2018 National All-Star Academic TournamentRound 7 – Tossups

1. A Llewellyn (loo-ELL-in) separator can be used during this technique to concentrate the flow of the analyte. It does not involve contact angles, but the inverse form of this technique can be used to measure surface energy of solids. A normalization factor used in this technique contains a term calculated by multiplying the number of carbon atoms in alkane by 100. Using a katharometer typically gives a less sensitive measurement than the flame ionization variety of this technique. Microsyringes are used to inject the liquid samples into the inlets of instruments used in this technique, and common carriers used in this technique include helium. For 10 points, name this analytic technique that involves elution of a vaporized compound. ANSWER: gas-liquid chromatography [or GC; or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; or GC-MS; prompt on chromatography; do not prompt or accept on “mass spectrometry” or “MS” alone]<The above question is for the category Science Chemistry and was written by Paul Lee>

2. A novel by an author with this surname follows a voice in Odilo’s head that is astounded by how the Holocaust is “creating a new race” out of ashes, because it experiences time backwards. In a novel by another author with this surname, the protagonist’s paper on shipbuilding techniques is plagiarized in an Italian translation, and another character claims to have attempted suicide as a manipulative tool after Catchpole dumps her. That novel, featuring Margaret Peel, by an author with this surname follows a history professor who passes out after giving a drunken lecture on “Merrie England.” For 10 points, give this last name shared by an author named Martin and his father, the author of Lucky Jim, named Kingsley.ANSWER: Amis [or Kingsley Amis; or Martin Amis] (The first novel is Time’s Arrow.)<The above question is for the category Literature British Non-Shakespeare and was written by John Marvin>

3. Noel Fallows described three characteristics for assessing this activity in Iberia as “Pulchritude, Equality, and Transferability.” Count Montgomery, captain of the Scots Guards, became notorious after participating in this activity in 1559. Maximilian I developed the incredibly heavy stechzeug (SHTEKT-soyg) and lighter rennzeug (RENT-soyg) for participants in different forms of this activity. This was the only form of hastilude (HAST-uh-lood) that was not banned by Edward II. Henry II of France died from participating in this activity. In an form of this action that stems from Italy, participants were separated by a central barrier that also helped to ensure that they remained at an optimal angle. Courtyards for performing this action were known as tiltyards. For 10 points, identify this martial game in which mounted knights charged at one another with lances.ANSWER: jousting [accept tilting until “tiltyards” is read]<The above question is for the category History European to 1400 and was written by Daoud Jackson>

4. In a photograph taken in the north of this country, three women with covered heads stand with their backs to the camera, overlooking a plain and mountains. A bearded astrologer smokes a cigarette and is flanked by a sign detailing his works in a photograph taken in this country. This modern day country is where Deen Dayal worked as a court photographer. An exhausted woman is carried with the aid of a pole in a photograph taken in this country by a journalist working for Life magazine to document a mass migration. In a photograph taken in this country, a shirtless man reads his papers while sitting beside a sixteen-spoked spinning wheel in the left foreground. For 10 points, identify this country where both Henri Cartier-Bresson and Margaret Bourke-White photographed the last days of Gandhi.ANSWER: India [or British India; or The Raj]<The above question is for the category Arts Photography and was written by Daoud Jackson>

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5. An old neighborhood in this city is home to the Gutzlaff Signal Tower, an art deco structure that provides weather info to passing ships. This city’s Lujiazui (LOO j’yah ts’way) district was the site of the intentional development of a new skyline starting with a tower that consists of two large spheres connected by three tube structures. That part of this city, across the river from the historic Bund neighborhood, is home to a recently completed twisting “Tower” which shares this city’s name and is the second-tallest on earth, and another tall “World Financial Center” which is nicknamed “The Bottle Opener” due to its appearance. This city lies on the banks of the Yangtze estuary on the coast of the East China Sea. For 10 points, name this global financial center and shipping powerhouse in China, currently the largest city proper by population in the world.ANSWER: Shanghai<The above question is for the category Geography World and was written by John Marvin>

