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Proceedings of 2011 IEEE International Conference on ID099Applied Superconductivity and Electromagnetic DevicesSydney, Australia, December 14-16, 2011

978-1-4244-7853-8/11/$26.00 2011 IEEE 270

The Influences of Magnetized Water on PhysicalProperties of Concrete

Xiao Feng Pang1,2, Xin Shui Zhu11Institute of Life Science and Technology,

University of Electronic Science and Technology of China,Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, P.R. China

2International Centre for Materials Physics,

Chinese Academy of Science, Shenyang 110015, Liaoning, P.R. Chinapangxf2006@yahoo.com.cn

AbstractThe influences of magnetized water on the mechanical

and optic properties of concrete, including mass density tensile

strength, tensile strength, compressive strengths, deformation

modulus, Poisson's ratio, cohesive force and internal friction

angle as well as the infrared spectrum of absorption andfluorescence spectrum, are studied and measured in detail by

different methods, involving the synthetic method of ultrasonic

and rebounded techniques as well as infrared and fluorescence

spectrum method, respectively. The results obtained from these

investigations indicate that the mass density, tensile strength,

tensile strength, compressive strengths, deformation modulus and

Poisson's ratio of the concretes, but its cohesive force and

internal friction angle decrease, some new peaks in the infrared

spectrum occur after magnetized water is joined into the concrete

relative to those of pure water. These show clearly that the

magnetized water enhances the combined force among the

molecules, corpuscles and components in the concrete and lifts its

mass density. Thus the mechanical and optic properties of the

concrete containing magnetized water. This is due to theincreases of hydrophilic feature of concrete after magnetized

water is joined into it.

Keywords-magnetic-field; magnetized water; concrete;

mechanical properties optic feature

I. INTRODUCTIONAs it is known, water is a most familiar matter in nature,

but its molecular structures and physical properties as well asits changes of property under actions of external factors, for

example, electromagnetic-fieldsare not quite clear as yet,although these problems were widely studied about several

hundreds of year. Experiments demonstrate that magnetic-fieldcan change the properties of water, for instance, theelectromagnetic and optic features and molecular structure [1-16]. Just so, the magnetized water can be extensively utilized inindustry, agriculture and medicine, for example, it is useful toaid the digestion of food and to eliminate the dirty in industrial

boilers, etc.. However, there are many questions in themagnetized water, which need solve further, such as, what arethe reasons arising from the changes? What are the real effectsof materials, which contain water, resulting from the changesof water? and so on. Therefore it is very necessary toinvestigate in detail these problems. In this paper we will study

changes of physical properties of the concretes arising from themagnetized water using many methods. Through theseinvestigations we can both know the features and behaviors ofmagnetized water and extend its applications in industry and

building of home. Therefore, this investigation has animportant significance.

II. PREPARATION OF THE CONCRETE CONTAININGMAGNETIZED WATER

A. Preparation of Magnetized WaterThe magnetized water we here use is extracted from a

beaker of purified water at 25 oC exposed in the magnetic fieldof 4400 G for 25 minutes, where the purified water we use hereis prepared using the Simplicity 185 Water System (Millipore)made by USA. We measured properties of purified water andthe elementary elements contained in it using the instrumentsincluding the mass and color spectrometers at 25 oC. Its pHvalue is 7.1 - 7.2, electric resistivity is about 1 M.cm,absorption ratio of light (254 nm, 1 cm light path) is 0.01;Ca, Si, Na, K, nitrate, oxide (or O) and soluble silicon (i.e.,SiO2 ) involved in the purified water are 0.01 mg/L, 0.005mg/L, 0.007 mg/L, 0.002 mg/L, 1 mg/L, 0.08 mg/L and 0.02 mg/L, respectively.

B. Preparation of the Concrete SamplesAccording to the criterions and requests of the quality of

concretes promulgated by Chinese government we prepared theconcrete, which is composed of the cement, fine sand, smallstones and water, their proportion is 1:0.87:2.32:0.47, where

the diameters of the stone are about 7 - 20 mm and cement isNo: 425, its borne pressure is 32.5 MPa. In this experiment weprepared two sort of concretes containing pure and magnetizedwater according to the above criterions, which is shown in Fig.1.

C. The Changes of Mechanical Properties of ConcreteArising from the Magnetized Water

We used the synthetic method, which includes theultrasonic and rebounded techniques and is widely used at

present, to measure the mechanical properties of two kindsof

National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (Grant No:212011CB503 701).

