2010):Large-Scale Offshore Wind Power in the United States.Assessment of Opportunities and Barriers. NREL/TP-500-40745,221pp.

(2013): .,2013.6,10-17.

(2010):. ,34(1), 93,103-112.

(2012): ( ). ,2012.7.32.39. Navigant(2013):Offshore Wind Market and Economic Analysis.Annual Market Assessment

Document Number DE-EE0005360, Preparede for:U.S.Department of Energy Report,191pp.

Navigant(2014):World Market Update 2013. A BTM Report,22.3pp. (2013) ( (2011) 22

). Perkins and Everett(Eds.)(2011):Offshore wind power. Challenges, Economics and

Benefits.Mova Science Publishers,Inc.New York,236pp. Petersen,E.L.(1992):Wind resources of Europe(the offshore and coastal resurces). In

Proceedings of Conference”The Potential of Windfarms”,Herning,8-10. Rademakers L.W.M.M., Braam H., Obdam T.S., Frohbose P., Kruse N.(2009): Operation

and Maintenance Costs Estimator(OMCE). Final Report, ECN-E-09-037,50pp. Schwartz,M.D. Heimiller, S.Haymes and W.Musial (2010):Assessment of Offshore Wind

Energy Resources for the United States. Technical Report NREL/TP-500-45889 June 2010,104pp.

(2014) .7pp.

http://www.meti.go.jp/committee/chotatsu_kakaku/pdf/012_03_00.pdf, 2014 1231 .

(NEDO), (1999):.77pp.

(NEDO) (2003): . NEDO HP (NEDO) (2008) ( 9

).201pp. (NEDO), ,

, (2008) 19 F/S.56pp.

(NEDO), ,, (2009) 20 F/S

.53pp. (2014):NEDO 2 .

3 ,4-82. (2013): .

,2013.10,52-53. (2011): .

2, .26-50. Twidell,J. and G.Gaudiosi ed. (2009):Offshore Wind Power.ISBN 978-0906522-639, Multi-

Science Publishing Co.Ltd,357pp. Twidell,J. and G.Gaudiosi / ( )(2011):

. ,375pp. U.S.Energy Information Administration(2013) International Energy Outlook 2013.

http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/ieo/, 2014 12 1 . UK Energy Research Center(UKERC)(2010):Great Expectations: The cost of offshore wind

in UK waters-understanding the past and projecting the future. Sept.,2010,135pp. (2011): . ,2011.3,4-28.

(2011): 22.287pp.