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© 2016 IBM Corporation 1
Agenda
• z13 Retrospective• Positioning and goals• Key design changes
• z13 Experience and outlook for future generations• Performance• System Stack
• Summary
© 2016 IBM Corporation 2
IBM z13 Platform Positioning
• The world’s premier transaction and data engine now enabled for the mobilegeneration
• The integrated transaction and analytics system for right-time insights at the point of impact
• The world’s most efficient and trusted cloud system that transforms the economics of IT
Platform Core Capabilities:
Transaction Processing
Data Serving
Mixed Workloads
Operational Efficiency
Trusted and Secure Computing
Reliable, Available, Resilient
Virtually Limitless Scale
© 2016 IBM Corporation 3
“The end of the GHz Race”
§ x86 and POWER already transitioned to a throughput-centric model§ Frequency peaked for x86 in 2005, POWER in 2008
§ In System z we have held this off with unique cooling, packaging, technology, and design solutions
The end of the GHZ race
© 2016 IBM Corporation 4
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
z900 z990 z9ec z10ec z196 zEC12 zNextEC
770 MHz1.2 GHz
1.7 GHz
4.4 GHz
5.2 GHz 5.0 GHz
5.5 GHz
2000z900
189 nm SOI16 Cores**Full 64-bit
z/Architecture
2003z990
130 nm SOI32 Cores**Superscalar
Modular SMP
2005z9 EC
90 nm SOI54 Cores**
System level scaling
2012zEC12
32 nm SOI101 Cores**
OOO and eDRAMcache
improvementsPCIe Flash
Arch extensionsfor scaling
2010z196
45 nm SOI80 Cores**OOO core
eDRAM cacheRAIM memoryzBX integration
2008z10 EC
65 nm SOI64 Cores**
High-freq core3-level cache
MH
z/G
Hz
1000
0
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1695*+12%GHz-9%1202*
+33%GHz
+18%
1514*+26%GHz+6%
902*+50%GHz
+159%
* MIPS Tables are NOT adequate for making comparisons of z Systems processors. Additional capacity planning required** Number of PU cores for customer use
CMOS Mainframe Evolution
2015z13
22 nm SOI141 Cores**SMT &SIMD
Up to 10TB of Memory
© 2016 IBM Corporation 5
z13 Balanced System Design
* No server can fully exploit its maximum I/O bandwidth
PCI – Processor Capacity Index (IBM MIPS) 141-way
Customer Processors
PCI for1-way1695
Memory10 TB
System I/O Bandwidth832 GB/Sec*
80-way
64-way54-way
1.5 TB
512 GB 1202902600
288 GB/sec*
172.8 GB/sec*
1514
3TB
384 GB/Sec*
101-wayz10 EC
z9 EC
z196
zEC12
z13
© 2016 IBM Corporation 6
z13 Highlights
10% Single thread capacity improvement over zEC12
Up to40%
Total capacity improvement over zEC121
Up to10 TB
3X more available memory to help z/OS or Linux workloads
2SODs
zKVM * and GDPS virtual appliance for Linux on z* opens the door for more Linux
Up to141
Configurable cores – CP, zIIP, IFLs, ICFs, SAP
• Performance, scale, intelligent I/O, and security enhancements to support transaction growth in the mobile world
• More memory, new cache design, improved I/O bandwidth, and compression help to serve up more data for analytics
• Enterprise grade Linux solution, open standards, enhanced sharing, and focus on business continuity to support cloud
IBM z13Machine Type: 2964
Models: N30, N63, N96, NC9, NE1
Upgradeable from z196 and zEC12
* All statements regarding IBM's future direction and intent are subject to change or withdrawal without notice, and represent goals and objectives only.
1 Based on preliminary internal measurements and projections. Official performance data will be available upon announce and can be obtained online at LSPR (Large Systems Performance Reference) website at: https://www-304.ibm.com/servers/resourcelink/lib03060.nsf/pages/lsprindex?OpenDocument . Actual performance results may vary by customer based on individual workload, configuration and software levels
© 2016 IBM Corporation 7
z13 Architecture Extensions
§ Simultaneousmultithreading(SMT)operation– Uptotwoactiveexecutionthreadspercorecandynamicallysharethecaches,TLBsandexecutionresourcesofeachIFLandzIIP core.