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concretes containing the magnetized and pure water,respectively [17-22]. This method collects the advantages ofultrasonic method, which acquired the values of mechanicalfeatures of the concrete from the changes of characteristics ofultrasonic wave, and rebounded methods, which acquired itsvalues of mechanical features by the changes of characteristicsof reflective wave of sound, and eliminates further theirshortcomings in the measurement. Meanwhile, we can also

obtain the accurate values of many physical parameters of theconcretes using this method. In practical measurement wefirstly separate the concrete sample containing the magnetizedwater as the three small concrete boards of 4.23 4.2 8.71cm3, 4.24 4.2 8.38 cm

3, and 4.21 4.18 8.37 cm

3, which

are named after 1-1, 1-2 and 1-3, respectively. For the concretesample containing pure water we treated it in same pattern,their sizes are 4.29 4.3 8.26 cm

3, 4.31 4.3 8.8 cm

3, and

4.29 4.26 8.91 cm3, which are named after 2-1, 2-2 and 2-

3, respectively. The mass densities of the concretes, whichwere measured using the method of quantity quadrature, areshown in Table I.

Figure 1. The concrete samples containing the magnetized water (01) and purewater (02). The Changes of Physical Property of Concretes Arising from theMagnetized Water.

TABLE I. THENATURAL DENSITIES OF THE CONCRETES

Sample sort Magnetized waterconcrete Pure water concrete

Number of concreteboard

1-1 1-2 1-3 2-1 2-2 2-3

Natural density (g/cm3)

2.43 2.41 2.39 2.31 2.35 2.33

Average value(g/cm3)

2.41 2.33

The Table I shows that the mass density of the concretecontaining magnetized water is 2.41 g/cm

3, which is great than

that of pure water, which is only 2.33 g/cm3. This indicates that

the magnetic field changes the features and distribution ofwater molecules, which enhance the combined strength amongthe components in the concrete, thus its mass density increases.

We measured also the tensile strength of the concretes. Asit is known, the tensile strength designates the maximum valueof the stress of the concrete material in the case of stretcheddeformation under action of an external force. Table II exhibitsthat the tensile strength of the concretes containing magnetizedwater is 1.33 MPa, which is great than that of pure water,which is 1.26 MPa, namely, the maximum value of the stress ofthe concrete containing thee magnetized water lifted about5.6 % relative to that of pure water. This means that the

combined forces among these components in the former aregreatly increased in virtue of the magnetized water.

TABLE II. THE TENSILE STRENGTH OF THE CONCRETES

Sample sortMagnetized water

concretePure water concrete

Number of concrete

board

1-1 1-2 1-3 2-1 2-2 2-3

Natural density(MPa)

1.35 1.29 1.34 1.23 1.28 1.28

Average value(MPa)

1.33 1.26

We determined further the compressive strengths of theconcretes. The compressive strength represents the size ofloaded weight on the unit surface area, when the concrete will

be destroyed under action of a pressure with a signal-direction.The results obtained is denoted in Table III, which manifestsclearly that the compressive strengths of the concretescontaining magnetized water is increased to 32.7 MPa in

natural condition and 28.6 MPa in water environment from29.8 MPa in natural condition and 27.6 MPa in waterenvironment for that of pure water, respectively, namely, itsratios of increase for the concrete containing water are 8.9 %and 3.6 % in natural and water condition, respectively. Theseimply that the capability of bearing destruction of the concreteis enhanced due to the joining of magnetized water.

TABLE III. THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTHS OF THE CONCRETE SAMPLES

Sample sortMagnetized water

concretePure water concrete

Number ofconcrete board

1-1 1-2 1-3 2-1 2-2 2-3

Nomp-ressivestrength

Naturalcondition

True value(MPa)

33.4 32.7 32.8 30.3 29.8 29.5

Average(MPa)

32.7 29.8

Watercondition

True value(MPa)

29.9 28.3 27.6 28.2 26.9 27.7

Average(MPa)

28.6 27.6

We find also out that the deformation modulus andPoissons ratio (coefficient of lateral deformation) of theconcretes. As known, the deformation modulus expresses theratio between the absolute values of increment of the stress and

strain for the concrete in the condition of action of the loadedpressure. In practice, it is just a compressibility index ofconcrete obtained from the loaded experiment. The Possionratio is the ratio between the horizontal strain and axial strainof the concrete under action of tensile or pressure force. Theresults obtained are shown in Table IV. We see clearly fromTable IV that the deformation modulus of the concretecontaining the magnetized water decreases to 1.1 MPa and 0.98MPa in natural and water conditions from 1.2 MPa and 1.1MPa in those of pure water, respectively. On the other hand,the Possion ratio of the concrete containing the magnetized

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water depresses to 0.19 and 0.18 in the natural and watercondition from 0.23 and 0.19 in those of pure water,respectively. These results indicate that the concrete containingthe magnetized water distorts not easily, or speaking, it is ableto prevent more the influence of distortion relative to that of

pure water, when the loaded pressure is acted. This means thatmagnetized water improves the quality of the concrete in acertain extent.

