Fluid Dynamics

FLUID DYNAMICS - JENNA EMMANOUILIDES

Fluid Dynamics n. (used with a sing. verb)The branch of applied science that is concerned with the movement of gases and liquids.

FLUID DYNAMICS - DEFINITION

Laminar flow –noun Hydraulics, Mechanics.the flow of a viscous fluid in which particles of the fluid move in parallel layers, each of which has a constant velocity but is in motion relative to its neighboring layers.

Turbulent flow –noun Hydraulics.the flow of a fluid past an object such that the velocity at any fixed point in the fluid varies ir-regularly.

Cavitationn.

1. The sudden formation and collapse of low-pressure bubbles in liquids by means of me-chanical forces, such as those resulting from rotation of a marine propeller. 2. The pitting of a solid surface. 3. Medicine. The formation of cavities in a body tissue or an organ, especially those formed in the lung as a result of tuberculosis.

Vortex:

A vortex (pl. vortices) is a spinning, often turbulent, flow of fluid. Any spiral motion with closed streamlines is vortex flow. The motion of the fluid swirling rapidly around a center is called a vortex. The speed and rate of rotation of the fluid are greatest at the center, and decrease progressively with distance from the center.

Definitions

Hummingbird

a)

Hovering Motion (Rear View) Hovering Motion (Top View)

b) c)

a) Forwardb) Hoveringc) Backward

FLUID DYNAMICS - HUMMINGBIRD

A hummingbird can fly forwards, backwards, up, down, sideways or hover in space. For a humming bird to hover, their wings move forward and backwards in a repetitive figure eight.Hummingbirds produce 75% of their weight support during the down stroke and 25% during the upstroke. Some of this asymmetry could be due to inversion of their cambered wings during upstroke. What makes a humming bird aerodynamic are the vortices produced by the motion of its wings.

FLUID DYNAMICS - HUMMINGBIRD

Hummingbird - DeHavilland DH 53 Hummingbird

The wake of the hummingbirds wings demonstrates that small vortices are created during the hummingbirds down stroke, indicating that the ratio of internal forces is extremely low, allowing an upwards stroke to follow, thus operating at Reynolds number sufficiently low enough to exploit a key mechanism, typical to that of an insect hovering. Therefore it may be possible that the hummingbird is exploiting a key mechanism typical to that of an insect hovering.

Gipps TAFE Warragul Learning CentrePaul Morgan Architects

“...The building envelope is like an industrial design object: wind and sun studies have produced an aerodynamic building shell for the 5 Star sustainable building...”

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Gipps TAFE Warragul Learning CentrePaul Morgan Architects

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AHO-The Old School of Architecture and DesignMarcus Runesson

“... Force & operator relationships in dynamic sports as inspiration and generator of urban architecture: Flow is a public space, an urban intervention, an urban installation, a cultural statement and a cultural arena...”

AHO-The Old School of Architecture and DesignMarcus Runesson

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Dynamic ArchitectureDavid Fisher

...According to renowned Italian architect Dr. David Fisher, “the Dynamic Tower is the first building designed to be self-powered, with the ability to generate electricity for itself, as well as for nearby buildings. It achieves this feat with 79 wind turbines, making it a true green power plant.”...

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The building’s stable core resembles a thick trunk that runs from the ground up, with the floors acting like branches and leaves that shadow the rhythms of nature. Dr. Fisher states, “Today’s life is dynamic, so the space we are living in should be dynamic as well, adjustable to our needs that change to our concept of design and to our mood. The buildings will follow the rhythms of nature, they will change direction and shape from spring to summer, from sunrise to sunset, and adjust themselves to the weather, these buildings will be alive.”

Dynamic ArchitectureDavid Fisher

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Beijing AirportFoster + Partners

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“...A symbol of place, its soaring aerodynamic roof and dragon ike form celebrates the thrill of fl ight and evokes traditional Chinese colours and symbols...”

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Beijing AirportFoster + Partners

Beijing AirportFoster + Partners

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LavaMichael Schumacher Tower

Inspired by the geometrical order of a snowflake and the aerodynamics of a Formula 1 racing car, the tower encapsulates speed, fluid dynamics, future technology and natural patterns of organization. Rather than purely mimicking shapes in nature for their elegance and unpredictability, the architects learned from nature’s own geometrical orders creating highly efficient structures and intriguing spaces.

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LavaMichael Schumacher Tower

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William McDonoughTreescraper Tower of Tomorrow

Curved forms increase structural stability and maximize enclosed space; this reduces the amount of materials needed for construction. The shape is also aerodynamic, diffusing the impact of wind.

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Richard RogersMillennium Dome, Greenwich

The cables carry both wind uplift and downloads in the same way, resulting in a very efficient structure. This inherent efficiency,combined with the aerodynamic shape of the envelope, means that loads should be small enough to be carried on conventional pad foundations. Differential settlement of the masts then will be catered for by jacking up the base connections as necessary.

