092 - The University of the West Indies at Mona, Jamaica · 2011-04-27 · Negril Morass Stakeholder Workshop Report May 31st – June 1st 6 ACRONYMS AMC Advisory Monitoring Committee

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Coastal Water Quality Improvement Project

USAID Contract No. 532-C-00-98-00777-00

NNEEGGRRIILL MMOORRAASSSS WWOORRKKSSHHOOPP RREEPPOORRTT

June 20, 2001 Revised Final Report

Prepared for the:

Government of Jamaica’s National Environment and Planning Agency

And the

United States Agency for International Development

Implemented by:

Associates in Rural Development, Inc. P.O. Box 1397

Burlington, Vermont 05402

Negril Morass Stakeholder Workshop Report May 31st – June 1st

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TTAABBLLEE OOFF CCOONNTTEENNTTSS Preface 5 Acronyms 6 Introduction 7 Negril Morass Stakeholder Workshop Process 8 Session One: Current Reality Dialogue 9 Session Two: Strategic Directions Workshop 13 Session Four: Action Planning 20 Appendices A. Agenda 31 B. Presentations 33 C. Lists of Participants 50


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PPRREEFFAACCEE The Coastal Water Quality Improvement Project (CWIP) is a five-year bilateral initiative between the Government of Jamaica’s National Environment and Planning Agency (NEPA) and the United States Government, through its Agency for International Development (USAID). Five distinct, but interrelated, activities associated with coastal water quality improvement are being carried out to form a synergy of interventions contributing to the achievement of the USAID Strategic Objective 2 (SO2) – Improved quality of key natural resources in selected areas that are both environmentally and economically significant. CWIP is being implemented by Associates in Rural Development, Inc. (ARD) with assistance from Camp, Dresser & McKee, Inc. (CDM) and the Construction Resource and Development Centre (CRDC). The Action Planning Workshop on The Negril Morass – its Sustainability Development and Maintenance was sponsored by the Negril Wastewater Advisory and Monitoring Committee, the Negril Chamber of Commerce and the Negril Area Environmental Protection Trust. This was the result of the deliberations of a group of community representatives who had met to discuss the deterioration of the Negril Morass and to find solutions with which to reverse the trend. Over fifty persons participated. There was representation from several stakeholder groups – the business community, NGO’s, government ministries and agencies, the University of the West Indies, farmers, Citizens’ Associations, schools and other interested individuals. The planning process utilized Advanced Participation Methods (APM), developed by Associates in Rural Development, Inc. Mr. Gary Forbes, an international expert in APM, facilitated the process, which was held over one and a half days.


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AACCRROONNYYMMSS AMC Advisory Monitoring Committee ARD Associates in Rural Development, Inc. CBO Community-Based Organization CDM Camp, Dresser & McKee, Inc. CR Contract Result CRDC Construction Resource and Development Centre CWIP Coastal Water Quality Improvement Project EAST Environmental Audits for Sustainable Tourism EFJ Environmental Foundation of Jamaica EPA Environmental Protection Area GOJ Government of Jamaica JCDT Jamaica Conservation and Development Trust JHTA Jamaica Hotel and Tourism Association JTB Jamaica Tourist Board MOH Ministry of Health MOWH Ministry of Water and Housing NCC Negril Chamber of Commerce NCRPS Negril Coral Reef Preservation Society NEPA National Environment and Planning Agency NEPT Negril Area Environmental Protection Trust NGIALPA Negril Green Island Area Local Planning Authority NGO Non-governmental Organization NRCA Natural Resources Conservation Authority NWC National Water Commission RADA Rural Agriculture Development Authority TPDCo Tourism Product Development Company UDC Urban Development Cooperation USAID United States Agency for International Development WMC Wetland Management Committee WRA Water Resources Authority


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IINNTTRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN Noting the continued deterioration of the environment, and the Negril Morass in particular, the Negril Chamber of Commerce, the Negril Area Environmental Protection Trust and the Negril Wastewater Advisory and Monitoring Committee (AMC) together sought to have an informed assessment of the state of these wetlands. The Negril Chamber of Commerce, through the chair of it’s Environment Committee, Mrs Sylvie Grizzle, had earlier invited Professor Edward Maltby, Chair of the Commission on Ecosystem Management of the World Conservation Union to visit Negril and to assist in guiding the community on the way forward. Professor Maltby accepted the invitation and in April 2000, made a number of field visits to the area, talking with several persons and making observations based on previous experience in the area. On the 28th of April 2000, he made a presentation at a meeting convened by the Chamber, which was attended by representatives of NGO’s, the National Water Commission and other interested parties. Dr. Maltby’s Draft Comments for Consultation are included as an Appendix to this document. One suggested way forward was the implementation of a Strategy for the Integrated Management of Land, Water and Living Resources that Promotes Conservation and Sustainable Use in an Equitable Way. This workshop was held as a result of consultations and the interest of the Negril Wastewater Advisory and Monitoring Committee, the Negril Chamber of Commerce and the Negril Area Environmental Protection Trust in supporting the concept. Over fifty persons participated in the workshop, and various stakeholders were represented. These included the Ministries of Land and Environment, Health, Agriculture, the National Water Commission, the Water Resources Authority, the Scientific Research Council, The University of the West Indies, the Department of Forestry, Friends of The West End, RADA, schools, JHTA, Water sports Association, NEPT, NCRPS, farmers, environmentalists and interested individuals. An action plan for a two-year period was developed with specific action within 100 days. The priority areas identified were: § Design water management pilot project that utilizes and integrates tertiary treatment/irrigation/

wetland restoration § Open Royal Palm Reserve § Develop and implement public education program § Develop alternative livelihood programs § Initiate task force for integrated planning and community participation § Implement special restoration projects § Lobby for legislation for mandatory sewerage connection Individuals accepted responsibility to work in each area so as to achieve the goals identified.


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NNEEGGRRIILL MMOORRAASSSS SSTTAAKKEEHHOOLLDDEERR WWOORRKKSSHHOOPP PPRROOCCEESSSS The formal opening of the Negril Morass Stakeholder Workshop began with a welcome by Chairperson Mr. Cliff Reynolds, of the Negril Chamber of Commerce (NCC). Next came presentations by Mrs. Sylvie Grizzle of the Negril Chamber of Commerce Environment Committee, Mrs. Susan Otuokon of the Negril Area Environmental Trust (NEPT), Dr. David Lee of Caribbean Ecosystems Limited, Ms. Shakira Azan of the University of the West Indies, Prof. Edward Robinson of the University of the West Indies, Dr. Devi Prasad of the University of the West Indies and Mr. Conrad Tharkur of the Rural Agriculture Development Agency. (See appendix B for presentations) Mr. Forbes, the facilitator, then proceeded to explain the approach that was to be used for the workshop. These have been captured in the diagram below.

APPROACH

• Deepen our understanding of complex environmental issues • Listen and share different perspectives

• Develop consensus around practical proposals and directions

• Organize a realistic plan of action

“Common Ground ”

toward “Constructive Action”

The four elements of the approach used in the Negril Morass Stakeholder Workshop


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SSEESSSSIIOONN OONNEE:: CCUURRRREENNTT RREEAALLIITTYY DDIIAALLOOGGUUEE The Current Reality Dialogue provided the opportunity for participants to share insights on the development, maintenance and sustainability of the Negril morass. Three working teams put together a profile of the current status of the morass for this segment of the workshop. This included the following: (1) the current situation that greatly influenced agricultural, wastewater treatment, protection and conservation conditions in the morass; (2) issues and obstacles of the morass; (3) assets and advantages; and (4) the next steps on which plans could be built.

CONSIDERATIONS FOR PREPARING A

CURRENT REALITY DIALOGUE Current Situation • Data • Facts and Figures • Background Information

Issues/Obstacles § Gaps § Structures, Practices and

Attitudes § “What’s blocking future

success?”

Assets/Advantages • Foundation to build on • Positive qualities,

characteristics and attributes

Next Steps • Ideas • Possibilities • Could/should think about • Not planning yet – just

thinking

Each of the three teams were asked to share with the other teams the insights that they had generated. The outputs generated from the dialogue have been reproduced in the following tables.


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AGRICULTURE

Current Situation

§ Degradation of drainage system § Lowering of standard of living § Farming practices (positives and negatives) § Need additional data to make informed decisions.