6. The man who commissions this object asks “can ye smooth out a seam like this?” and says that this object should be made from items that are no longer useful as “I now neither shave, sup, nor pray.” This object, which is described using the Miltonian phrase “fiery dart,” is struck by lightning and set on fire, but the flames are calmly blown out by its owner. As this item is being manufactured, its owner declares “I baptize thee not in the name of the Father but in the name of the devil.” A hickory pole is added to items from a curious leather bag to manufacture this object, which the blacksmith Perth forges after melting horseshoe nails and razors. This item is made with the “true death-temper,” quenched not with water but with the blood of Tashtego, Daggoo, and Queequeg. For 10 points, what weapon is commissioned by the captain of the Pequod and intended to kill Moby-Dick?ANSWER: Captain Ahab’s harpoon [prompt on harpoon]<The above question is for the category Literature American and was written by Penelope Ashe>

7. This artist, who willed many of his paintings to Georgia O’Keeffe, painted a masquerade mask on a red-and-black background with the numbers 1 2 3 in his painting Love Love Love, and showed a stack of patterned beige-bordered cards in his Spring. This artist depicted tendrils of smoke curling around each other in front of the silhouette of smoke stacks in his Incense of a New Church. A painting by this artist that showed a geometric factory was named for a pastoral romance, Aucassin and Nicolette. This creator of “poster portraits” for his friends called himself a “precisionist” and was inspired by a poem to paint an abstraction of a fire truck going by on the rainy streets of New York, which contains the initials “WCW.” For 10 points, name this artist of I Saw the Figure Five in Gold.ANSWER: Charles Henry Buckius Demuth (DEE-mith or de-MOOTH)<The above question is for the category Arts Painting and was written by John Marvin>

8. This constant is multiplied by the reduced Planck constant in a numerator inside a square root to calculate Planck length. One form of time dilation is calculated using a fraction in which this constant is multiplied by twice mass and divided by distance times c squared, a fraction equal to Schwarzschild radius divided by distance. This constant is multiplied by eight pi divided by c squared in a fraction that is multiplied by the stress-energy tensor in the Einstein field equations. In 1798, a torsion balance was used to collect data that would be used to approximate this constant in the Cavendish experiment. For 10 points, name this constant approximately equal to 6.67 times 10-to-the-negative-11th newton meters squared per kilogram squared.ANSWER: universal gravitational constant [or big G; or capital G]<The above question is for the category Science Physics and was written by David Reinstein>

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9. The Maronite friar Petrus de Monte Libano negotiated an alliance between this dynasty, Louis II of Hungary, and Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. This dynasty ordered citizens to recite the tabarra, a ritual cursing of the sahaba, Aisha, and the first three Caliphs (KAY-liffs), until a western neighbor forced them to end the practice in the Peace of Amasya. Robert Shirley helped organize ghulam slave soldiers into the army of this dynasty, which was established when its Qizilbash (KIZZ-ill-bosh) Turkoman forces entered Tabriz (tah-BREEZE). With the help of the English East India Company this dynasty seized the Castle of Ormuz from the Portuguese, and it faced a crushing defeat by the Ottomans at the Battle of Chaldiran. For 10 points, name this Twelver Shi’a Persian dynasty whose emperors included Ismail I and Abbas.ANSWER: Safavid Dynasty [accept Dudmān e Safavi]<The above question is for the category History World and was written by Nitin Rao>

10. This deity is shown with her husband on a piano from Locri, where she was worshipped as a guardian of marriage. This deity is described as the mother of the Eumenides (yoo-MEN-ih-deez) in an Orphic hymn that gives her the epithet “praxidike” (PRAK-sid-EE-kay) or “applier of justice.” Pirithous’s (PEER-ih-THO-us’s) feet were coiled with snakes for his attempt to marry this goddess who was often known by the name “kore” (CORE-ay) meaning “the maiden.” Ovid describes how this deity turned Ascalaphus into an owl by throwing the water of the river Phlegeton (FLEJ-uh-ton) on him. The nymph Cyane (ky-ANN-ee) melted into water after this deity was tricked into wandering alone towards a blue narcissus. Having eaten pomegranate seeds, this deity was not able to return from the underworld for most of the year. For 10 points, name this daughter of Demeter and wife of Hades.ANSWER: Persephone [or Proserpina; or Persephassa]<The above question is for the category RMP Greek/Roman Myth and was written by Daoud Jackson>

