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Friday, July 3, 2009

JCL Tutorial – 08 : DD Statement – Part III

Q. I know that the DD Statement tells, what’s the Input file or Output File. However, on computer

storage how does the MVS know where to find your file? How do you specify the location of yourdataset? Its like searching for a needle in a haystack!

Yeah good question! The Mainframe Computer stores thousands of files(Datasets) in different areas of

Memory(Storage). Each data-set is stored at a different location. Who keeps track of, where a data-

set is stored? The System Catalog.

The System Catalog is special data-set(file) that acts as the address book of the MVS Operating

System. The System Catalog contains an entry for all the datasets on a Mainframe Computer. It stores

the name of the dataset, followed by the actual physical location of the dataset. Should you need the

phone no. of your friend, you quickly search through the contact list/address-book that you maintain.

Similarly, you wanna find a data-set, better search in the System Catalog.

Well, those datasets whose location has been recorded in the System Catalog, are called CatalogedDatasets. Datasets whose location is not tracked by the System Catalog, are called Uncataloged

Datasets.

Cataloged Datasets :- When a DD Statement mentions an input or output file, that has been cataloged,

MVS can easily find its place of residence(address) from the System Catalog.

Uncataloged Datasets :- When a DD Statement refers to and Input or Output Dataset, whose location has

not been registered in the System Catalog, you must tell the location of the dataset manually.

Now-a-days, whenever you create datasets in TSO, all the datasets are automatically cataloged. This

implies that you can find the dataset, merely by its name. However, formerly, if you had to specify

the location of the dataset manually, you had to use the UNIT and VOL(Volume) parameters of the DD

Statement.

Q. What is the UNIT Parameter?

A. Sometimes, the Input Dataset from which we want to read Data Records may be located on a TAPE

Drive. Also, when IBM Mainframe Servers are installed(a process called as SYSGEN), different I/O

Devices are assigned an Address. This device address uniquely identifies the device.

Apart from this, similar devices are grouped together and sometimes assigned a symbolic name.

UNIT parameter can be used to identify a device, by the device address, symbolic name or mentioning

TAPE(for tape drive).

//TRGD56 JOB A123,QUASAR,CLASS=A,PRTY=14,// MSGCLASS=X,MSGLEVEL=(1,1),NOTIFY=&SYSUID

//STEP01 EXEC PGM=PROGRAM1


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//INDD DD DSN=TRGD56.DEMO.INPUT,

// DISP=SHR,

// UNIT=SYSDA

This implies, that the input dataset TRGD56.DEMO.INPUT is located on the device group whose symbolic

name is SYSDA .

The UNIT parameter has AFF(Affinity) sub-parameter. To use the same unit, that has been used by a

prior DD Statement, AFF sub-parameter is used.

//TRGD56 JOB A123,QUASAR


//INDD DD DSN=TRGD56.DEMO.INPUT,DISP=SHR,UNIT=SYSDA

//OUTDD DD DSN=TRGD56.DEMO.OUTPUT,DISP=(NEW,CATLG),

// UNIT=AFF=INDD

Q. What is the VOL(VOLUME) Parameter used for?

The VOL parameter is used to specify disk volume on which the Input and Output datasets reside. The

VOL parameter has several sub-parameters.

SER Specifies the serial number of the device. Every device has a serial

number by which it can be identified.

REF Used to refer back to a VOL in a previous j ob -st ep .

PRIVATE Allows access to this disk volume by only 1 user.

RETAIN Prevents the volume from being dismounted, till the Batch JOB ends.

SEQ The SEQ sub-parameter allows you to tell the MVS O/S, in whatorder, or in what sequence the volumes should be mounted. This isapplicable only if the dataset is very large and occupies multiple

volumes.

Let’s see some examples.



//INDD DD DSN=TRGD56.DEMO.INPUT,DISP=SHR,

// VOL=VOL1

In the above example, the dataset resides on the volume VOL1. Now, lets see another example wherein,

the dataset resides on 3 volumes.





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//INDD DD DSN=TRGD56.DEMO.INPUT,DISP=SHR,

// VOL=(VOL1,VOL2,VOL3)

In the above example, the dataset TRGD56.DEMO.INPUT resides on all the 3 volumes VOL1, VOL2 and VOL3.

This requests the MVS O/S to mount all the three volumes at the same time.



//OUTDD DD DSN=TRGD56.DEMO.OUTPUT,

// DISP=(NEW,CATLG,DELETE),

// VOL=SER=T02947

Here, the Output dataset will be created on the tape drive, whose serial number is T02947.




// DISP=(NEW,CATLG,DELETE)

// VOL=(,RETAIN,SER=T02947)

Here, the Output dataset will be created on the device serial number T02947, and this volume will not

be dismounted until the Batch JOB ends.

Q. What is the LABEL parameter used for?

Whenever tape datasets are used as Input Dataset or Output Dataset, LABEL parameter can be used.




// DISP=(NEW,CATLG,DELETE),// LABEL=1

Q. What is the SPACE parameter used for?



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When we create a new dataset, we would like to specify, how much storage space to reserve for the

dataset. Storage Space Allocation can be specified using the SPACE parameter.