TABLE IV. THE VALUES OF DEFORMATION MODULUS AND POISSON'SRATIO OF CONCRETE SAMPLES

Sample sortMagnetized water

concrete

Pure water

concrete

Number of concrete board 1-1 1-2 1-3 2-1 2-2 2-3

Theconcrete

in naturalcondition

Deform-ation

modulus

Truevalue

(104MPa)1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2

average(104MPa)

1.1 1.2

Poissonratio

Truevalue

0.21 0.19 0.19 0.23 0.15 0.21

averagevalue

0.19 0.23

Theconcretein watercondition

Deform-ation

modulus

Truevalue

(104MPa)0.9 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.1

average(104MPa)

0.96 1.1

Poissonratio

Truevalue

0.18 0.17 0.19 0.20 0.18 0.19

average

value

0.18 0.19

The shear strength of broken of the concrete is alsoinspected. In general, the fracture of the concrete is due to theforce of shear failure. The shear strength of broken represents

just the maximum of the shear stress on the shear surface, whenthe concrete is clipped along the direction of stress changeunder action of normal pressure. It is often denoted using thecohesive force and internal friction angle. The former manifeststhat mutual attraction interaction among the same componentsin the concrete, the latter is the slant angle between twodislocation surfaces in generation of dislocation arising fromthe shear failure under action of vertical gravity. Therefore, its

value signs the size of friction forces occurred in the process ofdisplacements of the corpuscles. The results of the cohesionand internal friction angle of the concrete are shown in Table 5.From this experiment we know that the cohesive force in theconcrete containing magnetized water is increased relative tothat of pure water, thus the incorporated or attraction forceamong the components in the concrete increases due to the

joining of magnetized water. Then the mass density increasesnecessarily in the concrete containing magnetized water in thiscase as mentioned above. However, the internal friction anglein the concrete containing magnetized water decreases to 23.3

from 27.3 in that of pure water. This means that the magnetizedwater can restrain the dislocation effect of concrete arisingfrom the shear failure under action of external force in certaindegree due to the enhancement of cohesive force among thecomponents under action of magnetized water.

TABLE V. THE SHEARSTRENGTH OF BROKEN OF THECONCRETE

Sample sort Magnetized waterconcrete

Pure water concrete

Number of concrete board 1-1 1-2 1-3 2-1 2-2 2-3

Theconcretein naturalcondition

Cohesiveforce

True value(104MPa)

1.12 1.03 1.13 0.98 0.99 1.11

average(104MPa)

1.093 1.031

Internalfrictionangle 0

True value 23 25 22 28 27 28

averagevalue

23.3 27.3

D. The Changes of Optic Property of Concrete Arising fromMagnetized Water

We collected also the infrared spectra of the concretescontaining magnetized and pure water in the region of 400 -4000 cm-1 using a Nicolet Nexus 670 - FT - IR spectrometerwith resolution of 4 cm

-1made by USA, respectively, which

are shown in Fig. 2. From this figure we see clearly that somenew peaks occur in 2000 - 3000 cm-1, for example, five peaksat 2600 cm-1, 2450 cm-1, 1900 cm-1, 1850 cm-1 and 1780 cm-1occur and the strengths of peaks in the region of 400 - 1700cm

-1reduce in the concrete containing magnetized water

relative to those of pure water. These changes manifest that

externally applied magnetic field changes the distribution andstructure of molecules in water, which result in the variationsof infrared spectrum due to the interaction and combination ofthe magnetized water with the components in the concrete.

Figure 2. The infrared spectrum of the concretes containing magnetized andpure water in 400 - 4000 cm-1, respectively.

The fluorescence spectra of the concretes containingmagnetized and pure water are collected by F - 7000fluorescent spectrometer made by Japan. The results are shownin Fig. 3 - Fig. 6, which are excited by the light having thewavelengths of 236 nm and 260 nm, respectively. From thesefigures we see that the basic features of fluorescent spectra ofthe concrete have not been changed, although the pure water in

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the concrete is replaced by the magnetized water. Thisindicates that the atomic and electronic structures in thesemolecules in the concrete have not be changed in the concretecontaining magnetized water. However, we see also that thestrengths of the peaks in the fluorescent spectra of the concretecontaining the magnetized water reduce relative to that of purewater. Obviously, this is due to the enhancement ofincorporated force among the molecules or components in the

concrete arising from the magnetized water as mentionedabove, which restrains the transition of the electrons in thesemolecules.