11. Black ribbons were tied to Hungarian firetrucks after this event. Avant-garde composer Karlheinz Stockhausen (KARL-hynes SHTOCK-how-zin) opined that this event was “the greatest work of art imaginable for the whole cosmos.” This event prompted the writing of Welcome to the Desert of the Real by Slavoj Žižek (SLAH-voy ZHEE-zhek). On The 700 Club, Jerry Falwell blamed this event on divine retribution for “paganists” and “feminists” that “helped this happen.” In a controversial poem about this event, Amiri Baraka asked “who told 4000 Israeli workers… to stay home that day?” This event prompted the passage of the PATRIOT Act and motivated the Bush administration to declare a global “war on terrorism.” For 10 points, name this coordinated set of terrorist attacks, one of which destroyed the Twin Towers.ANSWER: 9/11 [or September 11th, 2001 terrorist attacks; prompt on WTC or World Trade Center attacks; do not accept or prompt on “World Trade Center bombing”]<The above question is for the category History American (1945-present) and was written by John Marvin>

12. The novel Against the Grain describes this poet’s “vague and delicious confidences” and discusses his revitalization of fixed forms in his collection Wisdom. This author’s collection The Beautiful Song was based on poems that he sent to his lover Mathilde Mauté (mah-TEELD mo-TAY). A museum near Lille (leel) is dedicated to a historically significant broadcast of one of this man’s poems that begins “the long sobs of autumn violins wound my heart with a monotonous languor.” This poet included the lines “Your soul is a delicate landscape / where roam charming masques and bergamasques (bair-guh-masks)” in a poem describing the effects of “the sad and beautiful moonlight” entitled “Clair de Lune.” For 10 points, name this French poet of poèmes saturniens (po-EM sah-turn-YEN) who was a lover of Arthur Rimbaud (ram-BOH).ANSWER: Paul Verlaine (vair-LEN)<The above question is for the category Literature European and was written by Daoud Jackson>

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13. The rbcL gene that codes for this enzyme’s large subunit is a common DNA barcode. In the Farquhar model, the maximum rate of this enzyme’s activity is described by a parameter called V-cmax. This enzyme is activated in part by carbamylation (carb-am-uh-lation) of a lysine residue in its active site, which is stabilized by a magnesium ion. When this enzyme binds to an alternate substrate, it produces 2-phosphoglycolate in addition to its usual product of 3-phosphoglycerate. This enzyme, which is found in the stroma, evolved to have lower specificity in C4 species, which sequester one of its substrates in bundle-sheath cells. The light-independent carboxylation of RuBP by this enzyme begins the Calvin cycle. For 10 points, name this key enzyme in photosynthesis.ANSWER: RuBisCO [or ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase]<The above question is for the category Science Biology and was written by Shan Kothari>

14. This thinker wrote a book examining the 17th-century Port Royal Grammar, which he still insists is a landmark work of intellectual history. This man further developed a theory named for a concept in which “heads” project intermediate constituents. Later, he developed a theory based on two concepts: a relation in which pronouns attach to their referents, and a more abstract “commanding” relation between words. Those theories by this man, who extended the ideas of Zellig Harris, are X-bar theory and government and binding theory, respectively. This man’s example of a syntactically correct meaningless sentence, “colorless green ideas sleep furiously,” is in his book introducing the idea of transformational grammar. For 10 points, name this linguist whose wrote Syntactic Structures and advocates universal grammar.ANSWER: Avram Noam Chomsky<The above question is for the category Social Science Linguistics/Languages and was written by John Marvin>

15. This essay expresses a worry that conformity can impose “collective mediocrity” and compares the “pagan self-assertion” of Pericles favorably to the “Christian self-denial” of Calvinists. This book claims that discussion of true, partly true, and false beliefs alike contributes to the common good. Although written seventy years after The Federalist Papers, this treatise popularized the phrase “tyranny of the majority.” It lists freedom of thought and emotion, freedom of taste, and freedom to unite freely as the three basic freedoms, and it ends by stating three causes for objection to governmental interference. The claim that power may only be exercised over individuals to prevent harm to others appears in, for 10 points, what essay about freedom by John Stuart Mill?ANSWER: On Liberty<The above question is for the category RMP Philosophy and was written by Shan Kothari>