Issues and Obstacles

§ Lack of Resources – financial and technical know how, natural (water) § Control of water (system, levels) § Production of quality goods at competitive cost and continued supply of these goods § Alternative farm lands for displaced farmers § Land tenure.

Assets and Advantages § Close to market place – linkages to tourism sector § Adequate supply of portable water § Source of livelihood for community members (farmers) § Indigenous knowledge of farmers in vegetable production.

Next Steps

§ Identification of alternative farm lands § Social survey of area (number of farmers, number acres of farm lands, crops etc § Technical survey for drainage with respect to canal and impact of hydrology on the land § Create a viable partnership between farmers and hotel industry with respect to crops

produced and the purchasing of these crops.


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WASTEWATER TREATMENT

Current Situation

§ Connection, -Its advantages and problems § Nutrient problems § Effluent quality meets NEPA standards, but local concerns exist § System at risk


§ Non-connection and it’s high cost § Improve and maintain effluent quality § Water quality at risk § Modification and maintenance management to physical treatment plant

Assets and Advantages § Treatment system § Management team with local participation § Local awareness and participation § Improved coastal waters

Next Steps

§ Comprehensive study of watershed/wetland area including hydrology § Evaluate tertiary treatment needs § Assessment or impact of WWTS § One hundred percent connection to the sewer system


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PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION

Current Situation

§ Wetland degrading – (sinking, drying, burning, deforestation, low water levels) § Deforestation of hills, reefs and beach destruction § Spontaneous fires § Loss of species – extinction § Dumping garbage– land reclamation, tourism agriculture, housing § Ongoing study – does it provide the information we need?


§ Financial resources and expertise § Regulation and enforcement continuity § Health – smoke (air) § Poverty – how to increase standard of living for all? § Knowledge of how to restore morass

Assets and Advantages § Studies and conservation work ongoing § Consensus that something must be done § Potential for sustainable economic development § Human resources – NEPT, support from business § Natural ecological balance § Most land owned by government

Next Steps

§ Restoration of hills § Develop and implement management plan – long term § Assess existing situation – monitoring/evaluation and topographic survey § Develop regulation and enforcement § Prioritize actions § Find and implement sustainable alternatives for unjust livelihood – farming, etc. § Pilot wastewater treatment project and wetland restoration § Develop institutional capacity § Find new sources of funding – grants, government


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SSEESSSSIIOONN TTWWOO:: SSTTRRAATTEEGGIICC DDIIRREECCTTIIOONNSS WWOORRKKSSHHOOPP

Participants were led through the Strategic Directions Workshop. This session engaged the participants in identifying the key action strategies that would allow them to proactively respond to the challenges that confront the Negril area as these related to the Morass. Interested parties would thus have a deeper appreciation for the crafting of a practical vision process. Participants were reminded that change comes from daring thinking.

To focus the participants throughout the Strategic Directions Workshop, the participants were asked to keep in mind the question below. In addition, they were given a few helpful hints to inspire their deliberations.

Focus Question

“What are the specific, practical, targeted, and priority actions we need to take in the next 1-2 years for the development, maintenance, and sustainability of the Negril Morass?

Areas for Thinking

• Wetlands Management • Drainage Activities • Wastewater Treatment • Agricultural • Conservation and Protection • Regulations and Compliance • Partnerships and Linkages • Policy Development • Institutional Strengthening • Integrated planning

Approach

• Use the “Strategic Thinking” helpful hints • This is a “Brainstorming” exercise – generating

multiple ideas • Recommendation/Suggestions/Proposals • New efforts/ initiatives/ campaigns, ventures,

linkages, partnerships • Programs/Projects/Events/Mechanisms • Activities to support and strengthen local capacities• External help assistance

Helpful Hints for Thinking “Strategically”

• “Small Wins” • “Windows of Opportunity • “Continuous, incremental Improvement”

- Bold/daring - Conserving/common sense

• Recommendations/suggestions/proposals • New efforts/initiatives/campaigns • External help/assistance • Programs/projects/mechanisms • Activities to support and strengthen local

capacities


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Each participant was asked to write five action ideas which in their opinion shall be implemented in the next 1-2 years that would lead to the realization of the practical vision for the Negril Morass. Then, in planning teams, the participants were asked to consider all their ideas and identify the most daring, innovative and unique one. A minimum of 5-6 ideas per team were solicited in the plenary session. These ideas were then clustered into groups of action ideas that responded to the same strategic objective. Each cluster of strategies was named with an action phrase that described the kind of action as well as the arena of the direction of the strategy. The participants agreed on seven strategic directions.

It was then emphasized that the seven strategic directions agreed on would inform the group’s work commitment for the next 1-2 years. The facilitator then stated that the subsequent work activities of the workshop would deal with generating action plans for the priority actions under each strategic direction, thus giving all the participants the chance to participate in the processes of working through these strategies in greater detail.

Participants volunteered to be part of a planning team, as per their interest, in order to work on the action plans. Each planning team was asked to review all the strategy ideas under their assigned cluster and identify the top three priority actions within that cluster. This short-listing of priorities was to become the basis for developing action plans in the final work session for the planning process.

The following five pages illustrate the output from the strategic direction workshop.


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STRATEGIC DIRECTIONS Negril Morass Stakeholder Workshop May 31st –June 1st, 2001

1

DESIGN WATER

MANAGEMENT PILOT PROJECT INCLUDING

TERTIARY TREATMENT/ IRRIGATION

RESTORATION

2

OPEN ROYAL PALM

RESERVE

3

DEVELOP AND

IMPLEMENT PUBLIC EDUCATION PROGRAM

4

DEVELOP

ALTERNATIVE LIVELIHOOD PROGRAMS

5

INITIATE TASK FORCE

FOR INTEGRATED PLANNING AND

COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION

6

IMPLEMENT

RESTORATION SPECIAL PROJECTS

7

LOBBY FOR

LESGISLATION FOR MANDATORY SEWERAGE

CONNECTION


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STRATEGY 1 Design water management pilot project including tertiary treatment/ irrigation/restoration Actions Points

1. Identify & evaluate appropriate wetland system for tertiary treatment.

2. Clean the canal.

3. Build dams at the end of all the canals.

4. Pilot wastewater application to the morass.

5. Utilize treated wastewater to improve re-growth in the morass and reduce nutrients.

6. Assess alternative use of NWC Wastewater.

7. Plan and introduce tertiary treatment effluent into the morass.

8. Study, design and implementation of tertiary treatment options as a pilot project.

9. Design system to return water to morass from wastewater system and east canal.

10. Pilot project using NWC effluent for irrigation of the morass

11. Evaluation of the need for tertiary treatment.

STRATEGY 2 Open Royal Palm Reserve

Actions Points

1. Promote eco-tourism in the morass.

2. Development of an eco-tourism attraction for economic sustainability.

3. Canoeing on the canals.

4. Commence management of Royal Palm Reserve.

5. Conduct historical review of morass to determine trends.

6. Use the West Indies whistling duck as a flagship species.


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STRATEGY 4

Develop alternative livelihood programs

STRATEGY 3 Develop and implement public education program

Actions

1. Develop and implement public education program to convince people to conserve the morass.

2. Disseminate all data and studies to stakeholders.

3. Establish an information and education unit.

4. Include wetlands and morass education in community outreach programs.

5. Ongoing community education and awareness programs through collaborative efforts with J.I.S, NCC etc.

Actions

1. Establish fruit tree nursery for reforestation.

2. Identify and implement alternative means of livelihood. Quick growing species for coal burners

3. Hydroponics as an alternative for sewage use and agriculture.

4. Sustainable farming- link farmers with market through NCC.

5. Enforce the law of illegal farming practicing in the morass.

6. Introduce sustainable agricultural practices.

7. Determine most feasible alternative livelihoods and implement pilot projects e.g. lumber trees, bees and community tourism.

8. Lobby the Ministry of Agriculture and the pesticide control authority to increase vigilance in the sale and use of agricultural chemicals.