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Wind effects are often the driving factor in the design of large roof structures. In particular, turbulent wind flows have the potential to exert significant loading on large lightweight roof structures including augmentations due to dynamic effects.

Rima TaherHurrican Proof Building

Studies were conducted on cases such as Hurricane Andrew, which hit Florida in the 1990s, and based on wind-tunnel testing of reduced-scale models, led to the identification of a square building with a four-ridge roof and a vertical element with aerodynamic characteristics as the main structural axis - the shape offering the most resistance to extremely violent natural phenomena.

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Elie GamburgBelaruskia Train Station in Moscow, skyscraper

Skyscraper to be situated over the existing Belaruska Train Station in Moscow, Russia.The project delaminates the performative layers necessary for high-rise design structure, weatherized enclosure, solar control, circulation, and mechanical systems

in order to comfort two divergent problems. Ecollogically the de-laminated layers allow for the “interiorization” of multiple climate zones. Each paired layer of glass traps a zone of passively conditioned air. Each progressive layer of air insulates the layers

within. During times of extreme cold and heat, the inhabitants of the sky scraper canwithdraw into the inner layers, and move outwards during optimal weather, or as required without wasting much energy.

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Ben van Berkel, Freek Loos, UN StudioErasmus Bridge, Rotterdam

Vibrations are being induced from a combination of light rain and moderate wind, which causes oscillations on the order of 3 to 4 ft in 650-ft-long cables.The rain spins around the cable, changing the cross section aerodynamics, causing the fluctuations.

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Nicholas GrimshawSoutherncross Station

The roof shape was designed to do several things in-cluding help exhaust diesel fumes from the train station below, protect occupants from the weather, connect old and new areas of the city, and provide a central civic destination for the city. The results are visually compelling and accomplish those goals.

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“The roof itself makes much of building physics. It is possible to describe the project in terms of structural forces, prevailing winds, and the ventilation of diesel fumes.”

Nicholas GrimshawSoutherncross Station

Foreign Office ArchitectsLondon 2012 Olympic Park, London UK

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FaulknerBrowns with Heatherwick StudioLondon 2012 Olympic Velodrome, London UK

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Zaha HadidPoroposal for Olympic Aquatic Centre

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Fluid Flow: Cavitation

Here you can see vapour bubbles of a fl owing liquid in a region where the pressure of the liquid falls below its vapour pressure.The vapour bubbles surround the jet stream which penetrates the surface of still water due to the change in pressure.

EXPERIMENT 1

Turbulence and Vortices

Turbulence from the hairdryer is holding up the christmas decoration. As the airflows you get tur-bulence above here, and the turbulence creates a lower pressure. Therefore, the vortices which are the turbulence, are keeping the christmas decoration up.The reason why it is so stable is because the velocity at the ball is the highest as it is diverging the air as it is comming out.

When the ball is pushed to the side it has a lower stabilty to one side and is pushed back into the centre.The stronger the airflow the further the ball sits and the more angulated the air can be directed.

3500 Twin Turbo Hairdryer

2500 Twin Turbo Hairdryer

EXPERIMENT 2

The density of a material is defined as its mass per unit volume.Density can be changed by changing either the pressure or the temperature. Increasing the pressure will always increase the density of a material.

Variouc sized balloons with different deinsities.

Various Scales of Density

EXPERIMENT 3

Above you can see that the pressure applied to the balloons is minimal. Allowing them to maintain to a certain extent their original form.

Bellow the pressure upon the balloons has increased, therefore, the density of the balloons has increased.

Various Scales of Density

EXPERIMENT 3.2

EXPERIMENT 4

Fluid Flow: Cavitation The result of the flow of ice water into hot liquid wax

EXPERIMENT 4

Fluid Flow: Cavitation The result of the flow of ice water into hot liquid wax

INTERESTS IN FLUID DYNAMICS

I am interested in looking at how an instance of ‘Fluid Flow’ can influ-ence an aerodynamic form. An instance of “Fluid Flow’ in an experi-ment may be frozen and replicated in a solid form. This form created may then influence the final design in a more aerodynamic nature.

Looking into smoke as an example, as smoke moves through air, its pigmentation allows you to see its gaseous nature move though air in a path of least resistance. An instance of this flow would be captured and amended to suit the required characteristics of the appropriate form required for my design.

QUESTION:If one was to simulate a fluid flow, then the form of an instance during the flow was converted into a physical form, would it have aerodynamic properties?Exmple: If a moment during the cavitational experiment conducted was captured and produced as a 3d form, if it would act as an aerodynamic structure?

Interest in Fluid Dynamics

Taking the Cavitation experiment from above, i have considered using ‘bubbles’ which are produced during the experiment to influence the facade. The proposal is to have ‘bubbles’ on areas of the facade which would internally need ventilation, allowing the facade to have 2 states: an open one; allowing for natural ventilation, as well as a closed state; for the more extreme conditions. The appatures of the ‘bubbles’ would be dependant on the weaher conditions.