16. A piece in this genre by this composer has seven movements and opens with a fugue whose subject begins “G-sharp, B-sharp, C-sharp, A.” The extensive third movement of another of these pieces by this composer alternates between adagio chordal passages in F Lydian (LID-ee-in) and D major sections marked “feeling new strength.” The final movement of one of these compositions was inscribed with the question “Muss es sein?” (moose is ZYNE), which is answered “Es muss sein!” (is MOOSE zyne). An ensemble led by Ignaz Schuppanzigh (EEG-nots SHOO-pont-sick) premiered many of the late examples of these pieces. The cool reception to the thirteenth of these compositions caused the composer to write a lighter finale to replace the Grosse Fuge (GROH-suh FOO-guh). For 10 points, name these pieces for two violins, viola, and cello by the composer of the Pastoral Symphony.ANSWER: string quartets by Ludwig van Beethoven [prompt on partial answer]<The above question is for the category Arts Music and was written by Shan Kothari>

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17. A man whose name references this country may or may not know that Carl may or may not have slept with his daughter or wife in a Robert Coover story. A person from this non-Dutch country swaggers into a saloon and assaults a gambler for not celebrating his fighting victory over Johnnie. That man with this nationality accuses a cowboy and an Easterner of wanting to murder him at the establishment owned by Scully in Fort Romper, Nebraska. In another story, Mrs. Bell hosts a man from this country in Hirsch’s boarding house in Summit, Illinois who passively receives Nick Adams’s warning of Max and Al’s intent to murder him. That man from here is the boxer Ole Anderson. For 10 points, name this Scandinavian country suggested by demonymic nicknames of characters in “The Blue Hotel” and “The Killers.”ANSWER: Sweden [or the Swede; or Swedish] <The above question is for the category Literature American and was written by Joelle Smart>

18. The eggplant was used as an auspicious symbol for participants in this system because of its resemblance to a man wearing a guan cap. The Northcote–Trevelyan Report sought to introduce an analogue of this system in Britain. At points, products of this system were categorized by “nine ranks.” Zhong Kui (jung kway) smashed his head against a door after being unfairly denied a reward under this system because of his ugliness. The highest degree achieved in this system was the jinshi (JEEN-shurr) and there was an oversupply of shengyuan (SHUNG-y’wen) by this system. An “eight-legged” form which became mandated in this system was introduced by Wang Anshi (WONG on-shurr). Knowledge of the four books and five classics was required for success in this system. For 10 points, identify this system used to select candidates for work in the imperial bureaucracy.ANSWER: Chinese civil service examinations [or Imperial examinations; prompt on Chinese civil service]<The above question is for the category History World and was written by Daoud Jackson>

19. The so-called “halfway” Morin’s surface was created to give a constructive proof of an unexpected property of this other surface, originally proven by Stephen Smale. The projective special unitary group corresponds to the orientation-preserving symmetries of this surface. On this surface, the Pythagorean theorem takes the form cosine of a equals cosine of b times cosine of c, and the area of a triangle in this surface is the sum of its internal angles minus pi. This surface, which is identified with the extended complex plane by the stereographic projection, uniquely has a constant curvature of one. Coordinates on this surface often use azimuthal and polar angles. This surface is not isometric to the plane, implying that distance and angles are fully preserved by no map projection. For 10 points, name this geometric space, often used as an approximation to the globe. ANSWER: unit sphere [or spherical geometry]<The above question is for the category Science Math and was written by Joseph Krol>

20. Ziony Zevit argued that the word “tzela” in this book’s second chapter actually means “baculum,” and thus that the traditional translation following the Septuagint is incorrect. The E source is difficult to distinguish from the J source outside of this book. The fact that various key words and phrase lengths in this book’s first chapter are organized in multiples of seven suggests that it was an effort by the P source to establish Sabbath law as intrinsic to the cosmic order. One of the first inspirations for the documentary hypothesis was inconsistencies between this book’s first and second chapters; those include that, in the second, God is corporeal and humans seem to originate before plants. For 10 points, name this first book of the Torah, which contains two creation accounts.ANSWER: The Book of Genesis [or Breishit (bray-SHEET); prompt on Torah or Hebrew Bible]<The above question is for the category RMP Christian/Bible Religion and was written by John Marvin>