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STRATEGY 6 Restoration special projects

STRATEGY 5

Initiate task force for integrated planning and community participation

Actions

1. Establish Negril wetlands management team for accountability.

2. Create management zones in wetlands.

3. Develop Negril development committee for participatory planning and citizen involvement.

4. NEPT to complete management plan that includes farm survey involving local community action committee in planning and implementation

5. Design a system that will address conflict re: canal.

6. Clearly demark boundaries of wetlands.

7. Conduct physical and social surveys of wetland farming areas.

8. Complete protected area regulations.

9. Lobby for amendments in exiting environmental policies e.g. Wildlife Preservations Act; Negril development order etc.

Actions

1. Build dams at end of all canals.

2. Reforestation of the surrounding hills to control nutrients and sediment deposit in the morass.

3. Reforestation of watershed (initiate)

4. Hydrological assessment and modeling of the morass and surrounding watershed.

5. Assess hydrology of the wetland.

6. Re-direction of effluent from the river into the great morass.

7. Establish fruit tree nursery for reforestation.

8. Identification of measures needed to reverse the effects of drainage and rehabilitation of the canal.

9. Pilot wetland rehabilitation project.


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STRATEGY 7 Lobby for legislation for mandatory sewerage connection

Actions

1. 100% connection to sewer.

2. Mandate 100 % consumer connections within two years.

3. Determine deficiencies on sewage system for correction.

4. Enforce connection to waste water system through all available resources


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SSEESSSSIIOONN FFOOUURR:: AACCTTIIOONN PPLLAANNNNIINNGG Each planning team was asked to develop more detailed action plans for selected priority actions within their strategy cluster. These action plans included medium and short-term objectives, key activities, and the role and responsibilities of the various actors involved in the project. The teams were given the option to develop more than one action plan for their strategy cluster, where this was deemed both appropriate and necessary. The action plans generated by the planning teams were presented to the participants in plenary. These have been reproduced in the following pages.

Strategic Direction

No. 1

Design Water Management Pilot Project Including Tertiary Treatment/ Irrigation/Restoration

Priority Action

To establish a pilot project to utilize treated waste water to improve re-growth in the morass and to reduce release

of nutrients

Objectives: To improve the quality of water entering and leaving the morass to meet the national standards; Revitalization of the morass to a wetland reserve. To facilitate economic activity within the morass, which is compatible with a wetland reserve. Key Activities: 1. Pre-feasibility study to include

sources of funding identified 2. Review of study to include

stakeholders and to choose an option

3. Procure construction funds 4. Implementation of a pilot

project 5. Evaluation of findings 6. Make findings public

Who: Consultant Implementing Agencies Implementing Agencies Implementing Agencies Stakeholders/Engineers Stakeholders

When: Now 6 Months 6 Months 8 Months 18 Months On going

Resource Requirements: • Engineers • Wastewater specialist • Sociologist • Economist • Ecologist • Geologist

Partners: • AMC • Farmers • Political Representatives • Health

Team Members: Cecile Brown Daniel Grizzle Lemuel Brady Sylvester Walker Neville Rudduck, Desmond Malcolm John Perry, Anthony Fairclough Wayne McIntosh Naudia Gordon


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Strategic Direction

No. 2

Open Royal Palm Reserve

Priority Action

Marketing (Twelve Month)

Objective: To gain as much exposure as possible. Key Activities: 1. Work with hotels to bring

tourists already in Negril, to the reserve

2. Use the Internet – websites

and links to attract potential visitors.

3. Develop and implement a

marketing plan 4. The use of the whistling duck

and the royal palm on all souvenirs in gift shops.

5. Send information to travel

organizations/magazines especially eco-interests

Who: NEPT NEPT NEPT NEPT NEPT

When: December December December December December

Resource Requirements: • Art work • Time-marketing Company

- An individual to send information to organisations

• Funds to pay marketing

company

Partners: NEPT JHTA JTB/TPDCo Hotels Marketing company Eco-tourism organizations and environment

Team Members: Ray Arthurs David Lee Susan Otuokon Lenbert Williams Bertel Moore Shakira Azan


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Strategic Direction

No. 3

Develop and Implement Public Education Program

Priority Action

Negril Morass Public Education Campaign

Objectives: To implement a collaborative public education campaign for the awareness of the development, maintenance and sustainability of the Negril morass. Key Activities: 1. Form a committee 2. Identify marketing, and public

relations specialists within partner organisations

3. Conduct public education

meetings within communities 4. Training of teachers, have

field trips and workshops 5. Engage schools in culture

competitions on the awareness of the morass

6. Ongoing dissemination of

message via Brochures, public media, websites - public service awareness

Who: NEPT/ NCRPS/ NCC/ TCHRS/ Residents JTB/ NCC/ NEPT Committee NEPT/ NCRPS/ Volunteers NGO’s/ Educational Officers/ Teachers NGO’S/ Hotels/ JTB

When:

Resource Requirements: • Brochures • Workbooks • Prizes • Venues • Advertising space • Workshops

Partners: • NEPT • JTB • NCRPS • NCC

Team Members: Sharon Chambers Simone Simpson Beverley Wedderburn Nathalie Gray


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Strategic Direction

No. 4

Develop Alternative Livelihood Programs

Priority Action

Nursery/ Hydroponic Pilot Project

Objective: To establish a nursery for fruit trees and forestry, as a sustainable alternative livelihood. To develop a hydroponic pilot project for vegetables. Key Activities: 1. Selection of site for the

nursery. 2. Mobilization of local farmers

and community organisations for the project.

3. Training of farmers. 4. To provide community

awareness programs for the nursery and hydroponic projects

5. Establish a hydroponics pilot

project

Who: RADA / Forestry Forestry/ RADA/ NCC/ NEPT RADA/ Forestry NEPT/ NCC NEPT/ NCC

WHen 1 Month 1 Month One month training for caring of seedlings and seeds. Thereafter monthly supervision. On going 6-9 Months

Resource Requirements: • Potting bags and top soil • Seeds • Seedlings • Water • Organic compost • Water equipment and tools • Expertise for hydroponics’

pilot project

Partners: • RADA • NEPT • Forestry • NCC • Community organisations

Team Members: Dianne Francis Bill Graham Sylvie Grizzle Durvel Grapine Cleveland Bedasie


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Strategic Direction

No. 5

Initiate Task Force For Integrated Planning And Community Participation

Priority Action 5.1

To Establish Negril environmental protection area as an equivalent to parish in

’Development Committee Process’

Objective: Develop visions and plans to enhance social, economic, environment, infrastructure and governance sectors. Key Activities: 1. Establish overall task force

for Negril Environmental Protection Area Development Committee

2. Establish task forces e.g.

Wetlands

Who: NCC /NEPT

When: Now to 6 Months

Resource Requirements: • UWI • International agency • Private funding • EFJ

Partners: • NCC • NEPT • All stakeholders • JHTA • M.P. • NEPA • NCRPS • EAST/CWIP

Team Members: Cliff Reynolds, Raynor Mills, Ann Sutton, Hugh Cresser


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Strategic Direction

No. 5

Initiate Task Force For Integrated Planning And Community Participation

Priority Action 5.2

To Establish Wetland Committee (WMC), to include all Stakeholders

Objective: To improve the quality of the wetland ecosystem and its contribution to the economy of the Negril Environmental Protection Area, through public participation. Key Activities: 1. Assemble task force 2. Define terms of reference

and the way it will work 3. Establish priorities e.g.

zoning, regulations, conflict over canals boundaries lobbying policy

4. Develop and implement

projects at the end of the year. The task force should have one implement able project ready by the end of the year

Who: Workshop WMC WMC WMC

When: Today 2 Months 3 Months By May 2002

Resource Requirements: • UWI • International agency • Private funding • EFJ

Partners: • NCC • NEPA • EAST/CWIP • NEPT • JHTA • All stakeholders

Team members: Cliff Reynolds, Raynor Mills, Ann Sutton, Hugh Cresser


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NEGRIL MORASS

“Wetlands Management Committee”

Responsibilities

§ Community participation and education § Core Group Coordination § Integrated planning for sustainable

development and maintenance of the wetland § Lobbying § Policy development § Identification of funding to develop projects § Coordinating Negril Morass workshop

Procedures

§ Establish a one year voluntary group as an

experiment § Bi-monthly committee meetings § Report to Negril Environmental Area

Development Committee § Resource- Negril AMC / CWIP

Composition of the Wetland Management Committee

1. Start with the Negril Advisory Monitoring Committee entities 2. Add New Entities § Forestry § RADA § UWI § Farmers Representative § NRCA § CWIP § Water Sports Representative § Friends of the West End

3. Separate group, with a separate focus 4. NEPT as secretariat 5. Network organisation as an open concept

Strategic Direction

No. 6

Restoration Special Projects

Priority Action 6.1

Understanding of History Functioning and Future of the Morass (Wetland)

Objective: Understanding of history functioning and future of the morass (wetland). Key Activities: 1. Existing data collection and

history survey 2. Establishment of network of monitoring points 3. Establishment of tree

nurseries

Who: UWI, Forestry, NEPA, NCC, Petrojam WRA Forestry

When: 1 Month for collection 4 Month for analyses 1 Month for reporting

6 Months 2 Months estimated for monitoring ongoing 6 Months

Resource Requirements: • Mini mall and contributions • Existing financial support-

USAID, UNDP, World Bank

• International and existing financing

Partners: • USAID, UNDP, World Bank

Etc.