Figure 3. The fluorescent spectrum of the concrete containing the pure waterexcited by the light of wavelength of 236 nm.

Figure 4. The fluorescent spectrum of the concrete containing the magnetizedwater excited by the light of wavelength of 236 nm.

Figure 5. The fluorescent spectrum of the concrete containing the pure waterexcited by the light of wavelength of 260 nm.

Figure 6. The fluorescent spectrum of the concrete containing the magnetizedwater excited by the light of wavelength of 260 nm.

III. CHANGES OF HYDROPHILIC FEATURE OF WATERUNDERACTION OF MAGNETIC-FIELDS

From the above investigations we know the changes ofmechanical and optic properties of the concretes underinfluence of magnetized water. Why is this? This is worth tostudy further.

In order to solve this problem we here measure the

variation of surface tension force or the soaking degree ofmagnetized water on a planar surface of material. This effect issigned in the size of angle of contact of magnetized or purewater on a planar surface of materials. In our experiment, wemeasure the angle of contact of magnetized and pure water ona planar surface of the silica gel of PDMS183 in the region of0o - 180o and in the condition of humidity of 27oby usingOCA40 and OCA20 Micro optical-vision instrument with theaccuracy of 0.3 made by Germany, respectively, where themagnetized water is taken from a beaker of 250 mL of purewater at 25

oC, which is exposed in the magnetic-field of 4400

G for 30 minutes. In this measurement, the water injected isabout 3 L, the speed of water injected is about 0.5 L/s. Asknown, the PDMS183 silica gel has different hydrophobicities.

We measure first the sizes of angle of contact of magnetizedand pure water at five different positions on the planar surfaceof these materials, respectively, finally find the average valueof five different values for the angle of contact of magnetizedand pure water, respectively. The experimental results of thesilica gel of PDMS183 are shown in Fig. 7, respectively.

97.9o 101.03o

(a) (b)

Figure 7. The angle of contact of magnetized water(a) and pure water (b) onthe surface of silica gel of PDMS183.

From this figure we see that the angles of contact ofmagnetized and pure water on the silica gel of PDMS183 areabout 97.9o and 101.03

o, respectively. Therefore the angle of

contact of magnetized water on the surfaces of hydrophobicmaterials are decreased relative to that of pure water, the

extenuation quantities of the angle of contact are about 3.13o

for the silica gel of PDM S183, i.e., for the silica gel of PDMS183, the extenuation of the angle of contact of magnetizedwater is extremely evident. This means that the soaking degreeof magnetized water to the hydrophilic material increases, thusits hydrophobicity decreases. This shows that the magnetic -field can change the hydrophobicity of water. Obviously, theextenuation of angle of contact of magnetized water is due tothe increases of polarized effect and the changes of distributionof molecules in magnetized water. Thus we conclude thesurface tension force of magnetized water does decreaserelative to that of pure water in such a case. Thus the

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magnetized water enhances the combined force with themolecules or corpuscles or components and lifts its massdensity in the concretes. Then it is very natural to change themechanical properties and infrared spectrum of absorption ofthe concretes.

IV. CONCLUSIONWhen water is exposed in magnetic-fields, we find that itsproperties are changed. This is called magnetization of water.

Then the properties of the concretes are changed, when themagnetized water is joined into the concretes to replace the

pure water. In this paper we studied and measured in detail theinfluences of magnetized water on the mechanical and optic

properties of concrete, including mass density tensile strength,tensile strength, compressive strengths, deformation modulus,Poisson's ratio, shear strength of broken (cohesive forceinternal friction angle) as well as the infrared spectrum ofabsorption and fluorescence spectrum, by different methodsinvolving synthetic method, infrared and fluorescencespectrum techniques, respectively. The results obtained fromthese investigations indicate that the mass density tensile

strength, tensile strength, compressive strengths, deformationmodulus and Poisson's ratio of the concretes increase, but itscohesive force internal friction angle decrease, some new peaksin the infrared spectrum in the concrete occur under influencesof magnetized water relative to those of pure water. Theseshow clearly that the magnetized water enhance the combinedforce among the molecules and corpuscles or components inthe concrete and lifts its mass density. Thus mechanical andoptic properties of the concrete are changed under influence ofmagnetized water. We further gained the reasons generatingthese changes of property of the concrete arising from themagnetized water, which are due to the enhancement ofhydrophilic features of water under action of magnetic-field.These experimental results are very important. On the one hand,it released that the hydrophilic feature of magnetized water ishigh than that of pure water. On the other hand, it gives a goodmethod to lift the quality of the concretes, which is very used inapplications in industry and building of home.

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