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Extra. Avi Loeb hypothesised that an unexpected effect of centrifugal forces created a 0.4-second delay between two observations in this experiment. The phase shift in the polarization of an audible signal in this experiment allowed the identification of its subjects. A notable replication of this experiment was conducted in the related Virgo experiment. This first successful test of one theory’s strong-field regime took place simultaneously in two locations in Hanford, Washington, and Livingston, Louisiana, and involved two sets of four-kilometer-long arms which functioned as laser interferometers. It confirmed the predictions of general relativity. For 10 points, name this 2015 experiment in which a black hole merger produced the first observation of a certain phenomenon using LIGO. ANSWER: first observation of gravitational waves [or LIGO experiments/observations]<The above question is for the category Science Physics and was written by Joseph Krol>

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2018 National All-Star Academic TournamentRound 7 – Bonuses

1. Answer the following about math and science in ancient Mesopotamia, for 10 points each:[10] The Babylonians had a number system with this base, which allowed them to do calculations more easily, because this number is divisible by many factors, including the first six integers.ANSWER: base 60 [or sexagesimal][10] The Babylonian scientist Kidinnu worked to develop the System B calendar, which was based on this unit of time. Hillel II used Kidinnu’s value for the length of this unit of time for the Hebrew calendar.ANSWER: lunar month [prompt on month][10] Esagil-kin-apli’s Diagnostic Handbook contained descriptions of several varieties of this disease, which it attributed to possession by spirits and prescribed spiritual treatments for. This condition was the subject of Hippocrates’s On the Sacred Disease.ANSWER: epilepsy<The above question is for the category History World and was written by Conor Thompson>

2. Despite being depicted with beards, these beings are sometimes regarded as female counterparts of the male shedu (SHEH-doo). For 10 points each:[10] Name these four-legged, winged, human-faced guardians frequently sculpted at the entrance to Assyrian palaces.ANSWER: lamassu (LAH-mah-soo)[10] The lamassu have bodies of this animal. The killing of this animal was a central image of the Mithras cult.ANSWER: bull [prompt on cattle; prompt on cow][10] Another winged being in Mesopotamian myth was this wind demon who brought storms and drought from the southwest.ANSWER: Pazuzu<The above question is for the category RMP Non-Greek/Roman Myth and was written by Penelope Ashe>

3. This artist used colored light projections for the background of Insurrection! For 10 points each:[10] Name this African-American artist who depicts the violent history of American slavery and racism through room-size tableaux of black paper silhouettes.ANSWER: Kara Elizabeth Walker[10] Domino donated eighty tons of sugar for Walker’s A Subtlety, which is an enormous sculpture of this kind of mythical creature in front of the former Domino Refinery in Brooklyn. This creature interrogated Oedipus.ANSWER: sphinxes[10] Walker was influenced by this artist, whose sculptural installations include Silver Clouds, which is made of helium-filled Mylar balloons. He directed the films Empire and Chelsea Girls.ANSWER: Andy Warhol<The above question is for the category Arts Sculpture and was written by Shan Kothari>

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4. This is the only living animal in the family Dermochelyidae. For 10 points each:[10] Name this type of sea turtle that uniquely lacks a bony shell.ANSWER: leatherback sea turtles [or lute turtles; or leathery turtles; or luths][10] Leatherback sea turtles are able to dive deeper than a kilometer; biologically, they’re able to do so because they have a lot of this oxygen-binding protein. It is found in muscle.ANSWER: myoglobin [do not accept “hemoglobin”][10] The belly of leatherback sea turtles is a lighter color than their shell, which gives it this kind of camouflage that is also seen in certain sharks.ANSWER: countershading [or word forms; or Thayer’s law]<The above question is for the category Science Biology and was written by Fred Morlan>

5. Highway signs describe this man as “The fat boy with the happy laugh” and “A veteran!” For 10 points each:[10] Name this barbecue proprietor with a pet gray monkey, who runs an institution known as “The Tower” and tells a visiting family about “the Misfit.”ANSWER: Red Sammy Butts[10] Red Sammy appears in the short story “A Good Man is Hard to Find” by this author. She also wrote “Everything That Rises Must Converge” and the novel Wise Blood.ANSWER: Flannery O’Connor[10] A cashier named Sammy features in this short story, where he is captivated when “three girls in nothing but bathing suits” enter his workplace. In this John Updike story, Sammy quits his job to defend the girls, and his “stomach kind of fell as I felt how hard the world was going to be.”ANSWER: “A&P”<The above question is for the category Literature American and was written by John Marvin>