• Forestry

Planning Team: Edward Robinson Delza Riley Andreas Haiduk, Jonathan Riggall Nerval Brown Janos Beyer


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Strategic Direction

No. 6

Restoration Special Projects

Priority Action

Identify and Collect Existing Data and Information on Coastal Zone Pollution and Land use in Port Antonio

Objective: To Commence replanting of suitable trees in deforested hill areas: Key Activities: 1. Identify government and

private lands 2. Select/choose appropriate

tree species 3. To quantify the level of

deforestation 4. Plant trees as needed 5. Establish a maintenance plan 6. Consider incentives for

arboriculture

Who: Forestry Department RADA RADA RADA and local Communities

When: 3 Months Now 2 Months 6 Months

Resource Requirement: • Forestry Department

Partners: • RADA • Forestry Department

Team members: Edward Robinson Delza Riley, Andreas Haiduk Jonathan Riggall Nerval Brown Janos Beyer


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Strategic Direction

No. 7

Lobby For Legislation For Mandatory Sewerage Connection

Priority Action

Ministry of Water and Housing and National Water Commission to meet with Task Force

Objectives: To amend existing regulations within two years, to include mandatory sewerage connection. Key Activities: 1. To utilize present connection

policies to drive legislation amendments

2. To lobby the support of

general community and all stakeholders

3. Identify strategic partners in

areas now served by central sewerage system

4. Obtain information on present

status of legislation and connection policy

Who: NCC /Task force

When:

Resource Requirements: • Lawyers • Ministry of water • Political

Partners • NCC • NEPT • NCRPS • NWC/AMC • NGIALPA • JHTA • NEPA • Ministry of Water/Health

Team members: Don Streete Linzie Patten Jermaine Sauders Howard Batson Jean Jackson Colin Malcolm


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NNEEXXTT SSTTEEPPSS Mr. Forbes led the group through a planning activity to identify the next immediate steps. The activities are illustrated in the diagram below:

Criteria

Wetlands Management Committee, Terms of Reference/Meet (Jean and Ray)

Environment Management Plan Completed (NEPT)

Water Management Pre-feasibilities, Terms of Reference (Desmond/ NWC)

Negril Morass Education Committee Organized (Sharon and Beverly)

Wetlands Data Complied (Edward and Andreas)

Sewerage Task Force Meets (Don, Lemuel and Neville)

LLaauunncchh PPllaann 110000--DDaayyss DDeelliivveerraabblleess P Critical task

P Demonstrates progress P Broad support

Nursery Site Selected (Derval, Bill and Jermaine)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7


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AAPPPPEENNDDIIXX AA

AGENDA

Day 1: Thursday May 31st Morning Session 8:30 Registration 9:00 Welcome - Cliff Reynolds, President NCC 9:05 Workshop Introduction - Gary Forbes, CWIP Facilitator 9:10 Presentation of Issues and Concerns - Sylvie Grizzle – Chair, NCC Environment

Committee 9:20 Panel Presentations

a. Importance of Wetlands - Ms. Shakira Azan, UWI b. Impact of Drainage Activities on the Negril Morass - Professor Edward Robinson,

UWI c. Wetlands and Wastewater Treatment - Dr. Devi Prasad, UWI

d. Farming and the Morass - Mr. Conrad Tharkur, RADA

e. Managing the Morass as a Protected Area - Mrs. Susan Otuokon, NEPT

10:20 Questions & Comments 10:35 BREAK 10:50 Group Discussion on Current Situation 1:00 LUNCH Afternoon Session 2:00 Strategic Actions Workshop – Two Years 4:30 Closing


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Day 2: Friday June 1st

Morning Session 9:00 Action Planning 10:15 BREAK 10:30 Action Planning 2:30 Wrap-up and Closing 1:00 LUNCH


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AAPPPPEENNDDIIXX BB

PRESENTATIONS

MANAGING THE MORASS AS A PROTECTED AREA Susan Otuokon, Negril Area Environment Protection Trust (NEPT)

Introduction In this presentation I will cover the following: 1. What is a protected area? 2. NEPT’S interest and activities with respect to managing the Negril morass as a protected area. 3. Results and recommendations to date of the NEPT studies of the Negril Morass (and forests) towards

the preparation of a management plan for the morass-this section will be covered Dr. David Lee- principal of Caribbean Ecosystems Ltd.- the consulting firm carrying out the work for NEPT. Funding for these studies and the preparation of the management plan is mainly form the European Union

What is a Protected Area? § An area of land and/or sea that is legally declared (boundaries defined by law) and with regulations

guiding/directing its use § An area that is legally protected from certain types of development because of its biological diversity-

wide variety of plants and animals, particularly if they are endemic or unique to the area e.g. royal Palms (Raystonea princeps) - Ecological importance - e.g. water supply, flood protection, water filtration, - Scenic beauty - Economic value e.g. fish/crab habitat, recreation, water supply

§ An area in which plants and animals are protected from harm and destruction and which often

encourages recreation and sustainable livelihoods, and also conducts research and educational activities

There are many different types of protected area including two that are associated with this area- Negril Environmental Protection Area and Negril Marine Park. There are other types of protected area e.g. National Parks, Protected Landscapes – the World Conservation Union (IUCN) of which both NEPT and the NCC are members have developed several categories and produced a great deal of literature defining these areas and their management. In the Jamaican context, the Natural Resources Conservation Authority (now National Environment and Planning Agency) have developed a policy on protected areas which defines several types that can be declared under Jamaican law, however currently only National Parks and Marine Parks have had the relevant legislation passed. According to this policy, a protected area does not mean that resources are ‘locked away’, rather sustainable use of the resources are allowed to differing degrees for each type of protected area e.g. and Ecosystem Management Area allows wider use than a National Park. Typical uses are eco-tourism and sustainable harvesting of resources – however this means careful planning, monitoring and management, particularly with respect to conflicts


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between the different resource users. Hopefully, we will begin to address some of these today and tomorrow. In light of the fact that the Negril EPA is a watershed area and a new Watershed Management Act is being prepared, the draft EPA regulations are still not gazetted, and further since none of the existing protected area legislation, it may be prudent to use existing legislation and policies under agencies apart from the NRCA/NEPA e.g. the Water Resources Authority to manage the Morass. NEPT’s interest and action with respect to managing the Morass NEPT’s interest has been there from its inception at the end of 1993/ beginning of 1994, when at an NCRPS workshop, recognition of the land-based source of the problem affecting the sea, coral reefs and other marine systems and thus threatening the fishing and tourism industries, i.e. the economy of the area, led to formation of NEPT to -: 1. Prepare an Environmental Protection Plan(EPP) for Negril and Green Island watersheds, coastal and

marine areas 2. Use this Plan to:

a. Lobby for legal protection of the area b. Direct the implementation of activities on its own or in partnership with members

Based on the first EPP (prepared in 1995) NEPT was mandated to provide management responsibility for parks and other protected areas within the Environmental Protection Area (EPA), including the Great Morass. The 1995 and 1997 editions of the EPP speak to the goal of declaring the Negril Great Morass as a National Park or National Nature Reserve. The draft 2001 edition defines objectives under this goal as establishing the Royal Palm Reserve as a conservation/education center and developing an environmental and socially sustainable engineering solution to resolve the issue of the drying out of the Morass. NEPT tried unsuccessfully to get the lease for the Reserve when it was put up for offer by the Petroleum Corporation of Jamaica in 1994. This may have been because NEPT was then a young and inexperienced organization. Since then, the organization has grown significantly throught the implementation of numerous projects funding from the Environmental Foundation of Jamaica, Canada/Jamaica Green Fund, European Union and of course USAID eg. CWIP. The support from CWIP in particular has provided NEPT with project and financial management experience and a Strategic Plan for 2000 – 2004 that was prepared in 1999. One of the goals of this Plan is to “formulate and implement plans to protect environmentally sensitive areas within the EPA.” The Negril Morass was selected as the environmentally sensitive area to focus on an activities implemented towards the achievement of this goal include-: § Education about the Negril Morass – particularly through the annual celebration of World Wetlands

and Ramsar Days in early June, since 2000. § Vigorously pursuing the lease of the Royal Palm Reserve and finally signing a ten-year lease with the

PCJ that started on January 1st, 2001. NEPT is currently in the process of establishing the site as eco-tourism attractions that will help the organization meet all its strategic goals – conservation of the Morass, education, research, sustainable community development and finanaical sustainability.