§ Coremicro-architectureradicallyalteredtoincreaseparallelism– NewbranchpredictionandinstructionfetchfrontendtosupportSMTandtoimprovebranchpredictionthroughput.
– Widerinstructiondecode,dispatchandcompletionbandwidth:IncreasedtosixinstructionspercyclecomparedtothreeonzEC12
– Largerinstructionissuebandwidth:Increasedtoupto10instructionsissuedpercycle(2branch,4FXU,2LSU,2BFU/DFU/SIMD)comparedto7onzEC12
– Greaterintegerandfloatingpointexecutionbandwidth
§ SingleInstructionMultipleData(SIMD)instructionsetandexecution– Datatypes:Integer:bytetoquad-word;String:8,16,32bit;binaryfloatingpoint– Newinstructions(139)includestringoperations,vectorintegerandvectorfloatingpointoperations– FloatingPointInstructionsoperateonnewlyarchitectedvectorregisters(32new128-bitregisters)
© 2016 IBM Corporation 8
Acceleration through special purpose hardware
§ On-processor– Crypto (CPACF), Compression, SIMD– Tight, synchronous integration with instruction stream
§ PCIe Gen3− Accessible and sharable by all processors− Faster time to market for new functions− Compression (zEDC), Crypto, Flash Express
§ Network Acceleration– RDMA over Converged Ethernet SMC-R (RoCE)
§ Integrated External Accelerators− Integrated by Software− IBM DB2 Analytics Accelerator for DB2 Query
Acceleration
§ Specialty Engines and Firmware Partitions− Leverage Flat SMP Design, enable price flexibility− zIIP for DB2 and Java, IFL for Linux on z Systems− IBM zAware
IBM DB2 Analytics Accelerator built on Netezza Technology
© 2016 IBM Corporation 9
z13 PU and SCM Assembly
PU Chip
SC SCM withThermal Module
CappedPU
Fully assembled CPC Drawerwith the chilled water
supply manifold lifted to the left
2x SC SCMs(Air Cooled)
6x PU SCMsunder the cold-plates
Front of CPC
Draw
erfor Fanouts/FSPs
6x PU SCMs
SC ChipCappedSC
4 CPC Drawer System connectivity
NN
NN
NN
NN
Draw
er 2D
rawer 1
Draw
er 3D
rawer 4
© 2016 IBM Corporation 10
Frame and Packaging
InternalBatteries(optional)
PowerSupplies
N+2 Radiator Pumps
PCIe I/O drawers numbers 1 to 4
(Note: for an upgraded System, drawer slots 1 and 2 are used for the
I/O Drawer
2 x 1U Support Elements
CPC Drawers, PCIeFanouts, Cooling water manifold and pipes, PCIeI/O interconnect cables, FSPs and ethernet cables
PCIe I/O drawer number 5
System Control Hubs (used to be BPHs)
Overhead Power Cables
(option)
Overhead I/O featureis a co-req foroverhead power option
Displays and keyboards for Support Elements
© 2016 IBM Corporation 11
z13 Physical Planning
• Extend / Maintain zEC12 Datacenter Characteristics– 2 frame base system (CEC, I/O, service system and PP&C)
– No significant increase in weight
– Maintain floor tile cutouts for raised floor system • Same as z10 EC, z196, and zEC12
– Same number of power cords (2 or 4) as “equivalent” zEC12 config
– Maintain 27.5 kW box max input power • Same as z10 EC, z196, and zEC12
– Maintain DC input power capability, overhead I/O cabling option, add overhead power option
• Better control of energy usage and improved efficiency in your data center– Support for relaxed datacenter requirements
ASHREA A2 - maximum 35°C air-inlet temperature (zEC12 32°C), water temp 24°C (zEC12 20°C)
– Upgraded cooling systems compared to zEC12 with N+2 pumps and blowers
© 2016 IBM Corporation 12
Agenda
• z13 Retrospective• Positioning and goals• Key design changes
• z13 Experience and outlook for future generations• Performance• System Stack
• Summary
© 2016 IBM Corporation 13
Experiences with z13 architecture
§ Hardware/Software co-optimization is increasingly important to performance– Performance gains from technology scaling have ended– Hardware performance gains are coming from design
• Micro-architectural innovation (and complexity): Instr. pipeline, Branch Prediction…• New instructions and architected features: SIMD, SMT…