6. Paul Cohen proved that both this statement and the axiom of choice are independent of the Zermelo–Fraenkel axioms for set theory. For 10 points each:[10] Name this statement that there is no infinite set larger than the natural numbers but smaller than the real numbers.ANSWER: continuum hypothesis [prompt on CH][10] This Hebrew letter, followed by a subscript zero, is used for the cardinality of the natural numbers.ANSWER: alef [or aleph; or alef-null; or alef-zero][10] The generalized continuum hypothesis is that for any infinite set A, there is no set whose cardinality is between the cardinality of A and the cardinality of this set derived from A.ANSWER: power set of A [or 2 to the A ]<The above question is for the category Science Math and was written by Jonah Greenthal>

7. This character gives Egeon (ee-JEE-on) an additional day to pay one thousand marks. For 10 points each:[10] Name this Duke of Ephesus who punishes Egeon of Syracuse for entering his city.ANSWER: Solinus[10] Solinus and twin brothers named Antipholus (an-TIFF-uh-luss) are characters in this Shakespeare play.ANSWER: The Comedy of Errors[10] The Comedy of Errors features another set of two characters with this name, who serve the Antipholuses.ANSWER: Dromio<The above question is for the category Literature Shakespeare and was written by Fred Morlan>

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8. Thomas Edison described this invention as the “eighth wonder of the world.” For 10 points each:[10] Name the machine invented by Ottmar Mergenthaler that set complete lines of texts in blocks called slugs. This invention sped up the typesetting process, allowing newspapers to get longer.ANSWER: Linotype (LINE-oh-type) machine[10] Mergenthaler based his company in this city. H. L. Mencken covered the Scopes Monkey trial while working for a newspaper based in this city.ANSWER: Baltimore, Maryland [accept The Baltimore Sun][10] James Clephane, who was instrumental in the foundation of the Mergenthaler Linotype company, served as an expert stenographer. His enthusiasm for rapid transcription drove the invention of these devices, the Scholes and Glidden type of which was the first machine that used the QWERTY (quirt-ee) keyboard layout.ANSWER: typewriter<The above question is for the category History American (1865-1945) and was written by Daoud Jackson>

9. “The Obedience Verse” from this surah is used by Shi’ites to support the infallibility of the Imamate. For 10 points each:[10] Name this fourth surah of the Qur’an, whose controversial thirty-fourth verse has been criticized for inciting domestic violence.ANSWER: an-Nisāʼ [or the women][10] Many Muslim women wear this veil in a public setting, which covers the head and is supposed to uphold a standard of modesty. It is not mentioned in a sartorial context in the Qur’an, but is extensively elaborated in the hadith.ANSWER: hijab[10] This woman, the eponymous subject of the nineteenth surah, gave birth to an important prophet under a date palm tree.ANSWER: Maryam [or Mary]<The above question is for the category RMP Non-Christian/Bible Religion and was written by John Marvin>

10. A surprising fact in this field of economics is that the supply curve for its namesake quantity is backward-bending, meaning that proportionally less of it is provided at extremely low or extremely high prices. For 10 points each:[10] Name this field of economics, in which, on the micro level, agents must choose between consumption and leisure.ANSWER: labor economics[10] These two researchers found that callback rates were higher for résumés with white-sounding names than for those with black-sounding names in their paper “Are Emily and Greg More Employable than Lakisha and Jamal?”ANSWER: Marianne Bertrand AND Sendhil Mullainathan [accept in either order][10] Bertrand and Mullainathan’s research involved sending résumés to Boston and this Midwestern city. A school of economics in this city included George Stigler, who pioneered the use of search theory in labor economics.ANSWER: Chicago [or Chicago School of Economics]<The above question is for the category Social Science Economics and was written by Kurtis Droge>

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11. Rocks that are part of these bodies scrape away at bedrock in a process called abrasion. For 10 points each:[10] Name this source of erosion.ANSWER: glaciers[10] This method of glacial erosion is when glacier’s ice is frozen into the rock beneath it. Pieces of that rock are broken off via thawing and refreezing.ANSWER: plucking [or word forms; or quarrying or word forms][10] This theory posits that glaciers are the limiting force of the height of mountains.ANSWER: glacial buzzsaw hypothesis<The above question is for the category Science Earth Science and was written by Fred Morlan>