§ Obtain CWIP assistance for the preparation of a study by Dr. Ted Robinson on the East Canal de-

silting issue. § Initiated discussions with the EFJ regarding funding for developing a sustainable solution to the

drying out of the Morass


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§ Conducting ecological, physical and social-economic studies of the morass sand Forrest and preparing a management plan for these ecosystems. This process is being implemented by Caribbean Ecosystems Ltd. Under the leadership of Dr. David Lee who will describe to you the findings and recommendations to date.


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WETLANDS AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND/OR REHABILITATION OF WETLANDS USING WASTEWATER

Dr. Devi Prasad, University of the West Indies Aquatic Plants and Wastewater Treatment § Floating Aquatics § Water-Hyacinth (Eichornia) § Duckweed (Lemna, Wolfia, Spirodela) § Water Lettuce (Pistia) § Salvinia § Azolla § Rooted Aquatics § Cattails (Typha) § Bulrushes(Scirpus) § Reeds (Phragmites) § Rushes (Juncus) § Taro (Colocasia) § Rice (Oryza)

Wastewater Treatment

§ Primary – settlement tanks § Secondary – trickle filters, facultative ponds, high rate oxidation ponds, aquatic plant based systems

Tertiary- aeration, wetlands—natural and constructed, floating aquatic plant based systems Natural Wetlands- Negril Scenario § Not to be used for primary or secondary treatment § Can and should be used for tertiary treatment § Should be used to replenish the water levels of the Royal Palm Swamp Negril Morass and Treatment Ponds § The morass is drying up, resulting in weed growth and the death of the royal palms and other

vegetation § Due to low water levels, palm seedlings cannot survive and hence very few if any young palm trees

are seen § Instead of wasting all the fresh water coming out of the treatment ponds, it should be piped north to

the morass to help the rehabilitation of the morass, at the same time tertiary treatment will be carried out

§ This will also help in any short comings in the pond system Negril-Treatment Ponds and Adjoining Wetlands § Can be used for tertiary treatment § The west side of the ponds is suited for tertiary treatment


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§ As a result, the treated water should no t be released into the Negril river § It will necessitate some construction of dikes to direct the water flow In Closing § We should discuss the efficiency of the new pond system § Discuss the possibility/feasibility/appropriateness of diverting the treated water from ponds into the

morass and the wetlands on the west side § In all this, the paramount concern must be the restoration of the wetlands and the morass to its near

natural state


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PRESENTATION ON ISSUES AND CONCERNS Mrs. Sylvie Grizzle, Chair - NCC Environment Committee

The core of our complex ecosystem is what we commonly call the Great Morass: 6000 acres of wetland. It is the link between our watershed areas, the Beach and the Reef. Unfortunately our wetland is no longer a wetland, but an ever dryer wasteland. In the late 1950 whilst the road from Green Island was being built, canals were dug in the Morass to attempt to farm. In fact what we now call the South Negril River was only a rivulet until enlarged by man,, and every time attempts are made to remove the sandbar at the mouth of the river, the sea ensures that a new sandbar quickly takes its place. This drainage of the Wetland, trough these canals has ensured a continuous drying of the Morass hence it's shrinking, whilst allowing saline water from the sea to enter the wetland. Whilst the first crop of vegetables was successful absorbing the rich nutrients of the Peat surface, subsequent crops were a dismal failure and required either lots of fertilizers or new grounds for farming. Over the years the Morass increased state of dryness has led to more and more fires, which take longer and longer to control, whilst endangering everyone's health. In 1984 whilst battling the issue of Peat Mining for Energy, Professor Edward Moltby who is recognized as a World Expert in Wetlands Ecosystems & Management, told the Negril Community that the state of the Peat in Negril was at least 1000 years too young to be considered for Energy, as much of the wood deposits remained as wood and had not yet attained the status of Peat. In April 2000 he commented that the presence of such wood deposits and more frequent uncontrolled fires could well lead to devastating fires lasting for months at a time. As you all know the main social and economic value of our area depends on Tourism and its many related fields. Several complaints have been received by hotel guests who had difficulties breathing with a pall of smoke all around them, whilst locals have complained of sinus problems, migraines and respiratory illnesses. Compounding the problems of drainage is the dumping of the edges of the wetland for either construction purposes or farming. All of these have a negative impact on the Hydrology of the Morass which is no longer allowed to filter the nutrients from the run off of the hills, hence nutrient rich waters flow directly to the sea, promulgating algae growth which smother and kill the reefs. Reefs are not only an object of beauty and biodiversity for our Tourism Trade, but are also natural defense against the violence of the sea - the natural protection of our beaches., the making of our sand. By developing continuously our coastline our mangrove areas which are the natural nurseries for our fishes and the rich biodiversity of our reefs, are being killed. An avid grazer such as the Parroffish is fast becoming a rarity and may soon be a vanished ecie. Our

economic survival depends on acting together to make use of our natural resources on a sustainable basis. Trees especially indigenous hardwood trees need to be replanted in our watershed areas. Farmers can be given financial help over several years to plant such trees, as maturity will require at least 20 years Our central sewage system is only treated on a secondary level hence flowing into the South Negril River with too high nutrients level for the welfare of our reefs. Professor E. Maltby felt that we had much to gain in utilizing the Morass as a tertiary system for the gray water. He however indicated that a specified area be delimited so as to observe over 12 - 18 months any possible changes in the area's flora and fauna. Again I must stress that no law or no project can work if we do not have all of the stakeholders involved

and committed. We are here to work out a strategy or a plan, but we do not need another plan to gather dust on some shelf. We need positive action from all of us. I thank you for your time and patience.


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FARMING AND THE MORASS Conrad Tharkur, Rural Agriculture Development Authority (RADA)

It could be easily said that the present level of farming on the Morass could be close or slightly marginally more than what it was before the canals as well as the road Negril/Green Island was constructed. It could also be said that both developments contributed economically, Tourism on the West side and Agriculture on the East. However, whereas Tourism has accelerated and continues to accelerate, Agriculture continues to decline, mainly due to the silting of the canal which has affected the economic life of the communities, creating an increase in rural to urban drift. It should be mentioned, for information, that the new road Negril to Green Island, separated the sea from the Morass and that the linkage prior to this was by way of Silver Spring. The areas Silver Spring/Sheffield/Fish River/Cocoa Walk in the past - 1965 to the mid 70 8 have produced large quantities of vegetables to satisfy the Hotels of Negril and Montego Bay, as well as the local markets. In fact, in the years 1966 - 1968 the AMC purchased an average of 15-20 tonnes of cabbages in addition to pumpkins and other crops each week and during particular months from farmers producing within the areas of Sheffield and Silver Spring. The number of farmers in those years could be between 300 - 350 cultivating between 2 - 4 acres. The present situation is one whereby 80-100 farmers occupy between .5 - 1.5 acres, producing mainly vegetables, Dasheen and Hot Peppers. These farmers are located close to the periphery of the Morass and during the heavy rainfall period cultivate closer to the edges or stop production completely due to flooding. Flooding also affects cultivation in the Springfield area, where the morass type soil structure and vegetation no longer exist. Integrated Pest Management and Organic farming, are practiced to some extent and farmers are encouraged to use organic base pesticide, but the use of inorganic chemicals and fertilizer does continue. It should be noted that the farmers produce in the top 18" - 24" of 'the soil, because of the high water table. To achieve this condition, much emphasis is place on the excavation of drains. It should be mentioned that for the past two decades or more, the main canal and the laterals have not been de-silted. Consequently, there has been an extensive build-up of silt to the extreme point where farmers have been forced to abandon their holdings due to constant flooding and high levels of water logging. Farmers remaining, have been trying on their own to remove the excess water from their holdings but with limited success due to the prevailing conditions. It is the view that the environment should be taken into consideration but the balance should be maintained in the social and economic life of the communities. One must also mention the eagerness of the farmers to return to high level of production of former years and to capitalize on the potential markets within Negril, which would impact positively on their standard of living.