Fluid Flow Facade: Bubbles formed during Cavitation experiments

FACADE IDEAS

The ‘bubbles’ may also have a variety of functions, such as; allowing natural daylight into the building and possibly assist in power generation.

FACADE IDEAS

FrameFrame

Using the ‘bubbles’ as a frame for the external skin. This skin would act as an outer shell, protecting the building from extreme conditions and at the same time exposing the building to the conditions which the habitants may require for a more comfortable environemnt internally.

The interntions for this very early scheme is that it not only acts as an external skin, but also acts as part of the buildings facade/structural system where necessary.

The more curvature envolved in the skin/facade, the more intense the ‘bubbles’ become and the smaller.

Fluid Flow Facade: Bubbles formed during Cavitation experiments

‘Bubbles’

FACADE IDEAS

Examples of Nature: Hyacinth Flower

Open

Closed

When looking into natural movement in nature, I chose to look at the Hyacinth flower and Pine cone and how they respond naturally to the elements which surround them. Their movements respond to the elements to better protect themselves.

Hyacinth Flower: During the dark and the cold, the Hyacinth flower will close. However, during the sunlight it will open.

FACADE IDEAS

Examples of Nature: Pine Cone

Pine Cone: The Pine Cone responds to the natural elements which surrounds it by it too closing during the night, and opening when the sun shines.

TRADITIONAL ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

Traditional Islamic Zeliji around a water fountain

TRADITIONAL ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

Interior of the Selimiye Mosque (Minar Sinan), Edirne

TRADITIONAL ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

Jean NouvelOffice Tower, Doha, Qatar

The exterior of the tower is made from glass covered in a metal skin that is designed, based on a traditional islamic pattern.

TRADITIONAL ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

Interior Roof of Feyziyyeh School in Ghom,Iran

TRADITIONAL ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

Dome of the Mausoleum of Sultan Qaytbay, Cairo

Jean NouvelInstitut du Monde Arabe, Paris

Penrose Tiling Sculpture: Decagonal and quasi-crystalline tilings in medieval Islamic architecture

TRADITIONAL ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

TRADITIONAL ISLAMIC PERIODIC TILING

Islamic Periodic Tiling

TRADITIONAL ISLAMIC PERIODIC TILING

Islamic Periodic Tiling

TRADITIONAL ISLAMIC PERIODIC TILING

Islamic Periodic Tiling

TRADITIONAL ISLAMIC PERIODIC TILING

Islamic Periodic Tiling

TRADITIONAL ISLAMIC APERIODIC TILING

Islamic Aperiodic Tiling

TRADITIONAL ISLAMIC APERIODIC TILING

Islamic Aperiodic Tiling

TRADITIONAL ISLAMIC APERIODIC TILING

Islamic Aperiodic Tiling

C SRIODIC TILINGRIODIC TILING

Solar SkinStudio Formwork

Architect Jacques Ferrier latest concept for a “green” mixed-use skyscraper, called Hypergreen. The design incorporates a curving lattice façade made of ultra-high-performance concrete that will act as the building’s primary structural system.

HypergreenJacques Ferrier

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Tornado Tower, QatarvzSIAT Architects

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Mexico’s Bicentenary TowersGregorio Vasquez and Manuel Wedeles

Mexico’s Bicentenary TowersGregorio Vasquez and Manuel Wedeles

Rak Convention and Ehibition Centre, UAERas Al Khaimah

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TowerRUR Architecture P.C.

This tower’s facade is strcutural, but its also allows for natural lighting and ventilation within the highrise.

Unknown

Studio Anticipation

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City Hall, LOndonNorman Foster

COR, MiamiChad Oppenheim architecture + design,

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Dubai Towers

Anara Tower, DubaiAtkins Design

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ADNEC: Abu Dhabi National Exhibition CenterRMJM Architects

Cybertecture Egg for IndiaJames Law

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ALDAR Headquarters, Abu DhabiArchitects MZ & Partners

SIMPLIFICATION OF PERIODIC PATTERN

Simplifying Periodic Pattern

SIMPLIFICATION OF PERIODIC PATTERN

Simplifying Periodic Pattern

SIMPLIFICATION OF PERIODIC PATTERN

Simplifying Periodic Pattern

VIRTUAL IMAGE OF PHYSICAL MODEL

This image ilustrates how this pattern could be produced through MDF and finishingwire. The centre starts would be braced through the tenssion of the fishing wire connections.

Fishing wire

STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

Representation of designs of steel skeleton structures in tall buildings includes six types of diagonals (K, X, \ and /, simple X, and V), two types of beams (rigid and hinged), and two types of ground connections (rigid and hinged).

Structural Elements of Pattern

FACADE: PATTERN

Oranamental aspect of pattern

FACADE: PATTERN

Structural aspect of pattern