12. This city was made an international zone to be jointly governed by Spain, France, and the UK in 1923, an arrangement that lasted until 1956. For 10 points each:[10] Name this city that was ceded along with Bombay to Britain as part of Catherine of Braganza’s dowry on her marriage to Charles II. The English withdrew from this city after it was captured by the Alaouite Dynasty in 1684.ANSWER: Tangier [or Tangiers or Tanjah][10] This territory separated from Tangier by its namesake strait was captured by George Rooke during the War of Spanish Succession. As one of the Pillars of Hercules, this town’s Rock is represented on the coat of arms of Spain.ANSWER: Gibraltar[10] This Channel port fell under English rule after the Battle of Crécy (kray-SEE) and became a center for the wool trade. Francis, Duke of Guise (gheez) finally evicted the English from the mainland by taking this city in 1558.ANSWER: Calais (kal-AY or KAL-ay)<The above question is for the category History European 1400-1914 and was written by Nitin Rao>

13. The title character of this picaresque novel is given his moniker by a hermit because he doesn’t even know his own name. For 10 points each:[10] Name this novel partly inspired by the life of its author Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimelhausen’s experience in the Thirty Years War. Its protagonist’s full name is an anagram of von Grimelhausen’s full name.ANSWER: Simplicius Simplicissimus [or The Adventurous Simplicissimus or Simplicissimus or Der abenteuerliche Simplicissimus][10] Grimelhausen’s Simplicissimus inspired this other German’s portrayal of the Thirty Years War in his play Mother Courage and Her Children. This playwright described “Alienation Effects in Chinese Theatre” in an essay.ANSWER: Bertolt Brecht[10] Swedish soldiers get one of these animals to lick Simplicissimus’s feet to reveal where he has hidden his treasure. One of these animals named Djali is able to spell in The Hunchback of Notre-Dame.ANSWER: goat<The above question is for the category Literature European and was written by Daoud Jackson>

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14. After visiting this feature, Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote a story that gives this formation its alternate name. For 10 points each:[10] Name this rock formation in Franconia Notch, nicknamed for its resemblance to a human face. Despite collapsing in 2003, it remains the state emblem and a prominent symbol of New Hampshire.ANSWER: the Old Man of the Mountain [prompt on The Great Stone Face; prompt on The Profile][10] Grandfather Mountain, in this state, is named for its resemblance to a reclining man. It is one of the Blue Ridge Mountains in the westernmost part of this state, whose easternmost region is the Outer Banks barrier islands.ANSWER: North Carolina[10] This land formation on the Canadian side of Lake Superior is named for its resemblance to the legendary Ojibwe (oh-JIB-way) figure Nanabijou (nah-nah-bo-ZHOH). It shares its name with a traprock mountain north of New Haven, Connecticut.ANSWER: Sleeping Giant<The above question is for the category Geography US and was written by John Marvin>

15. This critic wrote that a true poet must have the “power of making words express what he feels,” a stance that led him to criticize the “Grand Style” of John Milton. For 10 points each:[10] Name this English critic who put forth Jane Austen and Henry James as representatives of morally serious literature in The Great Tradition. He was known for his strenuous dogmatism as the long-time principal editor of the journal Scrutiny.ANSWER: F. R. Leavis [or Frank Raymond Leavis][10] Leavis’s formalist emphasis on “the words on the page” is often compared with this school of American criticism whose name was coined in a book by John Crowe Ransom. It emphasized self-contained close reading of poetry.ANSWER: New Criticism[10] Other major influences on the New Critics included this man, who included “Tradition and the Individual Talent” and “Hamlet and His Problems” in The Sacred Wood. Leavis particularly admired this man’s poem The Waste Land.ANSWER: T. S. Eliot [or Thomas Stearns Eliot]<The above question is for the category Literature British Non-Shakespeare and was written by Shan Kothari>

16. This book argues that the refusal of slaves to work during the American Civil War amounted to a general strike and was a major contributor to the Confederacy’s loss. For 10 points each:[10] Name this book that applied Marxist analysis to the years after the Civil War. It argued that elite planters turned the white working class against black freedmen through the “psychological wages” of whiteness.ANSWER: Black Reconstruction in America[10] This thinker rebutted the Dunning School in his Black Reconstruction in America. He opposed Booker T. Washington’s Atlanta compromise and wrote The Souls of Black Folk.ANSWER: W. E. B. Du Bois [or William Edward Burghardt Du Bois][10] In 1910, Du Bois became the first editor of this official magazine of the NAACP. Jessie Redmon Fauset promoted the Harlem Renaissance as literary editor for this magazine.ANSWER: The Crisis<The above question is for the category History American (1865-1945) and was written by Shan Kothari>