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Some of the questions farmers have asked: i. Has the Morass been affected by the activities of the Petroleum Corporation of Jamaica ii. Has the development on the Negril side impacted negatively on the Morass e.g. excessive filling and

land reclamation iii. Has the separation of sea from the Morass by the Negril/ Green Island road impacted negatively on

the Morass iv. What could be the effects of the disposal of solid and liquid waste from the developing area of Negril

prior to the commissioning of central sewage system.


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DRAFT COMMENTS FOR CONSULTATION Towards a Strategy for the Integrated Management of Land, Water and Living Resources around Negril Background An informal meeting of members of the Negril Chamber of Commerce together with representatives from the Negril Area Environmental Trust (NEPT), National Water Commission, The Negril Coral Reef Preservation Society and other stakeholders was held in Negril 28th April 2000, Professor Edward Maltby, Chair IUCN Commission on Ecosystem Management, gave a presentation on the Importance of Wetland ecosystems for people, wildlife and environmental quality, outlining the opportunities for sustainable utilization and the problems associated with their misuse and degradation. Discussion focused on the relevance of examples worldwide to the problems of environmental and ecosystem management around Negril. The meeting asked Professor Maltby to present a summary of his observations and in particular how a more effective strategy might be developed to ensure maintenance or improvement of environmental conditions. The following points are based on prior experience of the area, discussion with various individuals (but not necessarily representative), stakeholders and short field visits to the Negril Morass (including the Royal Palm Reserve, the Water Treatment Plant and agricultural areas on the eastern boundary). Some Key Issues 1. There seems increasing recognition that the economic and social welfare of the local population (and

water management/commercial interests) is inextricably linked with environmental/ecosystem management and wise use of natural resources.

2. Nevertheless short-term sectoral interests continue to dominate, over the need to secure the

long-term sustainable use of the area. 3. Specific concerns highlighted by stakeholders under the NCC umbrella include:

- Burning of peat resulting in particular in reduced air quality with effects on health and tourism - Erosion of beach sand and individual actions to arrest losses having impacts in adjacent areas - Drying out of the Negril Morass; saline intrusion up the channels and canal; release and runoff of

nutrient and other contaminants from agricultural and other land into the bay with possible impacts on the coral reef


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SOME PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS OF WATER QUALITY SAMPLING PROGRAMME

DECEMBER 1998 - 1999 1. Samples are collected bimonthly. It is important to know how the date and time of sampling relates to

any differences in discharge from the treatment plant and from the South and North Negril Rivers. 2. There may be considerable variation between sampling intervals of this magnitude. 3. A preliminary scan of the data suggests:

a. Some saline intrusion up the S. Negril River b. Variation in water quality indicators between sampling dates with no suggestion of progressive

improvement over time in the quality of water downstream from the treatment plant.

c. Reduction in water quality below the treatment plant outfall, indicating further sources of contamination.

d. The N. Negril River as a potentially significant source of pollutants reaching the bay.

e. Relatively high levels of N and P including the marine samples.

4. It would be helpful to plot the data as a time series and to measure discharges so that nutrient and

other contaminant loads could be estimated. Interpretation by lay persons is aided by Presenting graphs on constant scaled axes.

It could provide a focus for funding (especially from international sources) of environmental actions including especially ecosystem restoration and protection (e.g. hydrological management to combat peat-drying, reduce fire hazard, filter nutrients and reduce other contaminants from agricultural and other runoff), stabilizing beach configuration (e.g. based on better understanding of the dynamics of sand source and erosion processes) and supporting local people to maintain or develop Sustainable resource-use practices. The partnership would have a direct linking role between central government and local stakeholders who are essential for the implementation of management decisions at tile scale appropriate to the problem. It could be the vital governance bridge between different sectoral interests and built on a foundation which links socio-economic and ecological / environmental considerations. A Way Ahead There is currently a unique window of opportunity which might enable real progress towards development of an integrated approach to environmental management in the Negril arm It arises from implementation of the 'ecosystem approach' (a strategy for the integrated management of land, water and living resources that promotes conservation and sustainable use in an equitable way) as a framework for reaching a balance of the three key objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity - conservation, sustainable use and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the use of genetic resources. The Contacting Parties to the Convention, which include Jamaica, have, been called upon by The Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (1) to apply the ecosystem, approach (in line with specified principles and other guidance based on sound science, social and economic consideration) (2) to further elaborate the concept and (3) to identify case studies and implement pilot projects and organize regional, national or local workshops to enhance awareness, share experiences and strengthen the capacity to implement the ecosystem approach.


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The Jamaican government, NGOs and others could combine to use the Negril situation a i an important pathfinder pilot project not only for the country but also for the wider Caribbean. International donors are likely to be favourably disposed, given the important link to the Convention on Biological Diversity and also in ensuring the wise use obligations under the Ramsar Convention to support an inception workshop to develop the understanding and implementation of the ecosystem approach. This would focus interalia on institutional mechanisms, the appropriate scale of implementation of management, capacity-building, stakeholder engagement, scientific and other information needs together with the necessary adaptive management, monitoring, evaluation techniques and other guidance to support implementation. Some Suggested Initial Steps 1. Agree responsibility for championing this initiative to a single body and a responsible leader

supported by sound technical advice. 2. Secure pump-priming funding for development of the Negril case as an Ecosystem Approach Pilot

Project e.g. Commonwealth Institute, Embassies, Jamaican Government, tourism interests as well as traditional environmental or biodiversity oriented aid sources a target of US $40-50K might be appropriate and could benefit from identification of recent NEPT funding from the EU as matching funds.

3. Convene a small working group comprised of representatives of key government agencies, technical

experts and NGOs (e.g. NCC, NEPT, NCRPS) to formulate: in outline pan for development of the Ecosystem Approach Pilot Project.

4. Identify possible sources of funding for overall project implementation. 5. Engage a facilitator to catalise the working group at a 2-3 day inception workshop and to lead tile

drafting of a detailed proposal for funding and implementation of the Pilot Project. 6. Review the proposal among all stakeholders and appropriate technical experts. 7. Refine the proposal and draw up the detailed budget required for implementation together with a

feasible work plan. 8. Submit funding proposal. Parallel Supporting Actions It is clear that certain actions could be proposed on an experimental basis as technical input to further the integrated plan. Examples of such activities wou1d be: 1. Experimental scale introduction of wastewater from the Sewage Treatment Plant into a limited and

ideally degraded area of the Morass to assess the effectiveness of tertiary treatment and the possible effects on the wetland ecosystem including the possibility of habitat and hydrological restoration.

2. Examination of sustainable management options for forestry on surrounding hill land including

possibilities of re-establishment of tropical hardwood together with rotation planting of selected tree species for sustainable charcoal yields.


