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POWERLINE CARRIER

COMMUNICATION ITS

APPLICATIONS

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INTRODUCTION

o It is an approach to utilize the existing powerlines for the transmission of information.

o In todays world every house and building hasproperly installed electricity lines.

o By using the existing AC power lines as a

medium to transfer the information, it becomes

easy to connect the houses with a high speednetwork access point without installing new

wirings.

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HISTORY

The idea of using an existing medium to send the

communication signals is as old as the telegraph

itself.

The first significant step in the field was when two

patents were issued to American Telephone and

Telegraph Company in the name of 'Carrier

Transmission over Power Circuits' in 1920.

After four years later in 1924 two other patents

were filed for the systems transmitting andreceiving communication signals over three phase

power lines.

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OPERATINGPRINCIPLE

The communication device used for the

communication over the power lines is a

MODEM, commonly known as Power Line

MODEM(PLM). It works as both transmitter and receiver,

i.e., it transmits and receives data over the

power lines.

A power line modem not only modulates the

data to transmit it over the power lines but

also demodulates the data it receives from

the power lines.

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PLCC MODEM/TRANSCEIVER

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APPLICATIONS THROUGH PLCC

Transmission & Distribution Network:PLCC was firstadopted in the electrical transmission and distribution system totransmit information at a fast rate.

Home control and Automation: PLCC technology is usedin home control and automation. This technology can reduce theresources as well as efforts for activities like power management,energy conservation, etc.

Entertainment:PLCC is used to distribute the multimediacontent throughout the home.

Communication:Data transmission for different types ofcommunications like telephonic communication, audio, videocommunication can be made with the use of PLCC technology.

Security Systems:In monitoring houses or businessesthrough surveillance cameras, PLCC technology is far useful.

Automatic Meter ReadingAutomatic Meter readingapplications use the PLCC technology to send the data fromhome meters to Host Central Station.

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PLCC IN TRANSMISSION &

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

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CONTINUED.

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PLCC IN LV NETWORK

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PLCC NETWORKINGSCENARIO

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PLCC TECHNOLOGYINHOMEAUTOMATION

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Highly person dependant.

Human errors cannot be avoided.

Energy audits performed based on billcollection which is highly inaccurate.

Billing done mainly on estimated/ monthly

average basis.Billing cycle requires excessive time.

Issues with Stand-alone meter reading

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AUTOMATICMETERING

Automatic

Meter

Reading

Outage

Manageme

nt

Pre-payment

Sub-

MeteringRevenue

Protection

Automatic

Metering Active LoadControl

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SMARTMETERING: ANOPPORTUNITYTOLEAPFROG

PAST

ELECTRO-MECHANICALLow Accuracy

ControlNIL

Communications - Expensive

Theft DetectionPoor

CURRENT

DIGITAL SOLID STATE

High AccuracyControlLIMITED

CommunicationsExternal

Theft DetectionModerate

LEAPFROG

NEXT GENERATION SMART METER

Very High Accuracy

ControlFULLCommunicationsBuilt in (on chip)

Theft DetectionHigh (Network level)

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PRIMARY COMPONENTS FOR

PLCC SYSTEM:Meter Interface Module

Communication System

Central Office Equipment

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METERINTERFACEMODULE The AMR system starts at the meter. Some

means of translating readings from rotating

meter dials, or cyclometer style meter dials,into digital form is necessary in order to send

digital metering data from the customer site to

a central point.

Electro - optical interface

Signal Processing Electronics

RAM & Program Memory

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DATACONCENTRATORUNIT(DCU) The Data Concentrator sits on the loop

of secondary of the distribution

transformer.Collects meter readings

from all the meters using Power LineCommunication System at predefined

intervals.

The DCU and all the meters

connected to it can be considered as asub-system. The sub-system is set up

with a DCU monitoring the low voltage

power zone downstream of a

Distribution Transformer.

PLCCCommunication System

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AMR ARCHITECTURE

RF/ PSTN / Modem RF/PSTN / Modem

Meter 1 Meter 1 Meter 1

eter 2 Meter 2 Meter 2


eter 4 Meter 4 Meter 4


Meter n Meter n Meter n

Central Of fi ceHost Computer

Station.

Distribution

Transfo rmer 2.

Distribution

Trans former 3.

Distribution

Transfo rmer 1.

Data Cocentrator

Un it DCU 2

Data Cocen trato r

Uni t DCU 3

Data Cocentr ator

Uni t DCU 1

PL

CC

PLCC

PLCC

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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AMR SYSTEM

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FSK MODULATION

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CENTRALOFFICEEQUIPMENTS---

Modems.

Central server.Client Software for data acquisition

and data analysis.

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DIFFERENT BANDS FOR PLCC

Band

Frequency Range

Usage

3KHz9KHz

This range is restricted to the Energy

Providers.(No letter description exists due

to the fact that, this band was defined at a

later stage.)

A-Band

9KHz-95KHz

Restricted to the energy providers and their

concession holders

B-Band

95KHz-125KHz

Restricted to the energy providers

customers. There is no access rule defined

for this frequency range.

C-Band

125KHz-140KHz

Restricted to energy providers customers.

Simultaneous operations on multiple

systems are possible for this frequency

band, A protocol named Carrier Sense

Multiple Access Protocol is defined for this

using a frequency of 132.5KHz.

D-Band

140KHz-148.5KHz

Restricted to customers. No access protocol

is defined for this band.

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IMPORTANTTECHNICALPARAMETERSINPLC

COMMUNICATION

Noise on Residential Power Circuit (RPC):

A variety of noises may occur during the communication caused by thehome appliances.

Signal to Noise Ratio:

Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) is a measurement of quality of the signal. It

indicates the amount of the noise in a signal. SNR can be formulated inthe following way:

SNR = Received Power / Noise Power

Signal Attenuation:

A signal attenuation of about 100dB/Km occurs for low voltage power

lines and 10dB/km for high voltage lines. It creates a need of continuousrepeaters over a fixed distance. A number of factors that are responsiblefor signal attenuation include distance, time, frequency of the signal, etc.

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ELECTRIC COMPANY BENEFITS

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CUSTOMER BENEFITS

Precise consumption information.

Clear and accurate billing.

Automatic information and faster recovery.

Better and faster customer service.

Flag potential high consumption before customer

gets a high bill.

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DISADVANTAGES

Power line communication is quite different in

characteristics than the conventional dedicated

wirings.

Comparatively, it is a harsh medium and datatransfer through it can create a lot of problems.

Household appliances like halogen tubes,

washing machines, televisions, etc. can become

prone to an unpredictable noise and interference

in the transmission.

Continuous plugging and unplugging of electronic

devices makes power line characteristics vary

constantly.

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THANK YOU

Documents

0811013107