Firstly, we must specify the unit of memory. We can specify it as BLKS(Blocks), TRKS(Tracks), CYL

(Cylinders), KB(Kilotbytes) or MB(MegaBytes).

Secondly, we must specify space we need - (primary-space,extra-space).

Thus, if we specify the space as

SPACE=(TRKS,(10,2))

Primary Space = 10 Tracks.

Secondary Space = 2 tracks.

What the MVS Operating System does is, it reserves 10 tracks(primary) of space for the dataset

initially to begin with. Let’s day, you have made a dataset, and stored data. Over a period of time,

as more and more data is added to the file, it gets inflated, and grows in size. At some point, 10

tracks of space falls insufficient for the data. Thus, the MVS allocates an extra-space of 2 tracks

to the continously growing dataset. Again, when the dataset runs out of space, the MVS Operating

allocates another 2 tracks of extra space to it. This way, the MVS can allocate the extra-space upto

15 times.

Thus, as a dataset grows bigger in size over a period of time, the maximum space it could get is

Primary + 15 times Extra-space = 10 + 2 x 15 = 40 tracks. To begin with, the size of the dataset is10 tracks, as the dataset gets filled over time, it grows(as extra-space of 2 tracks is given to it

each time) 12, 14, 16, ..., upto maximum 40 tracks.

The SPACE Parameter also has sub-parameters like RLSE, MXIG, CONTIG and ROUND.

RLSE RLSE sub-parameter instructs the MVS O/S to release the previouslyallocated space, but which remained unused.

CONTIG CONTIG sub-parameter instructs the MVS O/S to allocate contiguousspace.

MXIG MXIG sub-parameter instructs the MVS O/S to allocate the largestpossible chunk of contiguous storage space.

ROUND ROUND sub-parameter instructs the MVS O/S to allocate the entirecylinder for the storage of the dataset.

Q. What is the DCB(Data Control Block) Parameter used for?



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The DCB parameter is used to specify the organization of records within the dataset. The DCB

Parameter has 4 sub-parameters :

RECFM This is used to specify the Record Format. It can be Fixed F, FixedBlocked FB, Variable V, Variable Blocked VB, Uniform U

LRECL It stands for Logical Record Length. It is used to specify the length ofthe record.

BLKSIZE This is used to specify the size of the Block. A block is the unit of I/OTransfer. BLKSIZE must be a multiple of LRECL.

DSORG Dataset Organisation. It is used tell the MVS O/S whether the givendataset, is a PS(Physical Sequential File), PO(Partitioned Organized) –

A directory in which each file is PS, IS(Indexed Sequential) or DA(Direct Access).

Let’s understand the DCB parameter with the help of an example.


//STEP01 EXEC PGM=IEFBR14

//INDD DD DSN=TRGD56.DEMO.INPUT,DISP=SHR


// DISP=(NEW,CATLG,DELETE),

// DCB=(RECFM=FB,LRECL=80,BLKSIZE=800,DIRBLKS=1),

// SPACE=(TRKS,(1,1),RLSE)

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Affinity,VOL,Volume,SER,Serial,REF,Referback,PRIVATE,RETAIN,SEQ ,Sequence,LABEL,SPACE,Storage Space,TRKS,Track,CYL,Cylinder,

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DIRBLKS,PS,Physical Sequential,PDS,Partitioned Dataset,PO,Partitioned Organized,IS,Indexed Sequential,DA,Direct Access

Posted by Quasar at Friday, July 03, 2009

Reactions:

1 comments:

Anonymous said...

here ,This chaper should be II,not III.

Thanks.


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8/12


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English, you must indent different Divisions, sections and paragraphs in a COBOL Program. When you write .. Read more ...


JCL T t i l 08 DD St t t P t III MAINFRAMES TUTORIAL JCL TUTORIAL VSAM TUTORIAL COBOL TUTORIAL DB2 TUTORIAL CICS

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Q. What is the IDENTIFICATION DIVISION used for?

The IDENTIFICATION DIVISION is used to identify the COBOL Program to the system. It has the following paragraphs :

PROGRAM-ID.

AUTHOR.

Read more ...

Q. What does the PROCEDURE DIVISION look like? What’s the format/syntax. Can you elaborate..

The PROCEDURE DIVISION indicates the entry-point or starting point of the COBOL Program. This is where the computer system begins

to run(execute the COBOL instructions). Hence, all your instructions/programming logic must be written inside this PROCEDURE

DIVISION. Read more ...

Q. How do you compile a COBOL Program? What is meant by Linking a COBOL Program? Finally, how do you run the

Program on a Mainframe System?

Compiling a COBOL Program : COBOL is a high-level language. The Mainframe Computer System only understands binary Machine Language

0 and 1. Thus, your COBOL Program has to be translated from COBOL Language to Binary Machine Language. So, you give the Program in

COBOL Language as Input to the Translator(Compiler), and you get the Output Program in Binary Machine Language. Read more ...

Q. Could you throw some light on the WORKING-STORAGE SECTION of a COBOL Program?

The WORKING-STORAGE SECTION is used to declare any fields or records that are not going to be used in input files, or output files,

but they are used to store the intermediate results of processing in a temporary storage area. Read more ...

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