– Coding practices and software exploitation needed to get the full value of the hardware
§ Compilers biggest single performance lever for many applications – Aggressive use of the latest compiler technology– ARCH and TUNE options optimize for current hardware designs
• ARCH needs to match oldest hardware level supported • TUNE should match hardware level for which you care most about performance
– Use higher levels of OPT to get the best performance:• At least on performance-sensitive components
§ IF compilation not possible or not appropriate: ABO for zOS – Performance improvements for compiled Cobol programs
© 2016 IBM Corporation 14
IBM Automatic Binary Optimizer (ABO) for z/OSImprove Performance of Compiled COBOL Programs
ABO FeaturesInternal &CustomerPerformanceImprovementsMeasuring~15% ü
No SourceCode,MigrationorPerformanceOptionsTuningRequired ü
Targets LatestIBMzSystems:zEC12,zBC12,z13,z13srunning z/OS2.1or z/OS2.2 ü
AllIBMEnterpriseCOBOLv3 &v4Compiled ProgramsAreEligibleForOptimization ü
OptimizedPrograms GuaranteedToBeFunctionallyEquivalent ü
IBM ProblemDeterminationToolingSupport+WorkingWith SeveralKey3rd PartyToolingVendorsInOurBetaProgram
ü
Leverages newz/OS2.2InfrastructureToTargetMultipleHardwareLevelsAutomatically ü
Optimizer
Original Program Binaries(Base ESA390)
Optimized Program Binaries(Latest z Systems)
© 2016 IBM Corporation 15
OS focused on exploiting HW innovation
z/OS Version 2.1
§ Improved price performance for zIIP workloads with SMT§ Support new analytics workloads with SIMD§ New Crypto capabilities for faster encryption§ Large memory to improve performance and enable new
applications
z/VMVersion 6.3
§ Improved price performance with support for multi-threading technology
§ Support for twice as many processors (z13 only)§ Improved systems management and economics § Embracing Open Standards and Open Source Interoperability § Supports more virtual servers than any other platform in a
single footprint
z/VSEVersion 5.1
§ Reduced risk of access from unauthorized users § Reduced memory constraints§ Wide portfolio using Linux on z Systems § Continued system usability enhancements with CICS Explorer§ More efficient communications
Linux on z System
§ Multithreading allows for per core software savings§ Ability to host and manage more workloads efficient and cost-
effective§ Automatic identification of unusual messages§ Integrated continuous availability & disaster recovery solution
© 2016 IBM Corporation 16
Compilers on z Systems• IBMcontinuestoinvestinthecompilerportfolioonz:
• Increasedfocusonapplicationprogramperformanceinrecentyears• Continuedadvancementsinlanguagesandoperatingsystems
• Java/JIT,C/C++,COBOL,PL/I,Linux,z/OS
• Optional feature of z/OS 2.2
• Provides system programming capabilities with Metal C option
• Fully Supports z/Architecture, including z13 & z13s processors
• Ships with High performance Math Libraries tuned for z13
z/OS V2.2XL C/C++
Enterprise PL/I for z/OS V4.5
• Critical Business Language – Committed to invest in leading-edge technology
• Shipped a new release every year since 1999
• Fully Supports z/Architecture, including z13 & z13s processors
• Provide full support for JSON (Parse, Generate, and Validate)
*Up to 17% reduction in CPU time*
*Up to 24% increase in throughput*
XL C/C++ for Linux on z Systems V1.2
• New compiler based on Clang and IBM optimization technology
• Fully Supports z/Architecture, including z13 & z13s processors
• Provide easy migration of C/C++ applications to System z
*Up to 14% increase in performance over GCC*
* The performance improvements are based on internal IBM lab measurements. Performance results for specific applications will vary, depending on the source code, the compiler options specified, and other factors
Enterprise COBOL for z/OS V5.2
• Leverage SIMD instructions to improve processing of certain COBOL statements.