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IMPORTANCE OF WETLANDS Shakira Azan, The University of the West Indies

Definition of Wetlands The definition of a wetland varies (50). Generally, it is defined by the Ramsar Convention as 'areas of marsh, fen, peatland or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static, flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water, the depth of which at low tide does not exceed 6 metres'. This definition encompasses reef flats, seagrass beds in coastal areas, mudflats, mangroves,, estuaries, rivers, freshwater marshes, swamp forests, saline marshes and lakes. The broad definition of wetlands highlighted by Ramsar is a beneficial one as it allows for the conservation and management of all water bodies at the catchment level and also emphasises the linkages between the wetland and the lands that surround them. Characteristics of Wetlands Wetlands are found to occupy the transitional zone between terrestrial and aquatic environments, yet cannot be classified as entirely terrestrial or aquatic. Their diversification is determined by the predominance of water for a significant period of time, which drives the development of the wetland, the plants, and animals, which are adapted, and the contribution to the development and properties of the soil. As such, wetland diversity varies according to their origin, geographical location, water regime and chemistry, dominant flora, and soil or sediment characteristics. Considerable variation may be found within a single wetland due to subtle differences in flooding. As a result, many different types of wetlands may be found in close proximity, having completely different ecosystem and landscapes. The sustainability of wetlands (development, maintenance, functioning) depends largely on the dynamics of water supply and loss. The hydrology of a wetland is defined by how much water enters it, how much water leaves it and how much water the wetland is able to store. This in itself influences the physical and chemical characteristics of the wetland. The ecosystem function of a wetland is largely dependent on the biogeochemical processes, which occurs. This is termed 'nutrient cycles' and involves the movement of chemical elements from the organism to the physical environment to the organism in more or less circular pathways. Types of Wetlands Wetlands may be divided into two groups of wetland systems, namely, natural and artificial. There are 5 major natural wetland systems all of which are highly productive ecosystems: § Marine

- Subtidal - seagrass beds, coral reefs - Intertidal - rocky shores, sandy shores, mudflats, mangroves

§ Estuarine

- Subtidal - estuaries, deltas Intertidal - mudflats, salt meadows, tidal, brackish and fres marshes § Lacustrine

- Permanent or seasonal freshwater ponds or lakes § Riverine


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- Permanent rivers and streams (including waterfalls) Wand deltas, seasonal flowing rivers, floodplains

§ Palustrine (e.g. Negril, Black River Lower Morass)

- Permanent emergent freshwater marshes and peat-forming freshwater swamps, peatlands; Forested swamps and forest

*Swamps are inundated throughout the growing season; marshes are waterlogged, but are not flooded during the summer. The artificial wetland systems include: § Aquaculture/Mariculture (fish and shrimp ponds)

- This is the production of marine organisms under controlled conditions, which are then harvested and sold for profit.

§ Agriculture (rice fields, irrigation canals)

§ Salt exploitation (salt ponds)

§ Urban/Industrial (wastewater treatment areas - constructed wetlands)

- Constructed wetlands mimic the treatment that occurs in natural wetlands by relying on plants and a combination of naturally occurring biological, chemical and physical processes to remove pollutants from water.

§ Water storage areas (reservoirs, hydro-dams) They may also be classified as precipitation, surface or ground water dominated. Functions of Wetlands Wetland ecosystems have widespread distribution and are of considerable significance. Their functions include: § Sediment and Toxicant Removal - The physical properties of some wetlands facilitate the removal of

these by slowing down the flow of the water (marshes) and allowing deposition. This provides for good water quality.

§ Nutrient Cycling - Nutrients entering wetlands may get absorbed by the vegetation, stored,

transformed by chemical processes or become apart of the aquatic food chain upon decay. In excess, it may lead to eutrophication.

§ Prevention of Saline Water Intrusion - In low lying coastal areas, the presence of a freshwater wedge

on the border of a coastal freshwater wetlands serves to prevent saline water from moving upwards to the land surface where it will affect water supplies for socioeconomic use (drinking, washing, irrigation) and soils suitable for agriculture.

§ Wetlands also contribute to the outflow of freshwater from a watercourse. This prevents saline

intrusion into the watercourse. If the wetland is removed, and saltwater intrusion occurs, freshwater for socio-economic use is lost.

§ Groundwater Recharge and Discharge - This is a process by which water from the wetland moves

into the underlying aquifer system or the groundwater flows into the wetland. With recharge, the water remains within the groundwater system and supplies water to the surrounding areas and maintain the water table. This is vital to communities that use wells.


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§ Flow Regulation (Flood Control) - Wetlands store excess amounts of water, which may arise from rainfall, run-off, rivers or underground sources. This occurs via vegetation, which slows down the flow of flood water; soils, which stores up to 90% of water; retained as surface water in lakes, marshes. In general, these reduce the volume of immediate downstream floodwater. The remaining water is discharged over a long period of time and some is lost to evapo-transpiration and percolation to ground water.

§ Shoreline Protection and Erosion Control - The presence of wetland vegetation prevents or reduces

erosion of coastlines, estuaries and riverbanks. This occurs via the binding and stabilization of the plant by the roots; dissipation of wave and current energy and the trapping of sediments.

§ Windbreak - Wetland vegetation can shield structures, crops or natural vegetation from wind damage

or salt-laden wind. § Critical Habitat for Plants and Animals - Wetlands serve as important habitats for plants and animals.

They support the fife cycles of most, for example, fish, prawns, which use the wetland for spawning and juvenile development. Migratory birds also utilize the wetlands in their life cycle (resting or feeding). Amphibians and reptiles also utilize wetlands for their development, especially in the case of their aquatic larvae.

The Value of Wetlands § Socio-economic Use (Water Supply and Transport) - Wetlands are often sources of water for

domestic, industrial and agricultural uses. Streams, rivers ponds and lakes also facilitate water extraction.

§ Some wetlands are used as a means of transportation, boat tours (BRLM), supplying goods to the

local market, and moving cargo over long distances. § Scientific Research and Education - Wetlands are used as sites for scientific research, which includes

monitoring, experimentation and reference. They are also used to study long-term global environmental trends. Wetlands serve as educational centers due to their biological diversity.

§ Gene Bank - The wild species present within wetlands are potential sources for the improvement of

commercial species. Where wildlife populations are threatened by extinction, wetlands serve as areas for the preservation of the genetic material.

§ Recreation and Tourism - Wetlands, which exhibit a high diversity in habitats, are extensive in area,

largely undisturbed and contain plants and animals, which are considered rare, endangered or endemic, are often used for this purpose. The most suitable sites are those where adequate infrastructure is present or where there is the potential for developing this infrastructure without detracting from the wetland. This may contribute to the local and national economies.

§ Timber and Thatch Production - In the US, forested wetlands are harvested for timber. In Jamaica,

mangrove trees are harvested and used as fence posts, yam sticks to name a few. Thatch palms are harvested and used as a means of livelihood BRLM: shrimp trap, roofing for houses.

§ Energy Resources (Peat and Plant Matter) - Peat is a non-renewable resource and is used as an

energy source.' Unfortunately, excessive peat mining destroys peatlands and their values. Wetlands also serve for hydo-electric power as river valleys become dammed. However, this disrupts upstream fish migration, seasonal flooding of floodplains and increased coastal erosion.


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§ Aesthetic - The presence of a wetland offers value to its surroundings. It may be used as a means of tourist attraction or provides a feeling of serenity to communities' near-by. This effect will be lost if destroyed, for example, removing mangroves for coastal developments.

§ Food Source (Fruit, Meat, Fish and Birds) - Over 95% of fish harvested commercially in the US are

wetland dependent. § Fish species use the wetland as a residence (permanent or temporary),nursery or feeding ground.

The presence of birds in wetlands serves as an area for bird hunting. In the US, this is a viable business.

Why Conserve Wetlands? ‘The maintenance of wetlands as functioning ecosystems will often ensure that important contributions to development are maintained’ Jamaican wetlands were formerly much more extensive. The process of conversion into drylands for agriculture began with the expansion of sugar cane in the 18'h century. As the coastal towns expanded, reclamation was also implemented for urban development and as anti-malaria measures. Wetland reclamation, however, usually incurs a serious loss of natural resources not always outweighed by the land gained, and a strong case for preserving wetlands in their natural state can be made. The Protection of Wetlands In general, wetlands should be conserved as they exhibit a productive environment, have a high biological diversity with high concentrations of various species and is a storehouse of plant genetic material. There is different legislature, which works towards the protection of wetlands. § Jamaican Legislature - The 'Policy for Jamaica's System of Protected Area' details the procedures for

planning and managing protected areas in Jamaica. In addition, there are six types of protected areas identified under the NRCA Act:

- National Nature Reserve/Wilderness Area (IUCN Category I) - National Park, Marine Park (IUCN Category II) - Natural Landmark/National Monument (IUCN Category III) - Habitat/Species Management Area (IUCN Category IV) - National Protected Landscape or Seascape (IUCN Category V) - Managed Resource Protected Area (IUCN Category VI)

§ The Ramsar Convention - The Ramsar Convention, otherwise known as "The Conservation on

Wetlands of International Importance" started in 1971 and came into force on December 2 1, 1975. The Convention is the oldest of the global nature conservation treaties and is inter-governmental and provides the framework for international co-operation for the conservation of a particular ecosystem type and the flora and fauna dependent on it, which in this case are wetland habitats. To date, there are 123 contracting parties, 1060 designated wetland sites, total of 80.6 million hectares.

