08 Chem 06 Presentation)

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INDUSTRIALINSTRUMENTATIONANDCONTROL

Displacement, Force, Speed &

Torque


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PRESENTEDBY

ANAM ASGHAR

08-CHEM-06PRESENTED TO:

DR. ING NAVEED RAMZAN


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SYNOPSIS

o Displacement

o Displacement sensors

o Instruments for displacement measurement

o

Torqueo Types of torque sensors

o Speed

o Types of tachometers

o Force

o Methods for force measurement

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DISPLACEMENT


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DISPLACEMENT

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Displacement is the shortest

distance between the two

points.

Is used to measure the other

variables of the process

industry such as pressure.


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DISPLACEMENT SENSORS

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Displacement sensors are

one that measures:

A change in linear position.

A change in angular

displacement.

Detect motion.


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TYPESOF DISPLACEMENT SENSORS

Direct contact

Indirect contact

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CLASSIFICATION

There are two methods for the measurement of the

displacement in process industry:

Mechanical method

Electrical method

But electrical method is commonly used in the process industry

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INSTRUMENTS

Linear variable differential transformer

Resistance strain gauge element

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LINEAR VARIABLE DIFFERENTIAL

TRANSFORMER

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Components:

Cylindrical former

One primary winding

Two secondary windings

Iron core (magnetic core)


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Case :1

When the core doesnt change its position

Output voltage =Esec1Esec2 = 0

Case :2

When emf produced in the secondary coil 1 is greater

Output voltage =Esec1Esec2 Case :3

When emf produced in the secondary coil 2 is greater

Output voltage =Esec2Esec112


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RESISTANCE STRAIN GAUGE ELEMENT

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Positive type resistance

transducer.

These sensors include the

pressure sensors, load cell,

position sensors etc.


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COMPONENTSOF STRAIN GAUGES

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Consists of a fine wire.

Stretch or strain in the wire

causes the change in the

length and diameter of thewire.

Resistance of metal changes.


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TORQUE


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TORQUE

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Torque is the tendency of the

force which produces

rotation. It is defined as

T= LF

Torque measures how hard it

is to rotate a body.


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TYPESOFTORQUESENSORS

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In-line rotating torque

sensors

In-line stationary torque

sensors


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IN-LINE STATIONARY TORQUE

SENSORS

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Uses the basic principle of

Widemann Magnetostriction

effect for the torquemeasurement.

Components:

Two primary windings

Two secondary windings AC source


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SPEED


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Types of tachometer

Mechanical

tachometer

Electrical

tachometer

Revolution

counterResonance

tachometer

SPEEDSPEEDREFERSTOTHEREVOLUTIONPERMINUTEOFSOME

ROTATINGPIECESOFTHEEQUIPMENT.

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RESONANCE TACHOMETER

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Known as vibrating-reed

tachometers.

The range of theresonance tachometer is

wide .

Accuracy is of the orderof5% or better.


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ELECTRICAL TACHOMETERS

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Converts the rotational speedinto electrical signal

Recorder or indicator to show

the measured value of thespeed.

TYPES

Contactless tachometers

Frequency tachometers

Ignition type tachometers

Stroboscopic tachometers


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FORCE


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FORCE

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Force may be defined as a

cause that produces

resistance to any moving

body, or changes the motion

of the body, or tends to

produce these effects.

Force is given as:

F=ma


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METHODS

Hydraulic force method

Electric force transducer

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HYDRAULIC FORCE METER

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Operates on the principle offorce counterbalance.

Construction:

Metal diaphragm

Fluid chamber

Spiral type bourdon tubegauge

Pointer

Accuracy is of the order of0.1 % of the full scale.

Respond quickly to the loadchanges.