• Increased use of DFP instructions for Packed Decimal data
• Support COBOL 2002 language features: SORT and table SORT statements
• Allows applications to access new z/OS JSON services
*Up to 14% reduction in CPU time*
© 2016 IBM Corporation 17
IBM Java 8: CPU-Intensive Benchmark
(Controlled measurement environment, results may vary)
Common Java CPU Intensive Benchmarksz13 with SMT zIIPs Java 8 vs. zEC12 Java 7 SR4
IBM z13 and IBM Java 8 show a composite improvement of 61% over zEC12 and Java7 SR4 running the CPU Intensive benchmark
0%
200%
400%
Compression
Cryptography
Database MP3 Library
Scientific FP
Serialization
Graphics XML
35%
362%
41%7%
44% 59% 61%
Composite
29%59%
© 2016 IBM Corporation 18
Client Use Cases for SMT
European Bank (Germany)• Hosts its Internet Banking solution (WebSphere Portal) on IBM z Systems.
• It utilizes 30 zIIPs
• SMT exploitation for ZIIPs:
• Up to +40% extra capacity during business hours
European Bank (France) • SMT exploitation for ZIIPs and IFLs: + 20% capacity
European Accounting Company (Germany)• SMT exploitation for ZIIPs: + 20% capacity
© 2016 IBM Corporation 19
Client Use Cases for SIMD
Scenario: Rewrite ASM-PGMs to exploit SIMD• Validate that input files and the data in the files have a legal format &
move the data into a different data structure • Co-operation with IBM• Reduction in CPU time by 30%• Effort: high
Challenge: New application from ISV• Application runs streaming videos at all branch offices• Freeware FFmpeg for recoding new video clips, very CPU consuming• Conversion of MPEG file
• zEC12: 15min, offloaded to x86• z13, recompile: 2min, executed on z13
• Effort: low
7x improve
EuropeanAccounting Company
EuropeanBank
© 2016 IBM Corporation 20
More memory makes a difference§ Up to 10 TB available memory
§ Transparently support shrinking batch windows and meet service goals – no change to applications needed to gain benefits
§ Get more work done – online transaction processing can experience up to 70% reduction in response time with more memory
§ Improve system performance, minimize constraints and simplify management of applications with database middleware exploitation of additional memory
§ Achieve faster decision making with the advantages of in memory data
© 2016 IBM Corporation 21
SSI: Online banking workload 12w DB2 V11 z/OS1.13
Memory BP Size CPU % ITR ITR Delta ETR ETR
Delta
Txn
response time(sec)
Response
time delta
Sync
Read IO/sec
Sync IO
delta
256 GB 160 GB 72 992 n/a 709 n/a .695 n/a 38.4k n/a
512 GB 320 GB 73 1124 13.3% 819 15.5% .428 -38% 11.7k -69%
1024 GB 638 GB 79 1237 24.7% 976 37.7% .209 -70% 0.9k -97%
1TB Study
0.00
200.00
400.00
600.00
800.00
1,000.00
1,200.00
1,400.00
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700BPool (GB)
Met
rics(
adj
uste
d fo
r gra
ph)
ITRETRDBReq/DSsync Read/sec
© 2016 IBM Corporation 22
Client Use Cases for Large Memory
• Tested by several European clients
• Large memory exploitation
• VSAM/RLS, VSAM/SMB• DB2 Buffer Pools• MQ Series V8• CTG – Large Pages• Steady Sort Performance
• All CICS Storage
European Bank: DB2 Workloads• By just increasing the memory and let DB2 use
that for Large pages and increase buffer pool size • Client has seen up to 5% MIPS reduction for DB2• Quote: “We prefer to buy storage to save MIPS”
European Insurance Company: DB2 Workload• By increasing the DB2 Buffer Pools, in fact
quadrupling the amount of memory needed, the client was able to decrease their I/O Rate by 30%
• Simulations indicate the potential for further 36% reduction in I/O. à ordered additional 640 GB
© 2016 IBM Corporation 23
OSA/LAN IP network with SMC-D and SMC-R
23
OSA ISM
TCP
IP
Interface
Sockets
Middleware/Application
z/OS System B
OSAISM
TCP
IP
Sockets
Middleware/Application
z/OS System A
IP Network (Ethernet)
ISM VCHID (within System z)
System z13
OSA,ISMandROCEhavethesamePNet
IDe.g.PNET1
• 23
SMC-DSMC-D
ROCE OSAROCE
TCP
IP
Sockets
Middleware/Application
z/OS System C
RDMA network ROCE
System z13 / zEC12 / zBC12
SMC-RSMC-R
Note. This figure is another view of chart 13.