The wetland habitats chosen to be protected were considered important for ecological processes as well as for their rich flora and fauna. As such, the primary objective of the Convention is to stem the loss of wetlands and their habitats (example, rivers, ponds, lakes, marshes, coastal areas, estuaries, bogs and coastal reefs) and to ensure their conservation.

Wetlands identified by Ramsar to be of international importance are required to meet at least one of the following criteria:


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Unique or representative wetlands, which are natural or near-natural and are either. § Characteristic of the appropriate biogeographical region § Common to more than one biogeographical region § Of a specific type rare or unusual in the appropriate biogeographical region or § Plays a substantial hydrological, biological or ecological role in the natural functioning of a major river

basin or coastal system located in a tram border position

Plants and Animals § Supports an appreciable assemblage of rare, vulnerable or endangered species, sub-species or

individuals of plant or animal § Maintains genetic and ecological diversity of a region due to quality and peculiarities of its flora and

fauna or § Of special value: as a habitat for plants and animals at a critical stage of their biological cycle or for

one or more endemic plant or animal species or communities Waterfowl § Regularly supports 20,000 waterfowl or substantial numbers of individuals from particular groups of

water fowl indicative of wetland values, productivity or diversity or, § Where data on populations are available, it regularly supports 1% of the individuals in a population of

one species or sub-species of waterfowl Fish § Supports a significant proportion of indigenous fish sub-species or families, life history stages,

species interactions and/or populations that are representative of wetland benefits and/or values and thereby contributes to global biological diversity or,

§ Is an important source of food for fishes, spawning ground, nursery and/or migration path on which

fish stocks, either within the wetland or elsewhere depend The Convention places obligations on the contracting parties for the wide use of the wetland habitats. These include: § Special conservation requirements for wetlands and their inhabitants § Creation of wetland reserves § Wardening of sites to enhance waterfowl numbers § Where the boundaries of the Wetland changes via national interest, compensation must be made for

resources lost and added reserves created to maintain the original habitat § Encourage research and the exchange of data and publications regarding wetlands and their flora

and fauna § Training of personnel in the fields of research, management and wardening of wetlands


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§ For the promotion of general public awareness for conservation and, § International co-operation for shared water bodies and wetland species The Benefits of the Ramsar Convention include: § Endorsement of Convention's principles § Opportunity to make the country's voice heard § Provision of access to latest information and advice § Encouragement of international cooperation.


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AAPPPPEENNDDIIXX CC

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Ray Arthurs Director Negril Area Environmental Protection Trust Norman Manley Blvd, Negril P.O. Westmoreland Shakira Azan Student University Of the West Indies 18 Bennett Close Kingston 10 Howard Batson Director Office of Environment Unites States Agency for International Development 2 Haining Road Kingston 5 Janos Beyer Environment Planner, Director JCDT P.O Box 390 Kingston 10 Cleveland Bedasie Farmer Springfield Sheffield P.O Westmoreland Lemuel Brady Director, Environmental Health Ministry of Health 2-4 King Street Kingston Cecil Brown Water sports Negril P.O. Westmoreland

Nerval Brown Regional Officer Forestry Department Catherine Hall Montego Bay P.O. Box 612 St. James Sharon Chambers General Manager Time Square Plaza P.O. Box 2989 Negril, P.O. Westmoreland Louis Daley Pollution Prevention Policy Specialist Coastal Water Quality Improvement Project 5 Oxford Park Ave Kingston 5 Hugh Cresser Jamaica Hotel & Tourist Association 2 Ardenne Road Kingston 10 Stanley Dodd Parish Manager Rural Agriculture Development Authority Haughton Court Lucea P.O Hanover Jermaine Saunders Planning Inspector N.G.I.A.L.P.A P.O. Box 2607 Negril P.O. Westmoreland Andreas Haiduk Water Quality Technologist Water Resources Authority P.O. Box 91 Hope Gardens Kinston 7


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Anthony Fairclough National Water Commission Lucea P.O. Hanover Dianne Francis Community Dev. Officer Negril Area Environmental Protection Trust Negril P.O. Westmoreland Junior Francis Operations Manager National Water Commission Negril P.O. Westmoreland Naudia Gordon National Water Commission Negril Nathalie Gray Act. Property Manager Urban Development Corporation Negril P.O. Westmoreland Daniel Grizzle Chairman Negril Resort Board Negril Chamber of Commerce Charela Inn Negril P.O. Westmoreland Sylvie Grizzle Chairperson Environment Committee Negril Chamber of Commerce Charela Inn Negril P.O. Westmoreland Carl Hanson Project Manager Negril Coral Reef Preservation Society Norman Manley Blvd Negril P.O. Westmoreland

Bill Graham Extension Officer Rural Agriculture Development Authority Llandilo Savanna La Mar Westmoreland Durval Grapine Forrest Supervisor Forestry Department Catherine Hall Montego Bay P.O. Box 612 St. James Jillian Guthrie Director Projects & Enforcement Ministry of Land & Environment 1 Devon Road Kingston 6 Lilieth Ives Research Assistant Ministry of Agriculture Montpelier P.O. St. James Jean Jackson Manager Negril Chamber of Commerce Negril P.O. Westmoreland David Lee Environmental Consultant Caribbean Ecosystems Ltd. P.O. Box 1468 Kingston 8 Anthony McKenzie Senior Director Coastal Zone Management National Environment & Planning Agency 10 Caledonia Ave Kingston Desmond Malcolm Senior Vice Pres. Chief Operations Manager National Water Commission 4 Marescaux Road Kingston 5


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Scott McCormick Chief Of Party Coastal Water Quality Improvement Project 5 Oxford Park Ave Kingston 5 Bertel Moore Councilor Negril Division West End Rd Negril P.O. Westmoreland Collin Malcolm Public Health Inspector Westmoreland Health Department P.O. Box 85 Savanna La Mar Westmoreland Wayne McIntosh National Water Commission Negril Susan Otuokon Executive Director Negril Area Environment Protection Trust Norman Manley Blvd. Negril P.O. Westmoreland Linzie Patten Zone Supervisor National Water Commission 18 Rose St. Savanna La Mar John Perry District Operations Superintendent National Water Commission Lucea P.O. Hanover Nadine Stanley Research Assistant Ministry of Agriculture Montpelier P.O. St. James Conrad Tharkur Parish Agricultural Manager Rural Agriculture Development Authority Llandilo Savanna La Mar Westmoreland

Devi Prasad Senior Lecturer Department of Life Sciences University of The West Indies Mona Kingston 7 Raynor Mills Member Jamaica Hotel & Tourist Association Negril P.O Westmoreland Neville Ruddock Dep. Chief Public Health Inspector Westmoreland Health Dept Barracks Road Savanna La Mar Delza Riley Doctor Scientific Research Council P.O. Box 350 Kingston 6 Jonathan Riggall Volunteer Negril Coral Reef Preservation Society Negril P.O. Westmoreland Edward Robinson Professor of Geology Department of Geography & Geology The University of the West Indies Mona Kingston 7 Ann Sutton Environmentalist Jamaica Junior Naturalists Westmoreland Don Streete Manager Quality Control Assurance Environment National Water Commission 4-6 Marescaux Road Kingston Simone Simpson Student Ruseas High School Lucea Hanover


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Sylvester Walker Farmer Springfield Community Association Sheffield P.O Westmoreland Dawn White Community Liaison Officer North Coast Waste Water Negril P.O. Westmoreland Beverley Wedderburn Principal Negril All Age School Negril P.O. Westmoreland Lenbert Williams Member Friends of the West End Negril P.O. Westmoreland

Coastal Water Quality Improvement Project

Documents

092 - The University of the West Indies at Mona, Jamaica · 2011-04-27 · Negril Morass Stakeholder Workshop Report May 31st – June 1st 6 ACRONYMS AMC Advisory Monitoring Committee