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REFERENCES

http://www.reliability.com/industry/articles/article85x.pdf

Singh S.K; industrial instrumentation and control; 3rd edition,McGraw Hill publishing company limited, New Delhi.

http://www.cosmolearning.com/courses/industrial-instrumentation/

K Krishnaswamy; Industrial instrumentation;Volume 1,McGraw Hill publishing company limited, New Delhi.

http://instrumentationandcontrollers.blogspot.com/2010/05/line

ar-variable-displacement-transducer.html http://www.rdpe.com/displacement/lvdt/lvdt-principles.htm

http://www.sensorland.com/HowPage002.html28
http://www.reliability.com/industry/articles/article85x.pdfhttp://www.cosmolearning.com/courses/industrial-instrumentation/http://www.cosmolearning.com/courses/industrial-instrumentation/http://instrumentationandcontrollers.blogspot.com/2010/05/linear-variable-displacement-transducer.htmlhttp://instrumentationandcontrollers.blogspot.com/2010/05/linear-variable-displacement-transducer.htmlhttp://www.rdpe.com/displacement/lvdt/lvdt-principles.htmhttp://www.sensorland.com/HowPage002.htmlhttp://www.sensorland.com/HowPage002.htmlhttp://www.rdpe.com/displacement/lvdt/lvdt-principles.htmhttp://www.rdpe.com/displacement/lvdt/lvdt-principles.htmhttp://www.rdpe.com/displacement/lvdt/lvdt-principles.htmhttp://instrumentationandcontrollers.blogspot.com/2010/05/linear-variable-displacement-transducer.htmlhttp://instrumentationandcontrollers.blogspot.com/2010/05/linear-variable-displacement-transducer.htmlhttp://instrumentationandcontrollers.blogspot.com/2010/05/linear-variable-displacement-transducer.htmlhttp://instrumentationandcontrollers.blogspot.com/2010/05/linear-variable-displacement-transducer.htmlhttp://instrumentationandcontrollers.blogspot.com/2010/05/linear-variable-displacement-transducer.htmlhttp://instrumentationandcontrollers.blogspot.com/2010/05/linear-variable-displacement-transducer.htmlhttp://instrumentationandcontrollers.blogspot.com/2010/05/linear-variable-displacement-transducer.htmlhttp://instrumentationandcontrollers.blogspot.com/2010/05/linear-variable-displacement-transducer.htmlhttp://www.cosmolearning.com/courses/industrial-instrumentation/http://www.cosmolearning.com/courses/industrial-instrumentation/http://www.cosmolearning.com/courses/industrial-instrumentation/http://www.reliability.com/industry/articles/article85x.pdf


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REFERENCES

A.L Window; Strain gauge technology 7th edition, McGraw

Hill publishing company limited.

http://www.efunda.com/designstandards/sensors/strain_gages/s

train_gage_selection_resist.cfm

http://www.omega.com/techref/strain-gage.html

http://homepage.ntlworld.com/g.knott/elect456.htm

http://www.brighthub.com/engineering/mechanical/articles/531

47.aspx

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http://www.efunda.com/designstandards/sensors/strain_gages/strain_gage_selection_resist.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/designstandards/sensors/strain_gages/strain_gage_selection_resist.cfmhttp://www.omega.com/techref/strain-gage.htmlhttp://homepage.ntlworld.com/g.knott/elect456.htmhttp://www.brighthub.com/engineering/mechanical/articles/53147.aspxhttp://www.brighthub.com/engineering/mechanical/articles/53147.aspxhttp://www.brighthub.com/engineering/mechanical/articles/53147.aspxhttp://www.brighthub.com/engineering/mechanical/articles/53147.aspxhttp://homepage.ntlworld.com/g.knott/elect456.htmhttp://www.omega.com/techref/strain-gage.htmlhttp://www.omega.com/techref/strain-gage.htmlhttp://www.omega.com/techref/strain-gage.htmlhttp://www.efunda.com/designstandards/sensors/strain_gages/strain_gage_selection_resist.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/designstandards/sensors/strain_gages/strain_gage_selection_resist.cfm


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