© 2016 IBM Corporation 24
Shared Memory Communications architecture Faster communications that preserve TCP/IP qualities of service
• Shared Memory Communications – Direct Memory Access (SMC-D) optimizes z/OS for improved performance in ‘within-the-box’ communications versus standard TCP/IP over HiperSockets or Open System Adapter
Typical Client Use Cases:• Valuable for multi-tiered work co-located onto a single z
Systems server without requiring extra hardware• Any z/OS TCP sockets based workload can seamlessly
use SMC-D without requiring any application changes
Up to 61% CPU savings for FTP file transfers across z/OS systems versus HiperSockets*
Up to 9x improvement in throughput with more than a
88% decrease in CPU consumption and a 90%
decrease in response time for streaming workloads versus
using HiperSockets*
Up to 91% improvement in throughput and up to 48%
improvement in response time for interactive workloads versus
using HiperSockets*SMC Applicability Tool (SMCAT) is available to assist in gaining additional insight
into the applicability of SMC-D (and SMC-R) for your environment
* All performance information was determined in a controlled environment. Actual results may vary. Performance information is provided “AS IS” and no warranties or guarantees are expressed or implied by IBM.
© 2016 IBM Corporation 25
SMC-D to Hipersockets comparison
Up to 9x the throughput! See breakout summary on next chart.
© 2016 IBM Corporation 26
SMC-D to OSA comparison
Up to 21x the throughput! See breakout summary on next chart.
© 2016 IBM Corporation 27
z Systems Stack Optimization
Java
Semiconductor Technology
Microprocessor Design
Systems Design
Virtualization & Operating Systems
Compilers & Java Virtual Machine
Optimized Middleware
© 2016 IBM Corporation 28
IBM LinuxONE: Linux without Limits
IBM LINUXONE SYSTEMS
IBM LINUXONE SOLUTIONS
Cloud DevOps
Simplification: Dynamic Partition Manager
zKVM
Blockchain within Secure Service Containers
Mobile Analytics
IBM LinuxONE Elastic Pricing
© 2016 IBM Corporation 30
The mainframe approach: zACI
Hardware
Firmware z13GA2ü
Mgm
tUI
Management Backend
Application Interfaces
Base MCP Linux
Application
zACI SW Framework
zACI Installer zACI Loader
© 2016 IBM Corporation 31
Our Approach: zACI
Hardware
Firmware
zACI Installer zACI Loader
z13GA2ü
any Appliance
© 2016 IBM Corporation 32
IBM Secure Service ContainerThe base infrastructure to host and build software appliances
• Provides simplified mechanism for fast deployment and management of packaged solutions
• Provides tamper protection during Appliance installation and runtime
• Ensure confidentiality of data and code running within the appliance – both at flight and at rest
• Management provided via Remote APIs (RESTful) and web interfaces
• Enables appliances to be delivered via distribution channels
Services
Applications
Operating SystemManagem
ent
© 2016 IBM Corporation 33
Summary§ GHZ race is over but significant performance and capacity increases will continue
§ Special accelerators: On-chip, on-board/drawer, external ….§ Special PCI based IO adaptors: RoCe, Crypto, EDC…§ New architectural designs: SIMD, SMT…
§ Balanced System: MP Capacity, IO, Large Memory growth
§ Total stack optimization to leverage new architectural functions − New compilers to exploit hardware features − Run-time optimizer tools − OS and middle-ware exploitation
§ Continued focus on Simplification and New Workloads − Simplification to enable new customers and/or to mitigate skill issues
− Opportunities in new growth areas: Mobile, Analytics, Security …
§ Secure Service container vs firmware delivery − Enables new ways of business with rapid and simplified install/deployment
and secure execution− Enable new business models and new workloads: zAware, zaaS,
Blockchain
Semiconductor Technology
Microprocessor Design
Systems Design
Virtualization & Operating Systems
Compilers & Java Virtual Machine
Optimized Middleware
Services
Application
OperatingSystemM
anagem
ent