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17. This pianist gave the first public performances of a Beethoven piano sonata cycle from memory. For 10 points each:[10] Name this conservative French Romantic composer of the opera Samson et Dalila.ANSWER: Camille Saint-Saëns (kuh-MEE san-SAWNS)[10] Saint-Saëns used this wooden pitched percussion instrument to represent skeletons dancing in his Danse macabre (donce muh-KOB). He used these instruments to parody his Danse macabre in the “Fossils” movement of The Carnival of the Animals.ANSWER: xylophone [do not accept or prompt on “marimba” or “vibraphone”][10] In Danse macabre, Saint-Saëns has the violin use this technique, by tuning the E string to E-flat.ANSWER: scordatura<The above question is for the category Arts Music and was written by Penelope Ashe>

18. In a philosophical text, this function is defined as either x plus y if x and y are less than 57, or 5 otherwise. For 10 points each:[10] Name this function that a philosopher used in an example of another philosopher’s rule-following paradox. In that example, this function is confused with addition when someone is asked to add 68 to 57.ANSWER: quus (kwoose)[10] This philosopher used the quus function in an example of the rule-following paradox in his reading of Philosophical Investigations. This American philosopher introduced the term “rigid designator” in his book Naming and Necessity.ANSWER: Saul Kripke [Saul Aaron Kripke][10] Philosophical Investigations is by this Austrian philosopher. His Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus ends with the declaration that “whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent.”ANSWER: Ludwig Wittgenstein (VIT-gun-shtyne) [Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein]<The above question is for the category RMP Philosophy and was written by Young Lee>

19. In quantum mechanics, these polynomials are typically classified by two parameters, denoted script l and m. For 10 points each:[10] Name this class of polynomials. They are key to the solution of Schrödinger’s equation in spherical coordinates, since when multiplied by e to the i-m-phi, they form the spherical harmonics.ANSWER: associated Legendre polynomials [prompt on Legendre polynomials][10] The related Hermite (air-MEET) polynomials play a key role in quantum mechanics, since they appear in the eigenstates of this system. This system is characterized by a potential V that is proportional to x-squared.ANSWER: quantum harmonic oscillator [or QHO][10] Solving the “particle in a box” system, with endpoints at x equals zero and x equals a, requires no polynomials at all. Instead, all solutions are proportional to this simple trigonometric function of n-pi-x over a for some n, since this trigonometric function has its roots at 0, pi, 2 pi, 3 pi, and so on.ANSWER: sine<The above question is for the category Science Physics and was written by Joseph Krol>

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20. This artist created a painting of a self-portrait on a stack of books with his dog Trump sitting indifferently nearby. For 10 points each:[10] Name this artist of The Painter and his Pug, whose serpentine “Line of Beauty” appears on a palette in that painting.ANSWER: William Hogarth[10] Hogarth’s moralistic series include Marriage-a-la-Mode and this set of paintings, which follows Tom, the hedonistic son of a merchant.ANSWER: A Rake’s Progress[10] In the last scene of A Rake’s Progress, Thomas is in one of these institutions. Though it seems unusual to a contemporary audience, the well-dressed women visiting this place as a social occasion are not uncharacteristic of the time.ANSWER: asylum [or mental hospital]<The above question is for the category Arts Painting and was written by John Marvin>

Extra. After the killer of this man and George Moscone only received an involuntary manslaughter conviction, the White Nights riots broke out. For 10 points each:[10] Name this California city supervisor who was killed by fellow supervisor, Dan White, whose lawyers utilized the so-called “Twinkie defense” to successfully earn a lesser conviction.ANSWER: Harvey Bernard Milk[10] In 1977, Milk became the first openly gay man elected to this California city’s Board of Supervisors.ANSWER: San Francisco[10] Milk opposed anti-gay laws in California such as the proposed Briggs Initiative. Such laws built off of the successful 1977 campaign in Florida repealing an anti-discrimination law led by this Christian activist and former pop singer.ANSWER: Anita Jane Bryant<The above question is for the category History American (1945-present) and was written by Mike Cheyne>

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