© 2014 IBM Corporation© 2016 IBM Corporation 36
Other resources
Like this stuff? There’s lots more available:§ Microprocessor Optimization Primer
– Available under IBM Developerworks’ LinuxOne community• https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/community/groups/community/lozopensource
§ CPU Measurement Facilities– User-accessible hardware instrumentation data to understand performance characteristics– Documentation and education materials can be found on online, some references:
• For z/OS http://www-03.ibm.com/support/techdocs/atsmastr.nsf/WebIndex/TC000066– (supported under Hardware Instrumentation Services - HIS)
• For z/VM http://www.vm.ibm.com/perf/tips/cpumf.html
§ Other related references– “z/Architecture: Principles of operation,” Int. Bus. Mach. (IBM) Corp., Armonk, NY, USA,
Order No. SA22-7832-10, Feb. 2015. [Online]– Dan Greiner’s presentations of z/Architecture features with SHARE– John R. Ehrman's book: Assembler Language Programming for IBM z System Servers– “The IBM z13 multithreaded microprocessor,” in IBM J. Res. & Dev., pp. 1:1–1:13, 2015
§ ABO: http://www-03.ibm.com/software/products/en/z-compilers-optimizer
© 2016 IBM Corporation 37
zSystems Announcement Summary
OperatingSystemsNEWz/OSV2.2SPE
NEW z/VM6.4PreviewNEW IBMWave1.2forz/VMSOD
UPDATE KVMforIBMzSystemsv1.1.1
HYBRIDCLOUD•NEW z/OSCloudBeta(MiddlewareasaService- WAS,DB2,CICS,IMS)
•UPDATEz/OSConnectEnterpriseEdition•NEW StrongLoop &LoopbackConnectors•NEWAPIConnect•NEW Cloudant•RECENTSUSECloudOpenStack 6
DEVOPS/MODERNIZATION•NEW ApplicationDeliveryIntelligence(TestOptimization)
•UPDATE COBOLv6.1•NEWApplicationDeliveryFoundation(RDz +PDTools)
•RECENTAutomaticBinaryOptimizer•RECENT CICS5.3(withLiberty);IMS14•NEWWebSphere ApplicationServerforz/OS•NEW HACPv12•UPDATE RationalProgrammingPatterns•UPDATE IBMWorkloadScheduler•NEW IBMTivoliOMEGAMONXEonz/OSMonitoringFeatureforJVM
•UPDATE IBMServiceMgmt Suiteforz/OS•UPDATE IBMAdvancedStorageMgmt Suite•UPDATE IBMPerformanceMgmt Suiteforz/OS•UPDATEIBMServiceManagementUnite•UPDATE UrbanCode Deploy6.2.1•NEW IBMExplorerforz/OS3.0Aqua
ANALYTICS• RECENT Zementis in-transactionanalytics• RECENT Sparkforz/OSandMainframeDataServiceforSpark
• RECENT DB2AnalyticsAccelerator• RECENTODMDecisionServerInsightsforz• NEW IBMBigInsights forHadoop• RECENTIBMBigInsights BigIntegrate andBigQuality forzSystems
• NEWIBMOperationsAnalytics• NEW IBMzOperationalInsightsv.Next Beta
CYBERSECURITY•NEWMultifactorAuthenticationforz/OS•NEWCyberSecurityAnalyticsBeta•NEW ReadyforSecurityIntelligencePartnerProgram
•NEW SecurityWorkloadPricing•UPDATE IBMSecuritySWforzSystems(Guardium,QRadar,zSecure)
37
New!IBMz13s
Update!IBMz13GA2
© 2014 IBM Corporation
The following are trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation in the United States, or other countries, or both.
Other company, product, and service names may be trademarks or service marks of others. All information contained in this document is subject to change without notice. The products described in this document are NOT intended for use in implantation, life support, space, nuclear, or military applications where malfunction may result in injury or death to persons.The information contained in this document does not affect or change IBM product specifications or warranties. Nothing in this document shall operate as an express or implied license or indemnity under the intellectual property rights of IBM or third parties. All information contained in this document was obtained in specific environments, and is presented as an illustration. The results obtained in other operating environments may vary.
THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS DOCUMENT IS PROVIDED ON AN “AS IS” BASIS. In no event will IBM be liable for damages arising directly or indirectly from any use of the information contained in this document.
IBM Systems & Technology Group2070 Route 52, Bldg. 330Hopewell Junction, NY 12533-6351
38
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